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Borsatto JVB, Lanças FM. Recent Trends in Graphene-Based Sorbents for LC Analysis of Food and Environmental Water Samples. Molecules 2023; 28:5134. [PMID: 37446796 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of recent advancements in applying graphene-based materials as sorbents for liquid chromatography (LC) analysis. Graphene-based materials are promising for analytical chemistry, including applications as sorbents in liquid chromatography. These sorbents can be functionalized to produce unique extraction or stationary phases. Additionally, graphene-based sorbents can be supported in various materials and have consequently been applied to produce various devices for sample preparation. Graphene-based sorbents are employed in diverse applications, including food and environmental LC analysis. This review summarizes the application of graphene-based materials in food and environmental water analysis in the last five years (2019 to 2023). Offline and online sample preparation methods, such as dispersive solid phase microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction, pipette tip solid phase extraction, in-tube solid-phase microextraction, and others, are reviewed. The review also summarizes the application of the columns produced with graphene-based materials in separating food and water components and contaminants. Graphene-based materials have been reported as stationary phases for LC columns. Graphene-based stationary phases have been reported in packed, monolithic, and open tubular columns and have been used in LC and capillary electrochromatography modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João V B Borsatto
- Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry at Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, P.O. Box 780, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Lanças
- Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Chemistry at Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, P.O. Box 780, São Carlos 13566-590, Brazil
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da Silva Burato JS, Basolli Borsatto JV, Lanças FM. Practical aspects of preparation, optimization, and evaluation of poly(styrene-divinylbenzene)porous-layer open tubular (PLOT) columns for capillary liquid chromatography. Talanta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Porous layer open tubular nano liquid chromatography directly coupled to electron ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1674:463143. [PMID: 35588591 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 25 µm i.d x 1.2 m length PS-DVB porous layer open tubular column (PLOT) was prepared and assessed in the configuration of a nano liquid chromatography coupled to an electron ionization mass spectrometry system (OT-nanoLC-EI-Ms), via the direct insertion of the column outlet into the ionization source. The developed system's operational parameters were comprehensively studied, and the setup performance was investigated employing both unidimensional and column switching configurations. As a result, the OT-nanoLC-EI-MS system demonstrated competitive applicability in separating non-amenable ESI compounds, such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and non-amenable GC compounds such as thermolabile pesticides. Furthermore, with excellent chromatographic performance, the PLOT columns can work under more compatible EI-detection conditions - such as the elution with 100% organic solvent. For example, PAHs retention factors ranged between 1.5 and 2.2 for 100% MeCN mobile phase, and more than 33,000 plates per meter for naphthalene at 50 nL/min flow rate. In analyzing thermolabile pesticides, the column switching PLOT-nanoLC-EI-MS system provided LODs of 25 µg/L, demonstrating suitable intra e interday reproducibility (% RSD < 13%, n = 3), and possibilities the direct injection of raw samples with suitable robustness.
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Vargas Medina DA, Pereira Dos Santos NG, da Silva Burato JS, Borsatto JVB, Lanças FM. An overview of open tubular liquid chromatography with a focus on the coupling with mass spectrometry for the analysis of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461989. [PMID: 33611115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Open tubular liquid chromatography (OT-LC) can provide superior chromatographic performance and more favorable mass spectrometry (MS) detection conditions. These features could provide enhanced sensitivity when coupled with electrospray ionization sources (ESI-) and lead to unprecedented detection capabilities if interfaced with a highly structural informative electron ionization (EI) source. In the past, the exploitation of OT columns in liquid chromatography evolved slowly. However, the recent instrumental developments in capillary/nanoLC-MS created new opportunities in developing and applying OT-LC-MS. Currently, the analytical advantages of OT-LC-MS are mainly exploited in the fields of proteomics and biosciences analysis. Nevertheless, under the right conditions, OT-LC-MS can also offer superior chromatographic performance and enhanced sensitivity in analyzing small molecules. This review will provide an overview of the latest developments in OT-LC-MS, focusing on the wide variety of employed separation mechanisms, innovative stationary phases, emerging column fabrication technologies, and new OT formats. In the same way, the OT-LC's opportunities and shortcomings coupled to both ESI and EI will be discussed, highlighting the complementary character of those two ionization modes to expand the LC's detection boundaries in the performance of targeted and untargeted studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fernando Mauro Lanças
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Institute of Chemistry of São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Forster S, Kolmar H, Altmaier S. Synthesis and characterization of new generation open tubular silica capillaries for liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1265:88-94. [PMID: 23084484 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The chromatographic performance gain of open tubular (OT) silica capillaries over packed beds has been demonstrated theoretically. However, experimental progress in the preparative realization of these columns is still lacking behind as thick films are required for a sufficient mass loadability. Here, silica sol-gel chemistry in confined spaces was applied to the preparation of thick-film OT capillaries comprising a mesoporous layer with a thickness of approximately 500 nm covalently attached to the capillary wall. Samples were synthesized varying both in length and inner diameter (ID) and the resulting layer morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The chromatographic performance of these first generation columns was evaluated by normal phase chromatography utilizing standard capillary-LC equipment. Separations of small molecules in a 15 μm ID column provided high theoretical plate numbers (up to 170,000) and a good retention capacity within reasonable retention times (<1 h), bearing the unavoidable trade-off between column efficiency and analysis time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Forster
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstraße 22, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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Nokihara K. Procedures leading to primary structure determination of proteins in complex mixtures by gel electrophoresis and modern micro-scale analyses. Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(98)00347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jakubetz H, Czesla H, Schurig V. On the feasibility of miniaturized enantiomeric separation by liquid chromatography (OTLC) and open tubular electrochromatography (OTEC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-667x(1997)9:5<421::aid-mcs8>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Enantiomer separation by open-tubular liquid chromatography and electrochromatography in cellulose-coated capillaries. Chromatographia 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02290286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Schurig V, Jung M, Mayer S, Fluck M, Negura S, Jakubetz H. Unified enantioselective capillary chromatography on a Chirasil-DEX stationary phase. Advantages of column miniaturization. J Chromatogr A 1995; 694:119-28. [PMID: 7719463 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)01075-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized Chirasil-DEX (mono-6-O-octamethylenepermethyl-beta-cyclodextrin chemically linked to dimethylpolysiloxane) can be employed as a versatile chiral stationary phase in chromatography. The chiral polymer has a long lifetime and is configurationally and thermally stable. The concept of unified enantioselective chromatography has been demonstrated for the enantiomer separation of hexobarbital by gas chromatography, supercritical fluid chromatography, liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography on a single open-tubular column (1 m x 50 microns I.D.) coated with Chirasil-DEX. The advantages of miniaturization in contemporary chromatographic enantiomer separation are demonstrated. Chirasil-DEX coated on porous silica is also useful for enantiomer separation in high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Schurig
- Institut für Organische Chemie der Universität, Tübingen, Germany
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Characterization of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography. Polycycl Aromat Compd 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/10406639308047864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Ultraviolet fibre optic photometric cell with an effective volume of 30 nl for micro-scale high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)90272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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McNair H, Bowermaster J. Microbore HPLC column performance and temperature programming capabilities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Niessen W, Poppe H. Problems in interfacing open-tubular liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)94157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Niessen W, Poppe H. Open-tubular liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry using direct liquid introduction. J Chromatogr A 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)90369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nice EC, Lloyd CJ, Burgess AW. The role of short microbore high-performance liquid chromatography columns for protein separation and trace enrichment. J Chromatogr A 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)96409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Krejci M, Slais K, Kourilová D, Vespalcová M. Enrichment techniques and trace analysis with microbore columns in liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1984; 2:197-205. [PMID: 16867748 DOI: 10.1016/0731-7085(84)80071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/1984] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The advantages of microbore columns for trace analysis by liquid chromatography are identified, with reference to on-column enrichment techniques performed on analytical micro-columns. The selectivity and high sensitivity of the amperometric detector are utilized in combination with a microbore column for a number of pharmaceutical and bioanalytical analyses, including phenothiazines, parabens, sulphonamides, catecholamines, tetracyclines, vitamins, amino acids and dipeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krejci
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, 611 42 Brno, Czechoslovakia
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Bowermaster J, McNair H. Microbore high-performance liquid chromatographic columns: speed, efficiency, sensitivity and temperature programming. J Chromatogr A 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)93643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Alcock NJ, Corbelli L, Games DE, Lant MS, Westwood SA. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry using glass lined stainless steel microbore columns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200091109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Games DE, Lant MS, Westwood SA, Cocksedge MJ, Evans N, Williamson J, Woodhall BJ. Microbore high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200090507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kok W, Brinkman U, Frei R, Hanekamp H, Nooitgedacht F, Poppe H. Use of conventinal instrumentation with microbore column in high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)97622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Šlais K, Krejčī M. Electrochemical cell with effective volume less than 1 nl for liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)95786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Flow characteristics and technology of capillary columns with inner diameters less than 15 μm in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)82053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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DiCesare JL, Dong MW, Ettre LS. Very-high-speed liquid column chromatography the system and selected applications. Chromatographia 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02259263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Takeuchi T, Matsuoka K, Watanabe Y, Ishii D. Studies on open-tubular microcapillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)81847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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29
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Alumina and support-coated open-tubular columns in open-tubular micro-capillary liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)81517-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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