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Maji S, Debnath B, Panda S, Manna T, Maity A, Dayaramani R, Nath R, Khan SA, Akhtar MJ. Anticancer Potential of the S-Heterocyclic Ring Containing Drugs and its Bioactivation to Reactive Metabolites. Chem Biodivers 2024:e202400473. [PMID: 38723201 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing heterocyclic derivatives have been disclosed for binding with a wide range of cancer-specific protein targets. Various interesting derivatives of sulfur-containing heterocyclics such as benzothiazole, thiazole, thiophene, thiazolidinedione, benzothiophene, and phenothiazine, etc have been shown to inhibit diverse signaling pathways implicated in cancer. Significant progress has also been made in molecular targeted therapy against specific enzymes such as kinase receptors due to potential binding interactions inside the ATP pocket. Sulfur-containing heterocyclic ring metal complexes i. e., benzothiazole, thiazole, thiophene, benzothiophene and phenothiazines are among the most promising active anticancer compounds. However, sulfur heteroaromatic rings, particularly thiophene, are of high structural alert due to their metabolism to reactive metabolites. The mere presence of a structural alert itself does not determine compound toxicity therefore, this review focuses on some specific findings that shed light on factors influencing the toxicity. In the current review, synthetic strategies of introducing the sulfur core ring in the synthesized derivatives are discussed with their structure-activity relationships to enhance our understanding of toxicity mechanisms and develop safer therapeutic options. The sulfur-containing marketed anticancer drugs included in this review direct the synthesis of novel compounds and will help in the development of potent, safer sulfur-based anticancer drugs in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Maji
- Department of Pharmacy, Bharat Technology, Uluberia-711316, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Biplab Debnath
- Department of Pharmacy, Bharat Technology, Uluberia-711316, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Shambo Panda
- Department of Pharmacy, Bharat Technology, Uluberia-711316, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Tanusree Manna
- Department of Pharmacy, Bharat Technology, Uluberia-711316, Howrah, West Bengal, India
| | - Arindam Maity
- JIS University, Agarpara Campus, Kolkata-81, Nilgunj Road, Agarpara, Kolkata-700109, India
| | - Richa Dayaramani
- Silver Oak Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Silver Oak University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rajarshi Nath
- Department of Pharmacy, Bharat Technology, Uluberia-711316, Howrah, West Bengal, India
- JIS University, Agarpara Campus, Kolkata-81, Nilgunj Road, Agarpara, Kolkata-700109, India
| | - Shah Alam Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Md Jawaid Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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Kumar A, Vigato C, Boschi D, Lolli ML, Kumar D. Phenothiazines as anti-cancer agents: SAR overview and synthetic strategies. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 254:115337. [PMID: 37060756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and there are still limited options for cure. Chemotherapy is the most significant treatment for cancer which increased survival rates, despite this, it is associated with numerous side effects, as well as cancer relapsing due to drug resistance insurgence; consequently, it is still a challenging task to develop new potent and less toxic anti-cancer agents for patients' care. Phenothiazine moiety, which leads a class of well-known antipsychotic drugs, possesses a wide range of biological activities and has been also introduced in cancer chemotherapy. This review aims in disclosing the use of phenothiazines during the last five years for the development of different anti-cancer drug candidates. The design and the synthetic strategies adopted, the SAR investigations and the role of reviewed phenothiazine derivatives as anti-cancer agents and multi-drug resistance (MDR) reversals are here fully described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 229, India
| | - Chiara Vigato
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Donatella Boschi
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Lucio Lolli
- Department of Science and Drug Technology, University of Torino, via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173 229, India.
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Marinov M, Nikolova I, Kostova I, Stoyanov N. Phenothiazine derivatives of 1,8-naphthalic anhydride: Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial studies. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2022.2116707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marin Marinov
- Department of Chemistry and Phytopharmacy, Faculty of Plant Protection and Agroecology, Agricultural University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Iliana Nikolova
- Department of Chemical, Food and Biotechnologies, Razgrad Branch, “Angel Kanchev” University of Ruse, Ruse, Bulgaria
| | - Iliana Kostova
- Department of Chemical, Food and Biotechnologies, Razgrad Branch, “Angel Kanchev” University of Ruse, Ruse, Bulgaria
| | - Neyko Stoyanov
- Department of Chemical, Food and Biotechnologies, Razgrad Branch, “Angel Kanchev” University of Ruse, Ruse, Bulgaria
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Venkatesan K, Satyanarayana VSV, Sivakumar A. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Phenothiazine Derivatives as Potential Antitumor Agents. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.2021254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Venkatesan
- Department of Humanities and Sciences, CVR College of Engineering, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - A. Sivakumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, VIT University, Vellore, India
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Laxmikeshav K, Kumari P, Shankaraiah N. Expedition of sulfur-containing heterocyclic derivatives as cytotoxic agents in medicinal chemistry: A decade update. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:513-575. [PMID: 34453452 DOI: 10.1002/med.21852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review article proposes a comprehensive report of the design strategies engaged in the development of various sulfur-bearing cytotoxic agents. The outcomes of various studies depict that the sulfur heterocyclic framework is a fundamental structure in diverse synthetic analogs representing a myriad scope of therapeutic activities. A number of five-, six- and seven-membered sulfur-containing heterocyclic scaffolds, such as thiazoles, thiadiazoles, thiazolidinediones, thiophenes, thiopyrans, benzothiazoles, benzothiophenes, thienopyrimidines, simple and modified phenothiazines, and thiazepines have been discussed. The subsequent studies of the derivatives unveiled their cytotoxic effects through multiple mechanisms (viz. inhibition of tyrosine kinases, topoisomerase I and II, tubulin, COX, DNA synthesis, and PI3K/Akt and Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathways), and several others. Thus, our concise illustration explains the design strategy and anticancer potential of these five- and six-membered sulfur-containing heterocyclic molecules along with a brief outline on seven-membered sulfur heterocycles. The thorough assessment of antiproliferative activities with the reference drug allows a proficient assessment of the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of the diversely synthesized molecules of the series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Laxmikeshav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Pooja Kumari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Nagula Shankaraiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
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Chen S, Qin C, Jin M, Pan H, Wan D. Novel chalcone derivatives with large conjugation structures as photosensitizers for versatile photopolymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Chen
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Chen Qin
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Haiyan Pan
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Decheng Wan
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
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Al Zahrani NA, El-Shishtawy RM, Elaasser MM, Asiri AM. Synthesis of Novel Chalcone-Based Phenothiazine Derivatives as Antioxidant and Anticancer Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194566. [PMID: 33036301 PMCID: PMC7583060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on reported results for the potential medicinal impact of phenothiazine core, as well as the chalcone skeleton that is widely present in many natural products, together with their reported bioactivities, the present work was aimed at combining both moieties in one molecular skeleton and to synthesize and characterize a novel series of chalone-based phenothiazine derivatives. For this purpose, 2-acetylphenothiazine was N-alkylated, followed by the Claisen-Schmidt reaction to produce the chalcones with good yield. Antioxidant activity, as evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, was assessed to determine if their antioxidant potential was comparable with ascorbic acid, and attributable to the phenothiazine core. Screening anticancer activities of the synthesized chalone-based phenothiazine derivatives against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 cells, and human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG-2 cells, compared with standard drugs cisplatin and doxorubicin, was evaluated. The results revealed that compounds 4a, 4b, 4d, 4h, 4j, 4k, 4m, 4o, and 4p were good against human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG-2 cells, and among these compounds 4b and 4k were the most effective compounds, with IC50 values of 7.14 μg/mL and 7.6 1 μg/mL, respectively. On the other hand, compounds 4a, 4b, 4k, and 4m were good against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 cells and, among these compounds, 4k and 4b were the most effective compounds, with IC50 values of 12 μg/mL and 13. 8 μg/mL, respectively. The overall results suggest that these compounds could, potentially, be further modified for the formation of more potent antioxidant and anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourah A. Al Zahrani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.Z.); (A.M.A.)
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reda M. El-Shishtawy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.Z.); (A.M.A.)
- Dyeing, Printing and Textile Auxiliaries Department, Textile Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo 12611, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Mahmoud M. Elaasser
- The Regional Center for Mycology and Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11759, Egypt;
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.Z.); (A.M.A.)
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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