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Alkorta I, Claramunt RM, Elguero J, Gutiérrez-Puebla E, Monge MÁ, Reviriego F, Roussel C. Study of the Addition Mechanism of 1 H-Indazole and Its 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-Nitro Derivatives to Formaldehyde in Aqueous Hydrochloric Acid Solutions. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5866-5881. [PMID: 35405072 PMCID: PMC9087356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
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The reaction of NH-indazoles with formaldehyde
in aqueous hydrochloric acid has been experimentally studied by solution
and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and crystallography.
The mechanism of the formation of N1-CH2OH derivatives was determined. For the first time, 2-substituted
derivatives have been characterized by multinuclear NMR. Theoretically,
calculations with gauge-invariant atomic orbitals (GIAOs) at the Becke
three-parameter (exchange) Lee–Yang–Parr B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)
level have provided a sound basis for the experimental observations.
The first X-ray structures of four (1H-indazol-1-yl)methanol
derivatives are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa M Claramunt
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Gutiérrez-Puebla
- Departamento de Nuevas Arquitecturas en Química de Materiales, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Monge
- Departamento de Nuevas Arquitecturas en Química de Materiales, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Reviriego
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Roussel
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, 13397 Marseille, France
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Librando IL, Mahmoud AG, Carabineiro SAC, Guedes da Silva MFC, Geraldes CFGC, Pombeiro AJL. Synthesis of a Novel Series of Cu(I) Complexes Bearing Alkylated 1,3,5-Triaza-7-phosphaadamantane as Homogeneous and Carbon-Supported Catalysts for the Synthesis of 1- and 2-Substituted-1,2,3-triazoles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2702. [PMID: 34685140 PMCID: PMC8537716 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The N-alkylation of 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) with ortho-, meta- and para-substituted nitrobenzyl bromide under mild conditions afforded three hydrophilic PTA ammonium salts, which were used to obtain a new set of seven water-soluble copper(I) complexes. The new compounds were fully characterized and their catalytic activity was investigated for the low power microwave assisted one-pot azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction in homogeneous aqueous medium to obtain disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. The most active catalysts were immobilized on activated carbon (AC), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT), as well as surface functionalized AC and CNT, with the most efficient support being the CNT treated with nitric acid and NaOH. In the presence of the immobilized catalyst, several 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles were obtained from the reaction of terminal alkynes, organic halides and sodium azide in moderate yields up to 80%. Furthermore, the catalyzed reaction of terminal alkynes, formaldehyde and sodium azide afforded 2-hydroxymethyl-2H-1,2,3-triazoles in high yields up to 99%. The immobilized catalyst can be recovered and recycled through simple workup steps and reused up to five consecutive cycles without a marked loss in activity. The described catalytic systems proceed with a broad substrate scope, under microwave irradiation in aqueous medium and according to "click rules".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy L. Librando
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.L.L.); (S.A.C.C.); (M.F.C.G.d.S.); (A.J.L.P.)
| | - Abdallah G. Mahmoud
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.L.L.); (S.A.C.C.); (M.F.C.G.d.S.); (A.J.L.P.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Sónia A. C. Carabineiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.L.L.); (S.A.C.C.); (M.F.C.G.d.S.); (A.J.L.P.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - M. Fátima C. Guedes da Silva
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.L.L.); (S.A.C.C.); (M.F.C.G.d.S.); (A.J.L.P.)
| | - Carlos F. G. C. Geraldes
- Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga Largo D. Dinis, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-393 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Armando J. L. Pombeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.L.L.); (S.A.C.C.); (M.F.C.G.d.S.); (A.J.L.P.)
- Research Institute of Chemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street, 117198 Moscow, Russia
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Structure of NH-benzazoles (1H-benzimidazoles, 1H- and 2H-indazoles, 1H- and 2H-benzotriazoles). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-013-1237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kim SH, Markovitz B, Trovato R, Murphy BR, Austin H, Willardsen AJ, Baichwal V, Morham S, Bajji A. Discovery of a new HIV-1 inhibitor scaffold and synthesis of potential prodrugs of indazoles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2888-92. [PMID: 23566519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A new oxazole scaffold showing great promise in HIV-1 inhibition has been discovered by cell-based screening of an in-house library and scaffold modification. Follow-up SAR study focusing on the 5-aryl substituent of the oxazole core has identified 4k (EC50=0.42μM, TI=50) as a potent inhibitor. However, the analogues suffered from poor aqueous solubility. To address this issue, we have developed broadly applicable potential prodrugs of indazoles. Among them, N-acyloxymethyl analogue 11b displayed promising results (i.e., increased aqueous solubility and susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis). Further studies are warranted to fully evaluate the analogues as the potential prodrugs with improved physiochemical and PK properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Ho Kim
- Myrexis Inc., 305 Chipeta Way, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States.
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Zhu XW, Zhang YJ, Zhang CX, Li GS, Qian HY. 1-Chloromethyl-1 H-1,2,3-benzotriazole. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o3173. [PMID: 21589469 PMCID: PMC3011609 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810046052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the title compound, C7H6ClN3, the benzotriazole ring is essentially planar with a maximum deviation of 0.0110 (15)Å, and makes a dihedral angle of 0.46 (8)° with the benzene ring. In the crystal, molecules are linked through intermolecular C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming chains along the c axis.
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Novak I, Abu-Izneid T, Kovac B, Klasinc L. Electronic structure and stability of benzotriazoles. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:9751-6. [PMID: 19708693 DOI: 10.1021/jp905640b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structures and relative stabilities of N-substituted benzotriazoles (BtR) have been studied by UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and high-level ab initio methods. We show that the UPS spectrum of 1H-benzotriazole corresponds to a mixture of tautomers. The N-substituent effects in benzotriazoles were shown to depend on the mode of attachment of the substituent to the Bt residue. We have estimated the conjugation effects between benzene and triazole rings in N-substituted benzotriazoles by using isodesmic reactions and high-level composite ab initio methods. The 2H-benzotriazoles (Bt2R) appear to be stabilized upon ring conjugation while on the other hand the 1H-benzotriazoles (Bt1R) are destabilized. The electronic structure of benzotriazoles can be related to photocycloaddition reactions and to regioselectivity exhibited during nitration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Novak
- Charles Sturt University, P.O. Box 883, Orange NSW 2800, Australia.
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Kalisiak J, Sharpless KB, Fokin VV. Efficient synthesis of 2-substituted-1,2,3-triazoles. Org Lett 2008; 10:3171-4. [PMID: 18597477 DOI: 10.1021/ol8006748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this three-component reaction, alkynes undergo a copper(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition with sodium azide and formaldehyde to yield 2-hydroxymethyl-2 H-1,2,3-triazoles, which are useful intermediates that can be readily converted to polyfunctional molecules. The hydroxymethyl group can also be removed, providing convenient access to N H-1,2,3-triazoles. The reaction is experimentally simple and readily scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Kalisiak
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
Rapid progress in the synthetic application of benzotriazole derivatives in the last 20 years has resulted in over 1000 scientific papers on the subject. This fact is reflected in Section 5.01.7, which involves almost a half of the volume of this chapter. The section is arranged according to hybridization of the C-α atom and atomic numbers of the atoms in positions β and γ to allow an easy access to the material of interest. Recent discovery of copper catalysis in [3+2] cycloadditions of azides to acetylenes, the so-called ‘click chemistry’, which boosted application of the 1,2,3-triazole derivatives, especially in medicinal chemistry, is presented in Section 5.01.9. From the point of view of practical applications, Section 5.01.11 is organized according to the number, position, and combination of the substituents at the aromatic rings. Another novel feature that has no precedence in the previous editions of Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry is an addition of triazole and benzotriazole complexes with various transitions metals to Section 5.01.4.
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