Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of novel thiosemicarbazide and 1,2,4-triazole derivatives: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study

INTRODUCTION

Intestinal parasitic infections are neglected diseases and, due to the increasing resistance of parasites to available drugs, they pose an increasing therapeutic challenge. Therefore, there is a great need for finding new compounds with antiparasitic activity.

OBJECTIVES

In this work, new thiosemicarbazide and 1,2,4-triazole derivatives were synthesized and tested for their anthelmintic activity.

METHODS

The synthesis was carried out by classical methods of organic chemistry. Anthelmintic activity tests were carried out in vitro (Rhabditis sp., Haemonchus contortus, Strongylidae sp.) in vivo (Heligmosomoides polygyrus/bakeri), and in silico analysis was performed.

RESULTS

Quinoline-6-carboxylic acid derivative compounds were designed and synthesized. The highest activity in the screening tests in the Rhabditis model was demonstrated by compound II-1 with a methoxyphenyl substituent LC50 = 0.3 mg/mL. In the next stage of the research, compound II-1 was analyzed in the H. contortus model. The results showed that compound II-1 was active and had ovicidal (percentage of dead eggs > 45 %) and larvicidal (percentage of dead larvae > 75 %) properties. Studies in the Strongylidae sp. model confirmed the ovicidal activity of compound II-1 (percentage of dead eggs ≥ 55 %). In vivo studies conducted in the H. polygyrus/bakeri nematode model showed that the number of nematodes decreased by an average of 30 % under the influence of compound II-1. In silico studies have shown two possible modes of action of compound II-1, i.e. inhibition of tubulin polymerization and SDH. The test compound did not show any systemic toxic effects. Its influence on drug metabolism related to the activity of cytochrome CYP450 enzymes was also investigated.

CONCLUSION

The results obtained in the in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies indicate that the test compound can be described as a HIT, which in the future may be used in the treatment of parasitic diseases in humans and animals.

Emerging Aspects of Triazole in Organic Synthesis: Exploring its Potential as a Gelator

Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) - commonly known as the "click reaction" - serves as the most effective and highly reliable tool for facile construction of simple to complex designs at the molecular level. It relates to the formation of carbon heteroatomic systems by joining or clicking small molecular pieces together with the help of various organic reactions such as cycloaddition, conjugate addition, ring-opening, etc. Such dynamic strategy results in the generation of triazole and its derivatives from azides and alkynes with three nitrogen atoms in the five-membered aromatic azole ring that often forms gel-assembled structures having gelating properties. These scaffolds have led to prominent applications in designing advanced soft materials, 3D printing, ion sensing, drug delivery, photonics, separation, and purification. In this review, we mainly emphasize the different mechanistic aspects of triazole formation, which includes the synthesis of sugar-based and non-sugar-based triazoles, and their gel applications reported in the literature for the past ten years, as well as the upcoming scope in different branches of applied sciences.

Evaluation of Anthelmintic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of 1,2,4-Triazole Derivatives

Parasitic diseases, caused by intestinal helminths, remain a very serious problem in both human and veterinary medicine. While searching for new nematicides we examined a series of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives 9–22, obtained during reactions of N³-substituted amidrazones with itaconic anhydride. Two groups of compounds, 9–16 and 17–22, differed in the position of the double bond on the methacrylic acid moiety. The toxicity of derivatives 9–22 and the anti-inflammatory activity of 12 and 19–22 were studied on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Antiproliferative activity of compounds 12 and 19–22 was tested cytometrically in PBMC cultures stimulated by phytohemagglutinin. The influence of derivatives 12 and 19–22 on the TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ production was determined by ELISA in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated PBMC cultures. Anthelmintic activity of compounds 10–22 was studied in the Rhabditis sp. nematodes model. Most compounds (11–22) proved to be non-toxic to human PBMC. Derivatives 19–22 showed anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the proliferation of lymphocytes. Moreover, compounds 12 and 19–22 significantly reduced the production of TNF-α and derivatives 19–21 decreased the level of INF-γ. The strongest anti-inflammatory activity was observed for compound 21. Compounds 12 and 14 demonstrated anthelmintic activity higher than albendazole and may become promising candidates for anthelmintic drugs.

Novel 1, 2, 4-Triazoles as Antifungal Agents

The development of innovative antifungal agents is essential. Some fungicidal agents are no longer effective due to resistance development, various side effects, and high toxicity. Therefore, the synthesis and development of some new antifungal agents are necessary. 1,2,4-Triazole is one of the most essential pharmacophore systems between five-membered heterocycles. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of this nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compound showed potential antifungal activity. The 1,2,4-triazole core is present as the nucleus in a variety of antifungal drug categories. The most potent and broad activity of triazoles have confirmed them as pharmacologically significant moieties. The goal of this review is to highlight recent developments in the synthesis and SAR study of 1,2,4-triazole as a potential fungicidal compound. In this study, we provide the results of a biological activity evaluation using various structures and figures. Literature investigation showed that 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives reveal the extensive span of antifungal activity. This review will assist researchers in the development of new potential antifungal drug candidates with high effectiveness and selectivity.