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Herraiz T, Salgado A. Formation, Identification, and Occurrence of the Furan-Containing β-Carboline Flazin Derived from l-Tryptophan and Carbohydrates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6575-6584. [PMID: 38470992 PMCID: PMC10979450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
β-Carbolines (βCs) are bioactive indole alkaloids found in foods and in vivo. This work describes the identification, formation, and occurrence in foods of the βC with a furan moiety flazin (1-[5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-yl]-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylic acid). Flazin was formed by the reaction of l-tryptophan with 3-deoxyglucosone but not with 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Its formation was favored in acidic conditions and heating (70-110 °C). The proposed mechanism of formation occurs through the formation of intermediates 3,4-dihydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid (imines), followed by the oxidation to C═O in the carbohydrate chain and aromatization to βC ring with subsequent dehydration steps and cyclization to afford the furan moiety. Flazin is generated in the reactions of tryptophan with carbohydrates. Its formation from fructose was higher than from glucose, whereas sucrose gave flazin under acidic conditions and heating owing to hydrolysis. Flazin was identified in foods by HPLC-MS, and its content was determined by HPLC-fluorescence. It occurred in numerous processed foods, such as tomato products, including crushed tomato puree, fried tomato, ketchup, tomato juices, and jams, but also in soy sauce, beer, balsamic vinegar, fruit juices, dried fruits, fried onions, and honey. Their concentrations ranged from not detected to 22.3 μg/mL, with the highest mean levels found in tomato concentrate (13.9 μg/g) and soy sauce (9.4 μg/mL). Flazin was formed during the heating process, as shown in fresh tomato juice and crushed tomatoes. These results indicate that flazin is widely present in foods and is daily uptaken in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Herraiz
- Instituto
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición (ICTAN-CSIC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), José Antonio Novais 6, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Antonio Salgado
- Centro
de Espectroscopía de RMN (CERMN), Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Campus Universitario Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km
33.6, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28805, Spain
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Herraiz T, Peña A, Salgado A. Identification, Formation, and Occurrence of Perlolyrine: A β-Carboline Alkaloid with a Furan Moiety in Foods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13451-13461. [PMID: 37651628 PMCID: PMC10510388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
β-Carbolines are naturally occurring bioactive alkaloids found in foods and in vivo. This research reports the identification, characterization, mechanism of formation, and occurrence of perlolyrine (1-(5-(hydroxymethyl)furan-2-yl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole), a β-carboline with a furan moiety. Perlolyrine did not arise from l-tryptophan and hydroxymethylfurfural but from the reaction of l-tryptophan with 3-deoxyglucosone, an intermediate of carbohydrate degradation. The mechanism of formation occurs through 3,4-dihydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid intermediates (imines), followed by the oxidation of C1'-OH to ketoimine and oxidative decarboxylation at C-3, along with dehydration and cyclization to afford the β-carboline with a furan moiety. The formation of perlolyrine was favored in acidic conditions and temperatures in the range of 70-110 °C. Perlolyrine occurred in the reactions of tryptophan with carbohydrates. The formation rate from fructose was much higher than from glucose. Sucrose also gave perlolyrine under acidic conditions and heating. Perlolyrine was identified in many foods by HPLC-MS and analyzed by HPLC-fluorescence. It occurred in many processed foods such as tomato products including tomato puree, fried tomato, ketchups, tomato juices, and jams but also in soy sauce, beer, balsamic vinegar, fruit juices, dried fruits, fried onion, and honey. The concentrations ranged from an undetected amount to 3.5 μg/g with the highest average levels found in tomato concentrate (1.9 μg/g) and soy sauce (1.5 μg/mL). The results show that perlolyrine formed during the heating process of foods. It is concluded that perlolyrine is widely present in foods and it is daily ingested in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Herraiz
- Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC), Instituto
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición
(ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 6, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adriana Peña
- Spanish
National Research Council (CSIC), Instituto
de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición
(ICTAN-CSIC), José Antonio Novais 6, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Salgado
- Centro
de Espectroscopía de RMN (CERMN), Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), Campus Universitario Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona km
33.6, 28805 Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Elavarasan S, Preety J, Abinaya R, Saravanan T, Balasunramaniam KK, Venkatramaiah N, Baskar B. Visible Light Driven Metal-Free Photoredox Catalyzed α-benzylation and α-oxygenation of N-substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines: Applications to Synthesis of Natural Products. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200878. [PMID: 36073541 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Herein, visible light mediated organophoto redox catalysed simple and convenient method for the a-benzylation and a-oxygenation of tertiary amines is demonstrated. Synthesis of novel thiophenol based donor acceptor organophotoredox catalysts 4a - 4d were investigated along with commercial catalyst 4-CzIPN ( 4e ). A diverse biologically active a-benzylated tetrahydroisoquinolines and natural products such as (±)-Norlaudanosine, (±)-laudanosine and (±)-xylopinine have been synthesized under the optimized conditions in yields ranging from from 62-91%. Exploitation of synthesized a-benzylated compound using present phtoredox catalyzed conditions gave rise to dehydyrogenative benzylic oxidation product under oxygen atmosphere which is known to display biologically and structurally important properties. Also, various N-protected tertiary amines were found to be suitable for the a-oxygenation reactions using catalyst 4e and resulted in good yields (61-85%).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Elavarasan
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chemistry, INDIA
| | - J Preety
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chemistry, INDIA
| | - R Abinaya
- SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chemistry, INDIA
| | - T Saravanan
- University of Hyderabad, School of Chemistry, INDIA
| | | | | | - Baburaj Baskar
- SRM University, Chemistry, Kattankulathur, 603203, India, 603203, Chennai, INDIA
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Abinaya R, Srinath S, Soundarya S, Sridhar R, Balasubramanian KK, Baskar B. Recent Developments on Synthesis Strategies, SAR Studies and Biological Activities of β-Carboline Derivatives – An Update. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hao MJ, Chen PN, Li HJ, Wu F, Zhang GY, Shao ZZ, Liu XP, Ma WZ, Xu J, Mahmud T, Lan WJ. β-Carboline Alkaloids From the Deep-Sea Fungus Trichoderma sp. MCCC 3A01244 as a New Type of Anti-pulmonary Fibrosis Agent That Inhibits TGF-β/Smad Signaling Pathway. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:947226. [PMID: 35966687 PMCID: PMC9366743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.947226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a scarring disease of lung tissue, which seriously threatens human health. Treatment options are currently limited, and effective strategies are still lacking. In the present study, 25 compounds were isolated from the deep-sea fungus Trichoderma sp. MCCC 3A01244. Among them, two β-carboline alkaloids, trichocarbolines A (1) and C (4) are new compounds. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated based on their HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectra, optical rotation calculation, and comparisons with data reported in the literature. Trichocarboline B [(+)- and (–)-enantiomers] had previously been synthesized, and this is its first report as a natural product. Their anti-pulmonary fibrosis (PF) activity and cytotoxicity were investigated. Compounds 1, 11, and 13 strongly inhibited TGF-β1-induced total collagen accumulation and showed low cytotoxicity against the HFL1 cell line. Further studies revealed compound 1 inhibited extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition by downregulating the expression of protein fibronectin (FN), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Mechanistic study revealed that compound 1 decreased pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. As a newly identified β-carboline alkaloid, compound 1 may be used as a lead compound for developing more efficient anti-pulmonary fibrosis agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jiao Hao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei-Nan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hou-Jin Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zong-Ze Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiu-Pian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taifo Mahmud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Wen-Jian Lan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wen-Jian Lan,
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Ramu S, Baskar B. A simple and efficient metal free, additive, or base free dehydrogenation of tetrahydroisoquinolines using oxygen as a clean oxidant. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metal free dehydrogenation of various substituted tetrahydroisoquinolines via a simple and convenient metal free, atom economical route for the synthesis of corresponding isoquinolines under oxygen atmosphere in N-methyl-2-pyrollidone (NMP) is described. Metal free dehydrogenation was carried out without the use of additive or base. A scope of the methodology was demonstrated for a number of aryl and heteroaryl substitutions present at C1 position and ester moiety at C3 position and was found to be good substrates. Substituted isoquinolines (3a–3h) and their esters (3i–3m) were synthesized in very good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Ramu
- Laboratory of Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpet (Dt), Tamilnadu 603 203, India
- Laboratory of Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpet (Dt), Tamilnadu 603 203, India
| | - Baburaj Baskar
- Laboratory of Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpet (Dt), Tamilnadu 603 203, India
- Laboratory of Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chengalpet (Dt), Tamilnadu 603 203, India
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Ranjani G, Nagarajan R. Access to 1-indolyltetrahydro-β-carbolines via metal-free cross-dehydrogenative coupling: the total synthesis of eudistomin U, isoeudistomin U and 19-bromoisoeudistomin U. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:757-760. [PMID: 33349820 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06958b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly selective and captivating metal-free cross-dehydrogenative coupling for the cross-coupling of two reactive nucleophiles such as tetrahydro-β-carboline and indoles is developed. A series of 1-indolyltetrahydro-β-carboline derivatives were synthesized in excellent to moderate yields. Temperature, time and concentration control resulted in mono indolylation selectively. Moreover, the total synthesis of eudistomin U and isoeudistomin U and the first total synthesis of 19-bromoisoeudistomin U were accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganapathy Ranjani
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, Telangana, India
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