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Kaur A, New EJ, Sunde M. Strategies for the Molecular Imaging of Amyloid and the Value of a Multimodal Approach. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2268-2282. [PMID: 32627533 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregation has been widely implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington disease, as well as in systemic amyloidoses and conditions associated with localized amyloid deposits, such as type-II diabetes. The pressing need for a better understanding of the factors governing protein assembly has driven research for the development of molecular sensors for amyloidogenic proteins. To date, a number of sensors have been developed that report on the presence of protein aggregates utilizing various modalities, and their utility demonstrated for imaging protein aggregation in vitro and in vivo. Analysis of these sensors highlights the various advantages and disadvantages of the different imaging modalities and makes clear that multimodal sensors with properties amenable to more than one imaging technique need to be developed. This critical review highlights the key molecular scaffolds reported for molecular imaging modalities such as fluorescence, positron emission tomography, single photon emission computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging and includes discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of each modality, and future directions for the design of amyloid sensors. We also discuss the recent efforts focused on the design and development of multimodal sensors and the value of cross-validation across multiple modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Kaur
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J. New
- The University of Sydney, Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Margaret Sunde
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney, Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Molavipordanjani S, Emami S, Hosseinimehr SJ. 99mTc-labeled Small Molecules for Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease: Past, Recent and Future Perspectives. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2166-2189. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180410104023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disease.
Its prominent hallmarks are extracellular deposition of β-amyloids (amyloid plaques), intracellular
neurofibrillary tangles (NTFs), neurodegeneration and finally loss of cognitive function. Hence, AD diagnosis
in the early stage and monitoring of the disease are of great importance.
Methods:
In this review article, we have reviewed recent efforts for design, synthesis and evaluation of
99mTc labeled small molecule for AD imaging purposes.
Results:
These small molecules include derivatives of Congo red, benzothiazole, benzofuran, benzoxazole,
naphthalene, biphenyl, chalcone, flavone, aurone, stilbene, curcumin, dibenzylideneacetone,
quinoxaline, etc. The different aspects of 99mTc-labeled small molecules including chemical structure,
their affinity toward amyloid plaques, BBB permeation and in vivo/vitro stability will be discussed.
Conclusion:
The findings of this review confirm the importance of 99mTc-labeled small molecules for AD
imaging. Future studies based on the pharmacophore of these designed compounds are needed for improvement
of these molecules for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Molavipordanjani
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saeed Emami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Coelho FL, Campo LF. Synthesis of 2-arylbenzothiazoles via direct condensation between in situ generated 2-aminothiophenol from disulfide cleavage and carboxylic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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2-Arylbenzothiazoles labeled with [CpRe/ 99m Tc(CO) 3 ] and evaluated as β -amyloid imaging probes. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:763-772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Yang Y, Cui M. Radiolabeled bioactive benzoheterocycles for imaging β-amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 87:703-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Straightforward synthesis of PET tracer precursors used for the early diagnosis of Alzheimers disease through Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Al-Shawabkeh JD, Al-Nadaf AH, Dahabiyeh LA, Taha MO. Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationship of new HSL inhibitors guided by pharmacophore models. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0616-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pan J, Mason NS, Debnath ML, Mathis CA, Klunk WE, Lin KS. Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship of rhenium 2-arylbenzothiazoles as β-amyloid plaque binding agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1720-6. [PMID: 23411076 PMCID: PMC3594088 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To continue our efforts toward the development of (99m)Tc PiB analogs, we have synthesized 24 neutral and lipophilic Re (as a surrogate of (99m)Tc) 2-arylbenzothiazoles, and explored their structure-activity relationship for binding to Aβ1-40 fibrils. These Re complexes were designed and synthesized via the integrated approach, so their (99m)Tc analogs would have a greater chance of crossing the blood-brain barrier. While the lipophilicities (logPC18=1.59-3.53) of these Re 2-arylbenzothiazoles were all within suitable range, their binding affinities (Ki=30-617nM) to Aβ1-40 fibrils varied widely depending on the selection and integration of the tetradentate chelator into the 2-phenylbenzothiazole pharmacophore. For potential clinical applications, further refinement to obtain Re 2-arylbenzothiazoles with better binding affinities (<10nM) will likely be needed. The integrated approach reported here to generate compact, neutral and lipophilic Re 2-arylbenzothiazoles could be applied to other potent pharmacophores as well to convert other current Aβ PET tracers to their (99m)Tc analogs for more widespread application via the use of SPECT scanners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhe Pan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
| | - Neale S. Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Manik L. Debnath
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Chester A. Mathis
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - William E. Klunk
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Department of Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z1L3, Canada
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Hickey JL, Donnelly PS. Diagnostic imaging of Alzheimer's disease with copper and technetium complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sagnou M, Tzanopoulou S, Raptopoulou CP, Psycharis V, Braband H, Alberto R, Pirmettis IC, Papadopoulos M, Pelecanou M. A Phenylbenzothiazole Conjugate with the Tricarbonyl fac-[M(I)(CO)3]+ (M = Re, 99Tc, 99mTc) Core for Imaging of β-Amyloid Plaques. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zhang J, Zhou X, Qin X. Preparation, quality control and physico-chemical properties of 99mTc-BAT-AV-45. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lo WS, Hu WP, Lo HP, Chen CY, Kao CL, Vandavasi JK, Wang JJ. Synthesis of sulfur-sulfur bond formation from thioamides promoted by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone. Org Lett 2010; 12:5570-2. [PMID: 21067153 DOI: 10.1021/ol102455x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mild and efficient synthesis of sulfur-sulfur bond formation from thioformanilides with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) is described. Functionality on the aromatic ring plays a key role in the formation of a sulfur-sulfur bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Sheng Lo
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
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