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Honda C, Kaneko A, Katsuta R, Tokuoka M. Adjacent double branches exist in the branching structure of starch. Carbohydr Res 2022; 519:108628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Villwock VK, BeMiller JN. The Architecture, Nature, and Mystery of Starch Granules. Part 2. STARCH-STARKE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/star.202100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Kurtis Villwock
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research Department of Food Science (NLSN) Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - James N. BeMiller
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research Department of Food Science (NLSN) Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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Nakamura Y, Kainuma K. On the cluster structure of amylopectin. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:291-306. [PMID: 34599732 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Two opposing models for the amylopectin structure are historically and comprehensively reviewed, which leads us to a better understanding of the specific fine structure of amylopectin. Amylopectin is a highly branched glucan which accounts for approximately 65-85 of starch in most plant tissues. However, its fine structure is still not fully understood due to the limitations of current methodologies. Since the 1940 s, many scientists have attempted to elucidate the distinct structure of amylopectin. One of the most accepted concepts is that amylopectin has a structural element known as "cluster", in which neighboring side chains with a degree of polymerization of ≥ 10 in the region of their non-branched segments form double helices. The double helical structures are arranged in inter- and intra-clusters and are the origin of the distinct physicochemical and crystalline properties of starch granules. Several models of the cluster structure have been proposed by starch scientists worldwide during the progress of analytical methods, whereas no direct evidence so far has been provided. Recently, Bertoft and colleagues proposed a new model designated as "the building block and backbone (BB) model". The BB model sharply contrasts with the cluster model in that the structural element for the BB model is the building block, and that long chains are separately synthesized and positioned from short chains constituting the building block. In the present paper, we conduct the historical review of the cluster concept detailing how and when the concept was established based on experimental results by many scientists. Then, differences between the two opposing concepts are explained and both models are critically discussed, particularly from the point of view of the biochemical regulation of amylopectin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakamura
- Starch Technologies, Co., Ltd, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo-Nakano, Akita-city, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
- Akita Natural Science Laboratory, 25-44 Oiwake-Nishi, Tennoh, Katagami, Akita, 010-0101, Japan.
| | - Keiji Kainuma
- Science Academy of Tsukuba, 2-20-3 Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0032, Japan
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Tetlow IJ, Bertoft E. A Review of Starch Biosynthesis in Relation to the Building Block-Backbone Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7011. [PMID: 32977627 PMCID: PMC7582286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch is a water-insoluble polymer of glucose synthesized as discrete granules inside the stroma of plastids in plant cells. Starch reserves provide a source of carbohydrate for immediate growth and development, and act as long term carbon stores in endosperms and seed tissues for growth of the next generation, making starch of huge agricultural importance. The starch granule has a highly complex hierarchical structure arising from the combined actions of a large array of enzymes as well as physicochemical self-assembly mechanisms. Understanding the precise nature of granule architecture, and how both biological and abiotic factors determine this structure is of both fundamental and practical importance. This review outlines current knowledge of granule architecture and the starch biosynthesis pathway in relation to the building block-backbone model of starch structure. We highlight the gaps in our knowledge in relation to our understanding of the structure and synthesis of starch, and argue that the building block-backbone model takes accurate account of both structural and biochemical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Annor GA, Marcone M, Bertoft E, Seetharaman K. Unit and Internal Chain Profile of Millet Amylopectin. Cereal Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-08-13-0156-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Massimo Marcone
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Eric Bertoft
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-1038, U.S.A
| | - Koushik Seetharaman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108-1038, U.S.A
- Corresponding author. Phone: (612) 624-1764. Fax: (612) 625-5272. E-mail:
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Zhu F, Bertoft E, Källman A, Myers AM, Seetharaman K. Molecular structure of starches from maize mutants deficient in starch synthase III. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9899-907. [PMID: 23967805 DOI: 10.1021/jf402090f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular structures of starches from dull1 maize mutants deficient in starch synthase III (SSIII) with a common genetic background (W64A) were characterized and compared with the wild type. Amylose content with altered structure was higher in the nonwaxy mutants (25.4-30.2%) compared to the wild type maize (21.5%) as revealed by gel permeation chromatography. Superlong chains of the amylopectin component were found in all nonwaxy samples. Unit chain length distribution of amylopectins and their φ,β-limit dextrins (reflecting amylopectin internal structure) from dull1 mutants were also characterized by anion-exchange chromatography after debranching. Deficiency of SSIII led to an increased amount of short chains (DP ≤36 in amylopectin), whereas the content of long chains decreased from 8.4% to between 3.1 and 3.7% in both amylopectin and φ,β-limit dextrins. Moreover, both the external and internal chain lengths decreased, suggesting a difference in their cluster structures. Whereas the molar ratio of A:B-chains was similar in all samples (1.1-1.2), some ratios of chain categories were affected by the absence of SSIII, notably the ratio of "fingerprint" A-chains to "clustered" A-chains. This study highlighted the relationship between SSIII and the internal molecular structure of maize starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bertoft
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada. Phone: (519) 824-4120, ext. 58054. Fax: (519) 824-6631. E-mail:
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Seetharaman K, Bertoft E. Perspectives on the history of research on starch Part V: On the conceptualization of amylopectin structure. STARCH-STARKE 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201200143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Structures of building blocks in clusters of sweetpotato amylopectin. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2913-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhu F, Corke H, Bertoft E. Amylopectin internal molecular structure in relation to physical properties of sweetpotato starch. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bertoft E, Laohaphatanalert K, Piyachomkwan K, Sriroth K. The fine structure of cassava starch amylopectin. Part 2: Building block structure of clusters. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 47:325-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hess K, Steurer E. Vergleich von Endgruppengehalt, Viscosität und osmotischem Druck bei Stärke und ihren Komponenten (XII. Mitteil. über Stärke). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19400731009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Staudinger H, Werner AE. Über hochpolymere Verbindungen, 175. Mitteil.: Über die Km-Konstante der Celluloseacetate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19370701017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Staudinger H, v. Becker H. Über hochpolymere Verbindungen, 156. Mitteil.: Untersuchungen an hochmolekularen Polyammonium-Verbindungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19370700502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hess K, Lung KH. Die Konstitution der Stärke im Lichte der Endgruppenbestimmung (IX. Mitteil. über Stärke). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19380710421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Staudinger H, Husemann E. Über hochpolymere Verbindungen, 191. Mitteil.: Über die Konstitution der Weizenstärke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19380710523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Über hochpolymere Verbindungen, 182. Mitteil.: Bemerkungen zur Micellartheorie der Cellulose von Th. Lieser. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19370701230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Husemann E. Über die Konstitution von Salepmannan. 246. Mitteilung über makromolekulare Verbindungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19401551001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Molekulargewichtsbestimmungen an einer Reihe von Polymethacrylsäuremethylestern nach verschiedenen Methoden [osmotisch, viscosimetrisch und durch Fällungstitration]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19411580113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Staudinger H, Fischer K. Ü die Bestimmung des Molekulargewichts und den Aufbau von Kautschuk, Guttapercha und Balata. 258. Mitteilung über makromolekulare Verbindungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19401570103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Staudinger H, Lantzsch B. Über den makromolekularen Bau des Lichenins. 249. Mitteilung Über makromolekulare Verbindungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19401560107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Staudinger H, Eder K. Molekulargewichtsbestimmungen und Viscositätsuntersuchungen an abgebauten Cellulosetriacetaten. 271. Mitteilung über makromolekulare Verbindungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19411590104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Staudinger H, Schmidt H. Über makromolekulare Verbindungen. 241. Mitteilung. Über Polyester. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19401550601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Husemann E. Über die Konstitution von Holzpolyosen. 239. Mitteilung über makromolekulare Verbindungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19401550102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Staudinger H, Warth H. Über die Konstitution von hochpolymeren Kunststoffen 247. Mitteilung über makromolekulare Verbindungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/prac.19401551002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hirai M, Hirai T, Ueki T. Effect of branching of amylopectin on complexation with iodine as steric hindrance. POLYMER 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(94)90255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Heyns K. Ein Jahrhundert Stärkeforschung in Deutschland. STARCH-STARKE 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/star.19840360802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Marshall K, Weigel H. Evidence of multiple branching in the levan elaborated by Streptococcus salivarius strain 51. Carbohydr Res 1980; 83:321-6. [PMID: 7407801 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)84544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Enzymic degradation of the levan elaborated by Streptococcus salivarius strain 51 followed by linkage analysis revealed that the levan possesses multiply-branched chains (B-chains). Large segments of the levan are arborescent.
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Introduction. Macromolecules 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-7364-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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