Synthese vonC-Glycosiden derN-Acetylneuraminsäure und weiteren Derivaten

Influence of protecting groups on O- and C-glycosylation with neuraminyl and ulosonyl dibutylphosphates

The adamantanyl thioglycosides of 5-isothiocyano and 5-azido 5-desamino-4,7,8,9-tetra-O-acetylneuraminic acid methyl ester were converted into the corresponding dibutyl phosphates, which proved to be excellent α-selective donors for O-sialidation with a range of typical acceptors, and good donors for reaction with allyltributylstannane, albeit without significant anomeric selectivity. In the KDN series the dibuylphosphate derived from a donor carrying a 4,5-cyclic carbonate protecting group afforded the corresponding C-glycoside with excellent α-selectivity on activation in the presence of allyltributylstannane, whereas the corresponding donor carrying acetate esters at the 4- and 5-positions was unselective. Overall, it is revealed that while the strongly electron-withdrawing isothiocyanato and azido groups are sufficient to promote highly α-selective O-sialidation, they are inadequate when faced with less reactive nucleophiles when mixtures of anomers are obtained.

Structural Insights into Human Parainfluenza Virus 3 Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Using Unsaturated 3- N-Substituted Sialic Acids as Probes

A novel approach to human parainfluenza virus 3 (hPIV-3) inhibitor design has been evaluated by targeting an unexplored pocket within the active site region of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) of the virus that is normally occluded upon ligand engagement. To explore this opportunity, we developed a highly efficient route to introduce nitrogen-based functionalities at the naturally unsubstituted C-3 position on the neuraminidase inhibitor template N-acyl-2,3-dehydro-2-deoxy-neuraminic acid ( N-acyl-Neu2en), via a regioselective 2,3-bromoazidation. Introduction of triazole substituents at C-3 on this template provided compounds with low micromolar inhibition of hPIV-3 HN neuraminidase activity, with the most potent having 48-fold improved potency over the corresponding C-3 unsubstituted analogue. However, the C-3-triazole N-acyl-Neu2en derivatives were significantly less active against the hemagglutinin function of the virus, with high micromolar IC₅₀ values determined, and showed insignificant in vitro antiviral activity. Given the different pH optima of the HN protein's neuraminidase (acidic pH) and hemagglutinin (neutral pH) functions, the influence of pH on inhibitor binding was examined using X-ray crystallography and STD NMR spectroscopy, providing novel insights into the multifunctionality of hPIV-3 HN. While the 3-phenyltriazole- N-isobutyryl-Neu2en derivative could bind HN at pH 4.6, suitable for neuraminidase inhibition, at neutral pH binding of the inhibitor was substantially reduced. Importantly, this study clearly demonstrates for the first time that potent inhibition of HN neuraminidase activity is not necessarily directly correlated with a strong antiviral activity, and suggests that strong inhibition of the hemagglutinin function of hPIV HN is crucial for potent antiviral activity. This highlights the importance of designing hPIV inhibitors that primarily target the receptor-binding function of hPIV HN.

Probing the influence of protecting groups on the anomeric equilibrium in sialic acid glycosides with the persistent radical effect

A method for the investigation of the influence of protecting groups on the anomeric equilibrium in the sialic acid glycosides has been developed on the basis of the equilibration of O-sialyl hydroxylamines by reversible homolytic scission of the glycosidic bond following the dictates of the Fischer-Ingold persistent radical effect. It is found that a trans-fused 4O,5N-oxazolidinone group stabilizes the equatorial glycoside, i.e., reduces the anomeric effect, when compared to the 4O,5N-diacetyl protected systems. This effect is discussed in terms of the powerful electron-withdrawing nature of the oxazolidinone system, which in turn is a function of its strong dipole moment in the mean plane of the pyranose ring system. The new equilibration method displays a small solvent effect and is most pronounced in less polar media consistent with the anomeric effect in general. The unusual (for anomeric radicals) poor kinetic selectivity of anomeric sialyl radicals is discussed in terms of the planar π-type structure of these radicals and of competing 1,3-diaxial interactions in the diastereomeric transition states for trapping on the α- and β-faces of the radical.

Novel sialic acid derivatives lock open the 150-loop of an influenza A virus group-1 sialidase

Influenza virus sialidase has an essential role in the virus' life cycle. Two distinct groups of influenza A virus sialidases have been established, that differ in the flexibility of the '150-loop', providing a more open active site in the apo form of the group-1 compared to group-2 enzymes. In this study we show, through a multidisciplinary approach, that novel sialic acid-based derivatives can exploit this structural difference and selectively inhibit the activity of group-1 sialidases. We also demonstrate that group-1 sialidases from drug-resistant mutant influenza viruses are sensitive to these designed compounds. Moreover, we have determined, by protein X-ray crystallography, that these inhibitors lock open the group-1 sialidase flexible 150-loop, in agreement with our molecular modelling prediction. This is the first direct proof that compounds may be developed to selectively target the pandemic A/H1N1, avian A/H5N1 and other group-1 sialidase-containing viruses, based on an open 150-loop conformation of the enzyme.

The influenza virus life cycle relies on sialidases, which are classified as group-1 or group-2, depending on the flexibility of the '150-loop'. In this study, chemical compounds are developed, which lock open the '150-loop', selectively inhibiting the activity of group-1 sialidases.

A strategy for constructing C-sialosides based on Ireland-Claisen rearrangement and its application for synthesis of CF2-linked ganglioside GM4 analog

Sialidase-resistant ganglioside analogs having similar biological activities to natural gangliosides are expected to be important probes for clarifying the biological functions of gangliosides. Focusing on difluoromethylene-linked (CF2-linked) and methylene-linked (CH2-linked) α(2,3)sialylgalactose as a core structure of sialidase-resistant ganglioside mimics, we have developed novel, stereocontrolled, and efficient methodologies to synthesize C-sialosides based on Ireland-Claisen rearrangement. These methods were employed to synthesize CF2-linked GM4. The CF2-linked GM4 inhibited human sialidases NEU2 and NEU4 with IC50 values of 754 and 930 μM, respectively, and strongly inhibited human lymphocyte proliferation in the same concentration range as natural GM4.

Synthesis of C-glycosyl compounds of N-acetylneuraminic acid from D-gluconolactone

A general strategy towards the synthesis of C-glycosyl compounds of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) has been developed and successfully applied to the synthesis of C-methyl and C-phenyl derivatives. The key strategic elements are (i) chain extension of a D-gluconolactone derivative as C(6)-precursor with an allyl Grignard reagent as C(3)-precursor having in 2 position the C-linked aglycon moiety, (ii) stereoselective C-4/C-5 erythro-diol formation, (iii) 6-exo-trig selective heterocyclization, and (iv) installment of the 5-acetylamino and C-1 carboxylate functionalities. The efficiency and potential versatility of this approach was exemplified in the synthesis of C-methyl derivative 1 as target molecule.

Synthesis of transition-state analogues as potential inhibitors of sialidase from Influenza virus

Sodium 5-acetamido-2,6-anhydro-3,4,5-trideoxy-D-manno-non-2-enonate (2) has been synthesized from N-acetyl-4-deoxy-neuraminic acid methyl ester (4). Sodium 2,6-anhydro-3-deoxy-L-arabino-hept-2-enonate (3), 4-acetamido-2,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxy-L-arabino-hept-2-enonic acid (18e), and 4-acetamido-2,6-anhydro-3,4-dideoxy-L-ribo-hept-2-enonic acid (18a) have been prepared from L-arabinose. The above compounds were investigated as inhibitors of sialidase from Influenza virus. Only compound 2 showed a significant inhibitory activity (Ki 8 x 10(-2) mM) against the enzyme.

Chemoenzymatic galactosialylation with integrated cofactor regeneration

As a precursor for the chemical synthesis of sialylated oligosaccharides, the trisaccharide glycoside Neu5Ac alpha (2-8)Gal beta (1-4)GlcNAc beta (1-O)-pent-4-ene was synthesized starting from GlcNAc beta (1-O)-pent-4-ene, UDP-glucose and N-acetylneuraminic acid in a one pot reaction employing galactosyltransferase and alpha (2-6)sialyltransferase in a complete cofactor regeneration system.