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Aleksza D, Spiridon A, Tarkka M, Hauser MT, Hann S, Causon T, Kratena N, Stanetty C, George TS, Russell J, Oburger E. Phytosiderophore pathway response in barley exposed to iron, zinc or copper starvation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 339:111919. [PMID: 37992897 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Efficient micronutrient acquisition is a critical factor in selecting micronutrient dense crops for human consumption. Enhanced exudation and re-uptake of metal chelators, so-called phytosiderophores, by roots of graminaceous plants has been implicated in efficient micronutrient acquisition. We compared PS biosynthesis and exudation as a response mechanism to either Fe, Zn or Cu starvation. Two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) lines with contrasting micronutrient grain yields were grown hydroponically and PS exudation (LC-MS) and root gene expression (RNAseq) were determined after either Fe, Zn, or Cu starvation. The response strength of the PS pathway was micronutrient dependent and decreased in the order Fe > Zn > Cu deficiency. We observed a stronger expression of PS pathway genes and greater PS exudation in the barley line with large micronutrient grain yield suggesting that a highly expressed PS pathway might be an important trait involved in high micronutrient accumulation. In addition to several metal specific transporters, we also found that the expression of IRO2 and bHLH156 transcription factors was not only induced under Fe but also under Zn and Cu deficiency. Our study delivers important insights into the role of the PS pathway in the acquisition of different micronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Aleksza
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Forest and Soil Science, Institute of Soil Research, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln an der Donau 3430, Austria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreea Spiridon
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Forest and Soil Science, Institute of Soil Research, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln an der Donau 3430, Austria
| | - Mika Tarkka
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Soil Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marie-Theres Hauser
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Hann
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Causon
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Kratena
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Stanetty
- TU Wien, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Joanne Russell
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Eva Oburger
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Forest and Soil Science, Institute of Soil Research, Konrad-Lorenz Strasse 24, Tulln an der Donau 3430, Austria.
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Kratena N, Draskovits M, Biedermann N, Oburger E, Stanetty C. Total synthesis of [ 13 C 2 ]-labeled phytosiderophores of the mugineic and avenic acid families. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2023; 66:428-434. [PMID: 37755147 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
We, herein, report the synthesis of 13 C2 -labeled natural products from the mugineic acid and avenic acid family. These phytosiderophores ("plant iron carriers") are built up from non-proteinogenic amino acids and play a key role in micronutrient uptake in gramineous plants. In this work, two central building blocks are prepared from labeled starting materials (13 C2 -bromoacetic acid, 13 C2 -glycine) and further employed in our recently reported divergent, branched synthetic strategy delivering eight isotopically labeled phytosiderophores. The required labeled building blocks (13 C2 -l-allylglycine and a related hydroxylated derivative) were prepared via enantioselective phase-transfer catalysis and enantio- and diastereoselective aldol condensation with a chiral auxiliary, respectively, both potentially valuable themselves for other synthetic routes toward labeled (natural) products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kratena
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Nina Biedermann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Oburger
- Institute of Soil Research, BOKU Vienna, Tulln, Austria
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Spiridon A, Oburger E, Valadbeigi Y, Kloimböck T, Stanetty C, Kratena N, Draskovits M, Causon T, Hann S. Surveying the mugineic acid family: Ion mobility - quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (IM-QTOFMS) characterization and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) quantification of all eight naturally occurring phytosiderophores. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1278:341718. [PMID: 37709429 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Phytosiderophores (PS) are root exudates released by grass species (Poaceae) that play a pivotal role in iron (Fe) plant nutrition. A direct determination of PS in biological samples is of paramount importance in understanding micronutrient acquisition mediated by PS. To date, eight plant-born PS have been identified; however, no analytical procedure is currently available to quantify all eight PS simultaneously with high analytical confidence. With access to the full set of PS standards for the first time, we report comprehensive methods to both fully characterize (IM-QTOFMS) and quantify (LC-ESI-MS/MS) all eight naturally occurring PS belonging to the mugineic acid family. The quantitative method was fully validated, yielding linear results for all eight analytes, and no unwanted interferences with soil and plant matrices were observed. LOD and LOQ values determined for each PS were below 11 and 35 nmol L-1, respectively. The method's precision under reproducibility conditions (intra- and inter-day) of measurement was less than 2.5% RSD for all analytes. Additionally, all PS were annotated with high-resolution mass spectrometric fragment spectra and further characterized via drift tube ion mobility-mass spectrometry. The collision cross-sections obtained for primary ion species yielded a valuable database for future research focused on in-depth PS studies. The new quantitative method was applied to analyse root exudates from Fe-controlled and deficient barley, oat, rye, and sorghum plants. All eight PS, including mugineic acid (MA), 3"-hydroxymugineic acid (HMA), 3"-epi-hydroxymugineic acid (epi-HMA), hydroxyavenic acid (HAVA), deoxymugineic acid (DMA), 3"-hydroxydeoxymugineic acid (HDMA), 3"-epi-hydroxydeoxymugineic acid (epi-HDMA) and avenic acid (AVA) were for the first time successfully identified and quantified in root exudates of various graminaceous plants using a single analytical procedure. These newly developed methods can be applied to studies aimed at improving crop yield and micronutrient grain content for food consumption via plant-based biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Spiridon
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Forest and Soil Science, Institute of Soil Research, Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 24/I, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Eva Oburger
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Forest and Soil Science, Institute of Soil Research, Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 24/I, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Younes Valadbeigi
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tobias Kloimböck
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Forest and Soil Science, Institute of Soil Research, Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 24/I, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Christian Stanetty
- Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Kratena
- Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Draskovits
- Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Causon
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Hann
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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Kratena N, Gökler T, Maltrovsky L, Oburger E, Stanetty C. A Unified Approach to Phytosiderophore Natural Products. Chemistry 2021; 27:577-580. [PMID: 32897577 PMCID: PMC7821100 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This work reports on the concise total synthesis of eight natural products of the mugineic acid and avenic acid families (phytosiderophores). An innovative "east-to-west" assembly of the trimeric products resulted in a high degree of divergence enabling the formation of the final products in just 10 or 11 steps each with a minimum of overall synthetic effort. Chiral pool starting materials (l-malic acid, threonines) were employed for the outer building blocks while the middle building blocks were accessed by diastereo- and enantioselective methods. A highlight of this work consists in the straightforward preparation of epimeric hydroxyazetidine amino acids, useful building blocks on their own, enabling the first synthesis of 3''-hydroxymugineic acid and 3''-hydroxy-2'-deoxymugineic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Kratena
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
| | - Tobias Gökler
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
| | - Lara Maltrovsky
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
| | - Eva Oburger
- Institute of Soil ResearchBOKU ViennaKonrad-Lorenz-Strasse 243430TullnAustria
| | - Christian Stanetty
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU WienGetreidemarkt 91060ViennaAustria
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Marković T, Manzoor S, Humphreys-Williams E, Kirk GJ, Vilar R, Weiss DJ. Experimental Determination of Zinc Isotope Fractionation in Complexes with the Phytosiderophore 2'-Deoxymugeneic Acid (DMA) and Its Structural Analogues, and Implications for Plant Uptake Mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:98-107. [PMID: 27750003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The stable isotope signatures of zinc and other metals are increasingly used to study plant and soil processes. Complexation with phytosiderophores is a key reaction and understanding the controls of isotope fractionation is central to such studies. Here, we investigated isotope fractionation during complexation of Zn2+ with the phytosiderophore 2'-deoxymugeneic acid (DMA), and with three commercially available structural analogues of DMA: EDTA, TmDTA, and CyDTA. We used ion exchange chromatography to separate free and complexed zinc, and identified appropriate cation exchange resins for the individual systems. These were Chelex-100 for EDTA and CyDTA, Amberlite CG50 for TmDTA and Amberlite IR120 for DMA. With all the ligands we found preferential partitioning of isotopically heavy zinc in the complexed form, and the extent of fractionation was independent of the Zn:ligand ratio used, indicating isotopic equilibrium and that the results were not significantly affected by artifacts during separation. The fractionations (in ‰) were +0.33 ± 0.07 (1σ, n = 3), + 0.45 ± 0.02 (1σ, n = 2), + 0.62 ± 0.05 (1σ, n = 3) and +0.30 ± 0.07 (1σ, n = 4) for EDTA, TmDTA, CyDTA, and DMA, respectively. Despite the similarity in Zn-coordinating donor groups, the fractionation factors are significantly different and extent of fractionation seems proportional to the complexation stability constant. The extent of fractionation with DMA agreed with observed fractionations in zinc uptake by paddy rice in field experiments, supporting the possible involvement of DMA in zinc uptake by rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Marković
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Saba Manzoor
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Guy Jd Kirk
- School of Water, Energy & Environment, Cranfield University , Cranfield, Bedford MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ramon Vilar
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik J Weiss
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Stanford School for Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University , Stanford California 94305, United States
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Walter M, Oburger E, Schindlegger Y, Hann S, Puschenreiter M, Kraemer SM, Schenkeveld WDC. Retention of phytosiderophores by the soil solid phase - adsorption and desorption. PLANT AND SOIL 2016; 404:85-97. [PMID: 27375302 PMCID: PMC4908159 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-016-2800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Graminaceous plants exude phytosiderophores (PS) for acquiring Fe. Adsorption of PS and its metal complexes to the soil solid phase reduces the FePS solution concentration and hence Fe uptake. In this study we aimed to quantify adsorption, and to determine to what extent adsorption depends on the complexed metal and on soil properties. Furthermore, we examined if adsorption is a reversible process. METHODS Adsorption and desorption of PS and metal-PS complexes were examined in batch experiments in which the PS 2'-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) and its metal-complexes (FeDMA, CuDMA, NiDMA and ZnDMA) interacted with several calcareous soils. RESULTS Adsorption of DMA ligand (0-1000 μM) and metal-DMA complexes (0-100 μM) was linear in the concentration range examined. Adsorption varied by a factor ≈2 depending on the complexed metal and by up to a factor 3.5 depending on the soil. Under field-like conditions (50 % water holding capacity), 50-84 % of the DMA was predicted to be retained to the soil solid phase. Alike adsorption, desorption of metal-DMA complexes is fast (approximate equilibrium within 1 hour). However, only a small fraction of the adsorbed FeDMA (28-35 %) could be desorbed. CONCLUSIONS Despite this small fraction, the desorbed FeDMA still exceeded the amount in solution, indicating that desorption of FeDMA from soil reactive compounds can be an important process buffering the solution concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Walter
- />Department of Environmental Geosciences and Research Network Environmental Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14 (UZA II), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - E. Oburger
- />Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Y. Schindlegger
- />Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - S. Hann
- />Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - M. Puschenreiter
- />Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - S. M. Kraemer
- />Department of Environmental Geosciences and Research Network Environmental Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14 (UZA II), 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - W. D. C. Schenkeveld
- />Department of Environmental Geosciences and Research Network Environmental Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14 (UZA II), 1090 Vienna, Austria
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