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Ikeda S, Kajita Y, Miyamoto M, Matsumiya K, Ishii T, Nishi T, Gay SC, Lane W, Constantinescu CC, Alagille D, Papin C, Tamagnan G, Kuroita T, Koike T. Design and synthesis of aryl-piperidine derivatives as potent and selective PET tracers for cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CH24H). Eur J Med Chem 2022; 240:114612. [PMID: 35863274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CH24H, CYP46A1) is a cytochrome P450 family enzyme that maintains the homeostasis of brain cholesterol. Soticlestat, a potent and selective CH24H inhibitor, is in development as a therapeutic agent for Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Herein, we report the discovery of aryl-piperidine derivatives as potent and selective CH24H positron emission tomography (PET) tracers which can be used for dose guidance of a clinical CH24H inhibitor and as a diagnostic tool for CH24H-related pathology. Starting from compound 1 (IC50 = 16 nM, logD = 1.7), which was reported as a CH24H inhibitor with lower lipophilicity, a18F-labeling site (3-fluoroazetidine) was incorporated by structure-based drug design (SBDD) utilizing the co-crystal structure of a compound 1 analog. Subsequent optimization to adjust key parameters for PET tracers, such as potency, lipophilicity, brain penetration, and unbound plasma protein binding, enabled compounds 3f (IC50 = 8.8 nM) and 3g (IC50 = 8.7 nM) as PET imaging candidates. Selectivity of these compounds for CH24H was validated by a brain distribution study using CH24H-WT and KO mice. In non-human primate PET imaging, [18F]3f and [18F]3g showed similar regional uptake in the brain, indicating that these tracers were specific to the CH24H-expressed regions and validated the expression of CH24H in the living brain by different tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Ikeda
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kajita
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Maki Miyamoto
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kouta Matsumiya
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ishii
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiya Nishi
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Sean C Gay
- Takeda California, Inc., 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, United States
| | - Weston Lane
- Takeda California, Inc., 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, United States
| | | | - David Alagille
- Invicro, LLC, 60 Temple Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States
| | - Caroline Papin
- Invicro, LLC, 60 Temple Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States
| | - Gilles Tamagnan
- Invicro, LLC, 60 Temple Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, United States
| | - Takanobu Kuroita
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Koike
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd., 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi, 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 251-8555, Japan.
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Mykhailiuk PK. Fluorine-Containing Prolines: Synthetic Strategies, Applications, and Opportunities. J Org Chem 2022; 87:6961-7005. [PMID: 35175772 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated prolines play an important role in peptide studies, protein engineering, medicinal chemistry, drug discovery, and agrochemistry. Since the first synthesis of 4-fluoroprolines by Gottlieb and Witkop in 1965, their popularity started to grow exponentially. For example, during the past two decades, all isomeric trifluoromethyl-substituted prolines have been synthesized. In this Perspective, chemical properties and applications of fluorinated prolines are discussed. Synthetic approaches to all known fluorine-containing prolines are also discussed and analyzed. This analysis unexpectedly revealed an unsolved problem: in strict contrast to fluoro- and trifluoromethyl-substituted prolines, the corresponding analogues with fluoromethyl and difluoromethyl groups are mostly unknown. At the end of the paper, structures of several interesting, yet unknown, fluorinated prolines are disclosed─a good opportunity for chemists to make them.
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Morgan TF, Riley LM, Tavares AAS, Sutherland A. Automated Radiosynthesis of cis- and trans-4-[ 18F]Fluoro-l-proline Using [ 18F]Fluoride. J Org Chem 2021; 86:14054-14060. [PMID: 33913318 PMCID: PMC8524414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The positron emission tomography imaging agents cis- and trans-4-[18F]fluoro-l-proline are used for the detection of numerous diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis and various carcinomas. These imaging agents are typically prepared by nucleophilic fluorination of 4-hydroxy-l-proline derivatives, with [18F]fluoride, followed by deprotection. Although effective radiofluorination reactions have been developed, the overall radiosynthesis process is suboptimal due to deprotection methods that are performed manually, require multiple steps, or involve harsh conditions. Here we describe the development of two synthetic routes that allow access to precursors, which undergo highly selective radiofluorination reactions and rapid deprotection, under mild acidic conditions. These methods were found to be compatible with automation, avoiding manual handling of radioactive intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timaeus
E. F. Morgan
- BHF-University
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne M. Riley
- WestCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, The Joseph Black Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana A. S. Tavares
- BHF-University
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sutherland
- WestCHEM,
School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, The Joseph Black Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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Newberry RW, Raines RT. 4-Fluoroprolines: Conformational Analysis and Effects on the Stability and Folding of Peptides and Proteins. TOPICS IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2016; 48:1-25. [PMID: 28690684 PMCID: PMC5501414 DOI: 10.1007/7081_2015_196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proline is unique among proteinogenic amino acids because a pyrrolidine ring links its amino group to its side chain. This heterocycle constrains the conformations of the main chain and thus templates particular secondary structures. Proline residues undergo post-translational modification at the 4-position to yield 4-hydroxyproline, which is especially prevalent in collagen. Interest in characterizing the effects of this modification led to the use of 4-fluoroprolines to enhance inductive properties relative to the hydroxyl group of 4-hydroxyproline and to eliminate contributions from hydrogen bonding. The strong inductive effect of the fluoro group has three main consequences: enforcing a particular pucker upon the pyrrolidine ring, biasing the conformation of the preceding peptide bond, and accelerating cis/trans prolyl peptide bond isomerization. These subtle, yet reliable modulations make 4-fluoroproline-incorporation a complement to traditional genetic approaches for exploring structure-function relationships in peptides and proteins, as well as for endowing peptides and proteins with conformational stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Newberry
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Ronald T Raines
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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Hobart DB, Merola JS. (2S,4R)-4-Fluoro-pyrrolidinium-2-carboxyl-ate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 68:o2490. [PMID: 22904932 PMCID: PMC3414945 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536812031741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the title compound, C5H8FNO2, at 100 K, displays intermolecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonding between the ammonium and carboxylate groups as a result of its zwitterionic nature in the solid state. The five-membered ring adopts an envelope conformation with the C atom at the 3-position as the flap. The compound is of interest with respect to the synthesis and structural properties of synthetic collagens. The absolute structure was determined by comparison with the commercially available material.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Hobart
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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