1
|
Freitas F, Cabrita MJ, da Silva MG. A Critical Review of Analytical Methods for the Quantification of Phthalates Esters in Two Important European Food Products: Olive Oil and Wine. Molecules 2023; 28:7628. [PMID: 38005350 PMCID: PMC10673500 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a class of chemicals widely used as plasticizers. These compounds, considered toxic, do not bond to the polymeric matrix of plastic and can, therefore, migrate into the surrounding environment, posing a risk to human health. The primary source of human exposure is food, which can become contaminated during cultivation, production, and packaging. Therefore, it is imperative to control and regulate this exposure. This review covers the analytical methods used for their determination in two economically significant products: olive oil and wine. Additionally, it provides a summary and analysis of information regarding the characteristics, toxicity, effects on human health, and current regulations pertaining to PAEs in food. Various approaches for the extraction, purification, and quantification of these analytes are highlighted. Solvent and sorbent-based extraction techniques are reviewed, as are the chromatographic separation and other methods currently applied in the analysis of PAEs in wines and olive oils. The analysis of these contaminants is challenging due to the complexities of the matrices and the widespread presence of PAEs in analytical laboratories, demanding the implementation of appropriate strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Freitas
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria João Cabrita
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Departamento de Fitotecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Marco Gomes da Silva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Programmed temperature vaporizing injector to filter off disturbing high boiling and involatile material for on-line high performance liquid chromatography gas chromatography with on-column transfer. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1281:106-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
3
|
Hoh E, Mastovska K. Large volume injection techniques in capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1186:2-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
4
|
|
5
|
Sanchez R, Vázquez A, Riquelme D, Villén J. Direct analysis of pesticide residues in olive oil by on-line reversed phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography using an automated through oven transfer adsorption desorption (TOTAD) interface. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:6098-6102. [PMID: 14518929 DOI: 10.1021/jf030182r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A fully automated on-line reversed phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography system is described. The system uses a prototype of the automated through oven transfer adsorption desorption interface. The system is demonstrated by presenting a new rapid method for the determination of pesticide residue in olive oil, which is injected directly with no sample pretreatment step other than filtration. Methanol:water is used as the eluent in the LC preseparation step, while the LC fraction containing the pesticide is automatically transferred to the gas chromatograph. Detection limits of pesticides varied from 0.18 to 0.44 mg/L when a flame ionization detector was used. As an example, relative standard deviation and linear calibration are presented for terbutryne.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sanchez
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n. 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
On-line coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (LC-GC) is a powerful technique that combines the best features of LC and GC and is ideal for the analysis of complex samples. This review describes the unique features of on-line coupled LC-GC. The different interfaces and evaporation techniques are presented, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Guidelines are given for selecting a suitable LC-GC technique and representative applications are noted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuulia Hyötyläinen
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Petrovic M, Eljarrat E, López de Alda MJ, Barceló D. Recent advances in the mass spectrometric analysis related to endocrine disrupting compounds in aquatic environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 2002; 974:23-51. [PMID: 12458927 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00907-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
An overview of mass spectrometric methods used for the determination of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in environmental samples is presented. Among the EDCs we have selected five groups of compounds that are of priority within European Union and US research activities: alkylphenols, polychlorinated compounds (dioxins, furans and biphenyls), polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phthalates and steroid sex hormones. Various aspects of current LC-MS and GC-MS methodology, including sample preparation, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Petrovic
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Peñalver A, Pocurull E, Borrull F, Marcé RM. Comparison of different fibers for the solid-phase microextraction of phthalate esters from water. J Chromatogr A 2001; 922:377-84. [PMID: 11486887 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00920-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been applied to determine six phthalate esters and one adipate ester in water. The SPME parameters were optimized for several commercially available fibers. A 65-microm polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene (PDMS-DVB) was the fiber selected and was applied to analysis of water from the Ebro river and the industrial port of Tarragona. The studied compounds were found at concentrations ranging from 0.4 microg l(-1) for di-n-butyl phthalate ester (DnBP) to 3.2 microg l(-1) for bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate ester (DEHP). The linear range for real samples was from 0.1 to 10 microg l(-1) for most phthalates, and the limits of detection of the method were between 3 and 30 ng l(-1). Repeatability and reproducibility between days (n = 5) for 1 microg l(-1) samples were below 13 and 18%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Peñalver
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grob K. Efficiency through combining high-performance liquid chromatography and high resolution gas chromatography: progress 1995-1999. J Chromatogr A 2000; 892:407-20. [PMID: 11045501 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Progress during the last 5 years in on-line LC-GC and related techniques is reviewed. In normal-phase LC-GC, the wire interface proved to have advantages over the loop type interface. Further investigations on the solvent evaporation process in an uncoated precolumn under conditions of an early vapour exit revealed that the rules for the transfer by the retention gap techniques must be modified. For reversed-phase LC-GC, approaches with a phase transfer compete with direct evaporation. Eluents were extracted into a bed of Tenax located in a programmed-temperature vaporiser and thermally desorbed. Direct evaporation is possible when a hot vaporising chamber is used and solvent/solute separation occurs in a separate compartment, a coated precolumn possibly in combination with packed beds. As a future strategy, LC-GC transfer techniques should be adjusted to those of large volume injection and involve a single device. It is believed that on-column injection/transfer is the choice. This requires that concurrent evaporation in LC-GC is performed by the on-column interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hyötyläinen T, Andersson T, Hartonen K, Kuosmanen K, Riekkola ML. Pressurized hot water extraction coupled on-line with LC-GC: determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in sediment. Anal Chem 2000; 72:3070-6. [PMID: 10939369 DOI: 10.1021/ac000282l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) was directly combined with a LC-GC system for the determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment. The sediment sample was first extracted with pressurized hot water, and the analytes were adsorbed into a solid-phase trap. The trap also functioned as a LC column, which removed most of the interfering matrix components. The 780-microL LC fraction containing the analytes was directly transferred to the GC using an on-column interface. The whole PHWE-LC-GC analysis took place in a closed system, and no sample pretreatment was required. The sensitivity of the method was excellent due to the efficient concentration in the LC-GC system. Sensitivity was approximately 800 times better than in traditional systems. In addition, only a small amount of sample (10 mg) was required for the analysis. The PHWE-LC-GC method proved to be linear in the concentration range of 0.01-2 microg/g, the limits of quantification were below 0.01 microg/g for all the analytes, and the relative standard deviations were between 3 and 28%. LC cleanup and the improved sensitivity made detection with FID sufficient for the determination of analytes. The results were comparable to those obtained in an interlaboratory comparison study as well as to the results obtained with off-line SFE-GC-MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Hyötyläinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Boselli E, Grob K, Lercker G. Determination of furan fatty acids in extra virgin olive oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2000; 48:2868-2873. [PMID: 10898638 DOI: 10.1021/jf990857j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The presence of 4 different furan fatty acids (F-acids) was detected in 18 samples of transmethylated monovarietal extra virgin olive oil: methyl 10,13-epoxy-11,12-dimethyloctadeca-10,12-dienoate [diMeF(9,5)], methyl 12,15-epoxy-13,14-dimethyleicosa-12,14-dienoate [diMeF(11,5)] and both olefinic derivatives of diMeF(11,5) with one unsaturation on the side chains conjugated with the furan ring. Transmethylated oils were analyzed by normal phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled on-line with capillary gas chromatography. After the gas chromatographic separation step, a more selective detection of F-acids was achieved by using a photoionization detector mounted in series with a flame ionization detector. The concentration of F-acids ranged between 50 ppb (detection limit of the method) and 2.1 ppm in the oil. The olefinic derivatives of diMeF(11,5) acids detected were not artifacts created during the sample preparation or during the chromatographic analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Boselli
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich (Kantonales Labor), P.O. Box, CH-8030 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Determination of phthalates in water samples using polystyrene solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography quantification. Anal Chim Acta 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(99)00829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
14
|
Engewald W, Teske J, Efer J. Programmed temperature vaporiser-based injection in capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 856:259-78. [PMID: 10526792 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The application of programmed temperature vaporisation (PTV) in capillary gas chromatographic analysis is reviewed. The development of the different strategies as well as the state of the art are described. As the analytes are normally enriched in the PTV insert, the quoted papers are subdivided depending on whether the enrichment was carried out from organic solvents, from water or from gaseous media. Furthermore, the possibilities of PTVs for on-line coupling with sample preparation methods or other separation techniques and their use as thermoreactors are mentioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Engewald
- Leipzig University, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vreuls JJ, Louter AJ, Brinkman UA. On-line combination of aqueous-sample preparation and capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 856:279-314. [PMID: 10526793 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Methods currently in use to combine the preparation of aqueous samples on-line with capillary gas chromatography (GC) comprise heartcut-orientated reversed-phase liquid chromatography-GC and analyte-isolation-orientated analyte extraction-GC. These approaches either use techniques in which water is directly introduced onto the GC column, or an indirect approach in which water is eliminated, i.e., by solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction or liquid-liquid extraction, prior to introduction of the analytes onto the GC column. The latter type of approach is much more successful and user-friendly, and many applications have been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Vreuls
- Vrije Universiteit, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Affiliation(s)
- S D Richardson
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Louter AJ, Vreuls JJ, Brinkman UA. On-line combination of aqueous-sample preparation and capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999; 842:391-426. [PMID: 10377972 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00211-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An overview is presented of methods currently in use to combine the preparation of aqueous samples on-line with capillary gas chromatography. Two approaches can be distinguished: heartcut-orientated reversed-phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography (GC) and analyte-isolation-orientated analyte extraction-GC. These approaches either use techniques in which water is directly introduced onto the GC column, or an indirect approach in which water is eliminated, i.e., by solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction or liquid-liquid extraction, prior to introduction of the analytes onto the GC column. The latter type of approach is much more successful and user friendly, and many applications have been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Louter
- Free University, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Andersson T, Hyötyläinen T, Riekkola ML. On-Line Coupled Liquid Chromatography - Gas Chromatography in the Analysis of Process Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19990501)22:5<261::aid-jhrc261>3.0.co;2-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
19
|
Programmed temperature vaporisers-based large volume injection in capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
20
|
Mondello L, Dugo P, Dugo G, Lewis AC, Bartle KD. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled on-line with high resolution gas chromatography State of the art. J Chromatogr A 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
21
|
Perez M, Alario J, Vazquez A, Vill�n J. On-line reversed phase LC-GC by using the new TOTAD (Through Oven Transfer Adsorption Desorption) interface: Application to parathion residue analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-667x(1999)11:8<582::aid-mcs3>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
22
|
Hyötyläinen T, Riekkola ML. Direct coupling of reversed-phase liquid chromatography to gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
23
|
Pocurull E, Aguilar C, Borrull F, Marcé RM. On-line coupling of solid-phase extraction to gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection to determine pesticides in water. J Chromatogr A 1998; 818:85-93. [PMID: 9770306 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
A group of pesticides with different chemical structures was determined in water by on-line coupling of solid-phase extraction to gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection through an on-column interface. A 10 mm x 2 mm I.D. precolumn packed with PLRP-S was selected for the solid-phase extraction process. The parameters affecting the transfer of the analytes from the precolumn to the GC system (e.g. flow-rate, temperature and solvent vapor exit time) were optimized. An organic modifier was added to the sample before the extraction process to avoid adsorption problems. The use of the MS detector under selected ion monitoring acquisition enabled the analytes to be quantified at sub microgram-per-litre levels preconcentrating only 10 ml of sample, and the limits of detection (S/N = 3) were between 2 and 20 ng l-1. The method was applied to the determination of the pesticides in tap and river water, and molinate was determined in Ebro river water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Pocurull
- Department de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hyötyläinen T, Jauho K, Riekkola ML. Analysis of pesticides in red wines by on-line coupled reversed-phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography with vaporiser/precolumn solvent split/gas discharge interface. J Chromatogr A 1998; 813:113-9. [PMID: 9697319 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides in red wines were analysed by on-line coupled reversed-phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography where a vaporiser/precolumn solvent split/gas discharge interface enabled direct transfer of aqueous eluent to the GC system. The LC part of the system provided sample clean-up and re-concentration, and the GC the final analytical step. The method developed allowed automated and quantitative analysis of the wine samples, where the only manual step was filtration. The limits of quantification were clearly below the maximum residue limits established for grapes, being lower than 10 micrograms l-1 for all pesticides studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Hyötyläinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|