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Waki T, Terashita M, Fujita N, Fukuda K, Kato M, Negishi T, Uchida H, Aoki Y, Takahashi S, Nakayama T. Identification of the Genes Coding for Carthamin Synthase, Peroxidase Homologs that Catalyze the Final Enzymatic Step of Red Pigmentation in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1528-1541. [PMID: 34343331 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Carthamin, a dimeric quinochalcone that is sparingly soluble in water, is obtained from the yellow-orange corolla of fully blooming safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) florets. Carthamin is a natural red colorant, which has been used worldwide for more than 4500 years and is the major component of Japanese 'beni' used for dyeing textiles, in cosmetics and as a food colorant. The biosynthetic pathway of carthamin has long remained uncertain. Previously, carthamin was proposed to be derived from precarthamin (PC), a water-soluble quinochalcone, via a single enzymatic process. In this study, we identified the genes coding for the enzyme responsible for the formation of carthamin from PC, termed 'carthamin synthase' (CarS), using enzyme purification and transcriptome analysis. The CarS proteins were purified from the cream-colored corolla of safflower and identified as peroxidase homologs (CtPOD1, CtPOD2 and CtPOD3). The purified enzyme catalyzed the oxidative decarboxylation of PC to produce carthamin using O2, instead of H2O2, as an electron acceptor. In addition, CarS catalyzed the decomposition of carthamin. However, this enzymatic decomposition of carthamin could be circumvented by adsorption of the pigment to cellulose. These CtPOD isozymes were not only expressed in the corolla of the carthamin-producing orange safflower cultivars but were also abundantly expressed in tissues and organs that did not produce carthamin and PC. One CtPOD isozyme, CtPOD2, was localized in the extracellular space. Based on the results obtained, a model for the stable red pigmentation of safflower florets during flower senescence and the traditional 'beni' manufacturing process is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Waki
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Miho Terashita
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujita
- Production Technology Laboratory, Production-Logistics Division, Toyo Ink SC Holdings Co., Ltd, 1, Sakae, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-0803, Japan
| | - Keishi Fukuda
- Production Technology Laboratory, Production-Logistics Division, Toyo Ink SC Holdings Co., Ltd, 1, Sakae, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-0803, Japan
| | - Mikiya Kato
- Production Technology Laboratory, Production-Logistics Division, Toyo Ink SC Holdings Co., Ltd, 1, Sakae, Kawagoe, Saitama 350-0803, Japan
| | - Takashi Negishi
- Living & Healthcare Division, ADL Business Unit, TOYOCHEM Co., Ltd, 2-1, Kyobashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8379, Japan
| | - Hiromi Uchida
- Living & Healthcare Division, ADL Business Unit, TOYOCHEM Co., Ltd, 2-1, Kyobashi 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8379, Japan
| | - Yuichi Aoki
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Seiryo 2-1, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8573, Japan
| | - Seiji Takahashi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Toru Nakayama
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aza Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba 6-6-11, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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Ohmori K, Suzuki K. Group-Selective Approaches to Complex Natural Product Synthesis: Three Examples of Diastereotopos-Selective Reactions. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1719840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis Account showcases three diastereotopos-selective reactions exploited in our complex natural syntheses.1 Introduction2 Malyngolide: Hydroalumination of Bisalkynyl tert-Alcohols3 Cavicularin: Acetal Cleavage4 Carthamin: Bromoacetoxylation5 Conclusions
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