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Ma Q, Hua HH, Chen Y, Liu BB, Krämer AL, Scheer H, Zhao KH, Zhou M. A rising tide of blue-absorbing biliprotein photoreceptors: characterization of seven such bilin-binding GAF domains in Nostoc sp. PCC7120. FEBS J 2012; 279:4095-108. [PMID: 22958513 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteriochromes are photochromic sensory photoreceptors in cyanobacteria that are related to phytochromes but cover a much broader spectral range. Using a homology search, a group of putative blue-absorbing photoreceptors was identified in Nostoc sp. PCC 7120 that, in addition to the canonical chromophore-binding cysteine of cyanobacteriochromes, have a conserved extra cysteine in a DXCF motif. To assess their photochemical activities, putative chromophore-binding GAF domains were expressed in Escherichia coli together with the genes for phycocyanobilin biosynthesis. All except one covalently bound a chromophore and showed photoreversible photochromic responses, with absorption at approximately 420 nm for the 15Z states formed in the dark, and a variety of red-shifted absorption peaks in the 490-600 nm range for the 15E states formed after light activation. Under denaturing conditions, the covalently bound chromophores were identified as phycocyanobilin, phycoviolobilin or mixtures of both. The canonical cysteines and those of the DXCF motifs were mutated, singly or together. The canonical cysteine is responsible for stable covalent attachment of the bilin to the apo-protein at C3(1) . The second linkage from the cysteine in the DXCF motif, probably to C10 of the chromophore, yields blue-absorbing rubin-type 15Z chromophores, but is lost in most cases upon photoconversion to the 15E isomers of the chromophores, and also when denatured with acidic urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Biliproteins are a widespread group of brilliantly coloured photoreceptors characterized by linear tetrapyrrolic chromophores, bilins, which are covalently bound to the apoproteins via relatively stable thioether bonds. Covalent binding stabilizes the chromoproteins and is mandatory for phycobilisome assembly; and, it is also important in biliprotein applications such as fluorescence labelling. Covalent binding has, on the other hand, also considerably hindered biliprotein research because autocatalytic chromophore additions are rare, and information on enzymatic addition by lyases was limited to a single example, an EF-type lyase attaching phycocyanobilin to cysteine-alpha84 of C-phycocyanin. The discovery of new activities for the latter lyases, and of new types of lyases, have reinvigorated research activities in the subject. So far, work has mainly concentrated on cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins. Methodological advances in the process, however, as well as the finding of often large numbers of homologues, opens new possibilities for research on the subsequent assembly/disassembly of the phycobilisome in cyanobacteria and red algae, on the assembly and organization of the cryptophyte light-harvesting system, on applications in basic research such as protein folding, and on the use of phycobiliproteins for labelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Scheer
- Department Biologie I, Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 München, Germany
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Granick S, Beale SI. Hemes, chlorophylls, and related compounds: biosynthesis and metabolic regulation. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 46:33-203. [PMID: 345768 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122914.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Rüdiger W. Phytochrome, a light receptor of plant photomorphogenesis. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0025288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Zhao KH, Scheer H. Type I and type II reversible photochemistry of phycoerythrocyanin α-subunit from Mastigocladus laminosus both involve Z, E isomerization of phycoviolobilin chromophore and are controlled by sulfhydryls in apoprotein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(94)00180-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Berkelman TR, Lagarias JC. Visualization of bilin-linked peptides and proteins in polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 1986; 156:194-201. [PMID: 3526971 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(86)90173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Biliproteins and bilipeptides subjected to discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of zinc acetate form a complex which fluoresces an orange color when viewed under ultraviolet light. The complex between the bilin chromophore and the zinc ion fluoresces at wavelengths which can be selectively visualized in gels by using a red filter. For the biliproteins phytochrome and C-phycocyanin the minimum detectable quantities are 100 and 50 ng, respectively. This is comparable to the sensitivity of Coomassie blue staining. The technique has been used for selective detection of phytochrome in plant extracts and to distinguish chromophore-bearing peptides from those not containing chromophore in proteolytic digests of phytochrome.
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Lundell DJ, Glazer AN, DeLange RJ, Brown DM. Bilin attachment sites in the alpha and beta subunits of B-phycoerythrin. Amino acid sequence studies. J Biol Chem 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)91035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Gossauer A. Studies on the stereochemistry of biliprotein chromophores and related model compounds. Tetrahedron 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(01)88708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Scheer H, Formanek H, Schneider S. Theoretical studies of biliprotein chromophores and related Bile pigments by molecular orbital and ramachandran type calculations. Photochem Photobiol 1982; 36:259-72. [PMID: 7146106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1982.tb04374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Krauss C, Scheer H. STUDIES ON PLANT BILE PIGMENTS—9. PHOTOOXIDATION OF A-DIHYDROBILINDIONE AS PHYTOCHROME MODEL IN ACID MEDIUM. Photochem Photobiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1981.tb09374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Krauss C, Scheer H. STUDIES ON PLANT BILE PIGMENTS—9. PHOTOOXIDATION OF A-DIHYDROBILINDIONE AS PHYTOCHROME MODEL IN ACID MEDIUM. Photochem Photobiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1981.tb09013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gossauer A, Blacha-Puller M. Synthesen von Gallenfarbstoffen, XIII. Darstellung von 3,4-Dihydro-5(1H)-pyrromethenonen aus 5(1H)-Pyrromethenonen sowie 5(2H)-Dipyrrylmethanonen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198119810821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brandlmeier T, Lehner H, Rüdiger W. CIRCULAR DICHROISM OF THE PHYTOCHROME CHROMOPHORES IN NATIVE AND DENATURED STATE. Photochem Photobiol 1981. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1981.tb08963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Weller JP, Gossauer A. Synthesen von Gallenfarbstoffen, X. Synthese und Photoisomerisierung desracem. Phytochromobilin-dimethylesters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19801130439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zickendraht-Wendelstadt B, Friedrich J, Rüdiger W. SPECTRAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MONOMERIC C-PHYCOERYTHRIN FROM PSEUDANABAENA W 1173 AND ITS α AND β SUBUNITS: ENERGY TRANSFER IN ISOLATED SUBUNITS AND C-PHYCOERYTHRIN. Photochem Photobiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1980.tb02555.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Köst-Reyes E, Köst HP. The protein-chromophore bond in B phycoerythrin from Porphyridium cruentum. Radiosulfur labeling experiments. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1979; 102:83-91. [PMID: 520325 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb06265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Red algae of the species Porphyridium cruentum were grown in a minimum sulfate medium containing 35SO42-. 35S-labeled phycoerythrin was extracted. B Phycoerythrin, b phycoerythrin and R phycocyanin could be separated from other proteins by using a carrier-free electrophoresis on columns. The final ratio A545/A280 of B phycoerythrin thus obtained was greater than or equal to 5. 35S-labeled B phycoerythrin was digested proteolytically with trypsin and pepsin. The resulting 35S-containing bilipeptides were separated by isoelectric focusing. Zones of enhanced chromophore concentration always showed an enhanced radioactivity. Peptide fractions with a low molar ratio sulfur/chromophore (1.1-1.8) were purified to remove sucrose and the carrier ampholyte. A modified, optimized Edman degradation followed. A butylacetate-soluble, red Edman product was obtained that contained most of the chromophore and the bulk of the radioactivity. This product was purified by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. The main spot of the chromatogram was subjected to acidic hydrolysis. The major part of the radioactivity in the hydrolysate cochromatographed with cysteine. That proves cysteine to be the binding amino acid in all cases investigated.
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Brown A, Offner G, Ehrhardt M, Troxler R. Phycobilin-apoprotein linkages in the alpha and beta subunits of phycocyanin from the unicellular rhodophyte, Cyanidium caldarium. Amino acid sequences of 35S-labeled chromopeptides. J Biol Chem 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)36018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Gossauer A, Klahr E. Synthesen von Gallenfarbstoffen, VIII. Totalsynthese desracem. Phycoerythrobilin-dimethylesters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1979. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19791120631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Glazer AN, Hixson CS, DeLange RJ. Determination of the number of thioether-linked cysteine residues in cytochromes c and phycobiliproteins. Anal Biochem 1979; 92:489-96. [PMID: 220892 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Klein G, Rüdiger W. Über die Bindungen zwischen Chromophor und Protein in Biliproteiden, V.Stereochemie von Modell-Imiden. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.197819780207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Williams V, Glazer A. Structural studies on phycobiliproteins. I. Bilin-containing peptides of C-phycocyanin. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Bryant D, Hixson C, Glazer A. Structural studies on phycobiliproteins III. Comparison of bilin-containing peptides from the beta subunits of C-phycocyanin, R-phycocyanin, and phycoerythrocyanin. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Glazer AN. Structure and molecular organization of the photosynthetic accessory pigments of cyanobacteria and red algae. Mol Cell Biochem 1977; 18:125-40. [PMID: 415227 DOI: 10.1007/bf00280278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Brown AS, Troxler RF. Bilin--apoprotein linkages in rhodophytan phycobiliproteins: the role of cysteine. FEBS Lett 1977; 82:206-10. [PMID: 913590 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(77)80585-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Scheer H, Krauss C. Studies on bile pigments--3. Oxidative photodimerization of a phytochrome Pr model pigment and its thermal reversion. Photochem Photobiol 1977; 25:311-4. [PMID: 905354 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1977.tb06917.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Bryant DA, Glazer AN, Eiserling FA. Characterization and structural properties of the major biliproteins of Anabaena sp. Arch Microbiol 1976; 110:61-75. [PMID: 828020 DOI: 10.1007/bf00416970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studies are presented of the biliproteins of Anabaena sp. This filamentous cyanobacterium contains three major biliproteins. Whereas two of these, C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin, are common to all cyanobacteria, the third, phycoerythrocyanin (gammamax approximately 568 nm) has hitherto not been described and its distribution among cyanobacteria appears to be limited. Anabaena variabilis and Anabaena sp. 6411 allophycocyanin, C-phycocyanin, and phycoerythrocyanin were purified to homogeneity and characterized with respect to molecular weight, isoelectric point, absorption spectrum and amino acid composition. The alpha and beta subunits of each of these proteins were also purified to homogeneity and characterized in the same manner. The tetrapyrrole chromophore content was determined for each of the proteins and subunits. The alpha subunit of phycoerythrocyanin carries a novel phycobiliviolin-like chromophore. This chromophore has not previously been detected in cyanobacterial biliproteins, but has been noted as a prosthetic group of a cryptophytan phycocyanin. Sedimentation equilibrium studies show that at pH 7.0, at protein concentrations of 0.2-0.6 mg/ml, allophycocyanin, C-phycocyanin and phycoerythrocyanin, each exists as a trimeric aggregate, (alphabeta)3, of molecular weight of approximately 105000. Structrual studies of microcrystals of these three biliproteins by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction reveal a common plan for the construction of higher assembly forms. The major building block appears to be the trimer (alphabeta)3. It is proposed that this is a disc-like structure about 3.0 X 12.0 nm. The individual alpha or beta subunits are roughly spherical, 3 nm in diameter. Allophycocyanin trimers stack to form bundles of rods which form long needles. Both phycocyanin and phycoerythrocyanin form double discs (alphabeta)6 which are visible as ring-shaped structures by electron microscopy. The mode of assembly of the biliprotein structures in the phycobilisome is, as yet, unknown.
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Schoch S, Klein G, Linsenmeier U, Rüdiger W. Über die Bindungen zwischen Chromophor und Protein in Biliproteiden, III. Eliminierungsreaktionen an Modellsubstanzen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1976. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.197619760318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Köst-Reyes E, Köst HP, Rüdiger W. Über die Bindungen zwischen Chromophor und Protein in Biliproteiden, II. Nachweis von Cystein als bindende Aminosäure in B-Phycoerythrin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1975. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.197519750907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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