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Jin J, Li Y, Zhang Z, Su F, Qi P, Lu X, Chen J. The selective cleanup of complex matrices and simultaneous separation of benzo[a]pyrene by solid-phase extraction with MgO microspheres as sorbents. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:9149-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Bente M, Sklorz M, Streibel T, Zimmermann R. Thermal Desorption−Multiphoton Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry of Individual Aerosol Particles: A Simplified Approach for Online Single-Particle Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2525-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802296f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bente
- Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie/Massenspektrometrie-Zentrum, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany, and Bayerisches Institut für Angewandte Umweltforschung and -technik GmbH (BIfA), Kompetenzbereich Prozesstechnik und Chemische Analytik, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Martin Sklorz
- Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie/Massenspektrometrie-Zentrum, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany, and Bayerisches Institut für Angewandte Umweltforschung and -technik GmbH (BIfA), Kompetenzbereich Prozesstechnik und Chemische Analytik, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Streibel
- Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie/Massenspektrometrie-Zentrum, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany, and Bayerisches Institut für Angewandte Umweltforschung and -technik GmbH (BIfA), Kompetenzbereich Prozesstechnik und Chemische Analytik, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Institut für Ökologische Chemie, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany, Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie/Massenspektrometrie-Zentrum, Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, 18051 Rostock, Germany, and Bayerisches Institut für Angewandte Umweltforschung and -technik GmbH (BIfA), Kompetenzbereich Prozesstechnik und Chemische Analytik, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
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Christensen A, Ostman C, Westerholm R. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and on-line LC?GC?MS for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in urban dust and diesel particulate matter. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 381:1206-16. [PMID: 15731915 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in particulate matter from ambient air and diesel exhaust emissions. It is reproducible and accurate and, compared with similar methods for analysis of individual PAH components in complex matrices, it is relatively fast and simple. Single PAH components can be determined in samples of particulate matter from ambient air and diesel exhaust emissions with LOD of approximately 1 pg/sample. Further, sample throughput is high, because more than 20 samples can be extracted and prepared for analysis in one working (8-h) day. The particulate matter is subjected to ultrasound-assisted extraction, a technique that is shown to extract PAH from particulate material with efficiencies fully comparable with those of Soxhlet extraction. An aliphatic/PAH-enriched fraction is obtained by solid-phase extraction before isolation, separation, and identification/quantification of PAH by on-line liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method was validated by analysis of US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Materials (SRM) 1649a, Urban Dust, and 2975, Diesel Particulate Matter. Results from the method are in good agreement with the NIST-certified PAH concentrations and with NIST reference PAH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Christensen
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
On-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (LC-GC) is a powerful technique that combines the best features of LC and GC and is ideal for the analysis of complex samples. This review describes the unique features of on-line coupled LC-GC. The different interfaces and evaporation techniques are presented, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines are given for selecting a suitable LC-GC technique and representative applications are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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Alexandrie AK, Warholm M, Carstensen U, Axmon A, Hagmar L, Levin JO, Ostman C, Rannug A. CYP1A1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms affect urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels after PAH exposure. Carcinogenesis 2000; 21:669-76. [PMID: 10753202 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/21.4.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain human biotransformation enzymes have been implicated in the formation and scavenging of the ultimate reactive metabolites, the diolepoxides, from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In the present study, performed on aluminum smelter workers, we have analyzed airborne PAH, the pyrene metabolite 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in urine, and genotypes for biotransformation enzymes involved in PAH metabolism. The aim was to evaluate the correlation between external exposure and biomarkers of exposure and to investigate to what extent genetic polymorphism in metabolic enzymes can explain interindividual variation in urinary 1-OHP levels. DNA was prepared from blood samples from 98 potroom workers and 55 controls and altogether eight polymorphisms in the CYP1A1, mEH, GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 genes were analyzed. The 1-OHP excretion was found to correlate significantly (P </= 0.005) to the exposure. The interindividual difference in excretion of 1-OHP was vast (>100-fold) and univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to find the variables that could determine differences in excretion. The variation could, to some degree, be explained by differences in exposure to airborne particulate-associated PAHs, the use of personal respiratory protection devices, smoking habits and genetic polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 1A1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 enzymes. The part of the variance that could be explained by differences in biotransformation genotypes seemed to be of the same order of magnitude as the variance explained by differences in exposure. In the control group as well as in the occupationally exposed group, the highest 1-OHP levels were observed in individuals carrying the CYP1A1 Ile/Val genotype who were also of the GSTM1 null genotype. The results show that urinary 1-OHP is a sensitive indicator of recent human exposure to PAHs and that it may also to some extent reflect the interindividual variation in susceptibility to PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Alexandrie
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Tollbäck P, Carlsson H, Östman C. Coupled LC-GC-NPD for Determination of Carbazole-Type PANH and Its Application to Personal Exposure Measurement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(20000201)23:2<131::aid-jhrc131>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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8
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Mondello L, Dugo P, Dugo G, Lewis AC, Bartle KD. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled on-line with high resolution gas chromatography State of the art. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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El Harrak R, Calull M, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Influence of the Organic Solvent in On-Line Solid Phase Extraction for the Determination of PAHs by Liquid Chromatography and Fluorescence Detection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19981201)21:12<667::aid-jhrc667>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Determination of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocyclic compounds in airborne particulate by gas chromatography with atomic emission and mass spectrometric detection. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Carlsson H, Östman C. Clean-up and analysis of carbazole and acridine type polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocyclics in complex sample matrices. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Moret S, Grob K, Conte LS. On-line high-performance liquid chromatography-solvent evaporation-high-performance liquid chromatography-capillary gas chromatography-flame ionisation detection for the analysis of mineral oil polyaromatic hydrocarbons in fatty foods. J Chromatogr A 1996; 750:361-8. [PMID: 8938392 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An automated on-line method is described that involves a first LC separation on a large column, evaporation of a 6-ml fraction in an on-line solvent evaporator, a second LC separation using a different mobile phase, fractionating the components of interest and transfer to GC through the in-line vaporizer/overflow interface. The method is designed for the injection of a large amount of food extract (e.g. up to 200 mg of fat) and is applied to the analysis of mineral oil material in a linseed oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moret
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich (Kantonales Labor), Switzerland
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Chee KK, Wong MK, Lee HK. Optimization of microwave-assisted solvent extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine sediments using a microwave extraction system with high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Recent applications of gas and high-performance liquid chromatographic techniques to the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in airborne particulates. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(95)00429-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Levin JO, Rhén M, Sikström E. Occupational PAH exposure: urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels of coke oven workers, aluminium smelter pot-room workers, road pavers, and occupationally non-exposed persons in Sweden. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 1995; 163:169-177. [PMID: 7716495 DOI: 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04488-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in air, and worker urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels were studied in a coke oven, a Söderberg aluminium smelter pot-room, and during road-paving. Increased PAH exposure was shown to cause increased 1-hydroxypyrene excretion. Road-paving gave low PAH exposure, but resulted in a detectable elevated urinary 1-hydroxypyrene level. Background urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels in office workers were determined, and a statistically significant difference between smokers and non-smokers was observed. It is suggested that urinary 1-hydroxypyrene can be used as biological exposure index for PAH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Levin
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Research Department in Umeå, Sweden
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Trisciani A, Munari F. Characterization of fuel samples by on-line LC-GC with automatic group-type separation of hydrocarbons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240170611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Kelly GW, Bartle KD. The use of combined LC-GC for the analysis of fuel products: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240170604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water by column liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, using on-line micelle-mediated sample preparation. J Chromatogr A 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)80335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Huen JM, Gillard R, Mayer AG, Baltensperger B, Kern H. Automatic measurement of pesticides in drinking water using on-line solid-phase extraction, HPLC and chemometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00323942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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LC clean-up and GC/MS analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in river sediment. Chromatographia 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02272252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Östman C, Nilsson U. Coupled LC-GC-MS for on-line clean-up, separation, and identification of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at picogram levels in urban air. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240151109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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