Synthesis of 3‐cyano‐2‐pyridone derivative and its utility in the synthesis of some heterocyclic compounds with expecting antimicrobial activity

Multi-targeted anti-Alzheimer's agents: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling study of some pyrazolopyridine hybrids

A new series of compounds bearing a pyrazolopyridine scaffold was synthesized as integrated anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) multi-targeted ligands. Compounds 49 and 51 showed remarkable activity as hAChE inhibitors with IC50 values of 0.17 and 0.16 μM, respectively; and proved to be active hBuChE inhibitors with IC50 values 0.17 and 0.69 μM, eight and two-fold more active than the reference compound rivastigmine, respectively. Compounds 49 and 51 showed potent GSK3β inhibition with IC50 values of 0.21 and 0.26 μM, respectively compared to L807mts. Also, 49 and 51 showed 66.0 and 60.0% as tau protein aggregation inhibitors; and Aβ1-42 self-aggregation inhibitors with 79.0 and 75.0% respectively. Furthermore, 49 and 51 could bind virtually with the PAS affecting Aβ aggregation, thus preventing Aβ-dependent neurotoxicity. They proved to have the ability to chelate bio-metals such as Fe2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+ preventing their oxidative damage in the brain of AD patients, in addition to their safety upon WI-38 cell line. Both compounds could virtually penetrate BBB and obeyed Lipinski's rule of five. Compounds 49 and 51 could be considered as MTDLs for AD patients and the obtained model and pattern of substitution could be used for further development of new multi-targeted anti-Alzheimer's agents.

Contemporary progress in the green synthesis of spiro-thiazolidines and their medicinal significance: a review

The development of new strategies for the production of nitrogen and sulfur-containing heterocycles remains an extremely alluring but challenging proposition. Among these heterocyclic compounds, spiro-thiazolidines are a distinct class of heterocyclic motifs with an all-encompassing range of pharmaceutical activities such as anti-histaminic, anti-proliferative, anesthetic, hypnotic, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, anthelmintic, CNS stimulant, and anti-viral potentials. Consequently, investigators have produced these heterocycles through diversified intricate pathways as object structures for medicinal studies. Notwithstanding their innumerable manmade solicitations, there is yet no special periodical on MCRs concerning spiro-thiazolidine via green synthesis. Thus, this in-depth review encompasses the excursion of MCRs to spiro-thiazolidines, including the environment-friendly synthetic approaches, reaction situations, rationale behind the optimal selection of catalyst, scope, anticipated mechanism, and biological activities. In this review, we have focussed on the furthermost current developments in spiro-thiazolidine creation under different conditions, such as ionic liquid-assisted, microwave-assisted, on-water, solid-supported acid-catalyzed, asymmetric, and nanocatalyst-assisted syntheses, developed over the last 8 years. This study details works regarding the total amalgamation of spiro-thiazolidines under N- and S-containing heterocycles. Furthermore, this article summarizes the developments of artificially and pharmaceutically important spiro-thiazolidine candidates.

Bioactive 2-pyridone-containing heterocycle syntheses using multicomponent reactions

2-Pyridone-containing heterocycles are considered privileged scaffolds in drug discovery due to their behavior as hydrogen bond donors and/or acceptors and nonpeptidic mimics, and remarkable physicochemical properties such as metabolic stability, solubility in water, and lipophilicity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of multicomponent reactions (MCRs) for the synthesis of 2-pyridone-containing heterocycles. In particular, it covers the articles published from 1999 to date related to anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, α-glucosidase inhibitor, and cardiotonic activities of 2-pyridone-containing heterocycles obtained exclusively by an MCR. The discussion focuses on bioactivity data, synthetic approaches, plausible reaction mechanisms, and molecular docking simulations to facilitate comparison and underscore the applications of the 2-pyridone motif in drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. We also present our conclusions and outlook for the future.

Synthesis, molecular docking, DFT study, and in vitro antimicrobial activity of some 4-(biphenyl-4-yl)-1,4-dihydropyridine and 4-(biphenyl-4-yl)pyridine derivatives

The evolution of microbial resistance necessitates the development of new antimicrobial drugs that are more effective than those currently on the market. To address this problem, we have prepared a series of novel 4-(biphenyl-4-yl)-1,4-dihydropyridine and 4-(biphenyl-4-yl)pyridine derivatives via Hantzsch reaction using nine different compounds containing active methylene group. IR, NMR, and mass spectra were used to determine the structures. Using ampicillin and griseofulvin as standards, the titled compounds were investigated for their antibacterial activity against different bacteria and fungi. Compounds 1f, 1g, 2f, and 2g have the best antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration = 50 μg/ml), while 1f, 1h, 2g, and 2h have high antifungal activity against Candida albicans (minimum inhibitory concentration = 100 μg/ml). To gain a better understanding of the binding process and affinity for the bacterial Staphylococcus epidermidis protein, researchers used molecular docking and molecular mechanics, as well as the generalized Born model and solvent accessibility-based binding free energy. The active compounds 1g, 1h, and 2f have good docking scores of -5.575, -5.949, and -5.234, respectively, whereas compound 2c has the greatest docking score (-6.23). The HOMO-LUMO energy gap and molecular electrostatic potential were used to evaluate the reactivity of promising compounds, which were then associated with antibacterial efficacy.