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Luo X, Zhang D, Luo Q, Huang K, Liu X, Yang N, Qin Z, Feng C, Li J. Structure identification and analysis of the suspected chemical precursor of 2-fluorodeschloroketamine and its decomposition products. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1065-1078. [PMID: 35088572 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this work, 1-[(2"-fluorophenyl)(methylimino) methyl]cyclopentan-1-ol (2-fluorodeschlorohydroxylimine) was identified as a suspected chemical precursor of 2-fluorodeschloroketamine (2-FDCK) using GC-MS and GC-Q/TOF-MS and comparing the data with those of ketamine and its chemical precursor, hydroxylimine. Furthermore, the entire fragmentation pathway of 2-fluorodeschlorohydroxylimine was theorized from the GC-MS spectrum recorded using an electron ionization (EI) source, and the mechanisms and decomposition pathways of 2-fluorodeschlorohydroxylimine were elucidated. In protic solvents, the nitrogen atom in the C=N group of 2-fluorodeschlorohydroxylimine underwent a protonation reaction. Thereafter, the traces of water present in protic solvents promoted the hydrolysis of the protonated imine, and a carbon cation was obtained following the loss of methylamine. The carbon cation could follow the classical decomposition mechanism of imines and yield an α-hydroxyl ketone, which was the major decomposition product, (2'-fluorophenyl)(1"-hydroxycyclopentyl) methanone. The cation could also undergo a loop expansion rearrangement and yield another α-hydroxyl ketone, 2-(2'-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxycyclohexan-1-one. The structures of the two aforementioned decomposition products were elucidated using several techniques including theoretical calculation, GC-MS, NMR, the prediction and assistance elucidation functions of ACDLabs-Structure Elucidator Suite, and the virtual separation technology of diffusion-ordered spectroscopy. The aforementioned study revealed important information about the chemical precursor of 2-FDCK and its decomposition. Furthermore, a set of methods for the qualitative analysis of 2-fluorodeschlorohydroxylimine was established, which facilitated accurate analysis of 2-fluorodeschlorohydroxylimine samples following decomposition or destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China.,Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Qiulian Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Kejian Huang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Public Security Department of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Institute of Forensic Science, Public Security Department of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Ning Yang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Public Security Department of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Zuzeng Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Chunli Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Junbo Li
- Anti-drug detachment, Public Security Bureau of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
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Gao S, Gao X, Wu Z, Li H, Yang Z, Zhang F. Process for ( S)-Ketamine and ( S)-Norketamine via Resolution Combined with Racemization. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8656-8664. [PMID: 32510222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A concise, recyclable, and efficient process is presented for the preparation of (S)-ketamine (esketamine, (S)-1a) via classic resolution combined with the recycling of the undesired isomer. With commercially available ketone 2 as the starting material, this procedure features three steps including (1) an unique hydroxylation-ring expansion rearrangement, (2) mild amination via methanesulfonate, and (3) chiral separation using L-(+)-tartaric acid. The three simple steps are all performed in mild conditions and (S)-1a tartrate is obtained in 99.5% ee without recrystallization. Subsequently, racemization of the unwanted (R)-1a remained in resolution mother liquor was performed in the presence of a Lewis acid in quantitative yield with >99.0% chemical purity. This original and economical process afforded esketamine in 67.4% (28.9% without racemization) overall yield with two times recycling of the mother liquor without column purification. In addition, this procedure can also be applied to the preparation of (S)-norketamine, which is a safer potential antidepressant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Gao
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuezhi Gao
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zenong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Houyong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhezhou Yang
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fuli Zhang
- China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, China
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Gao S, Gao X, Yang Z, Zhang F. Process Research and Impurity Control Strategy of Esketamine. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuezhi Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhezhou Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fuli Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
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Gao S, Gao X, Li H, Yang A, Yang Z, Zhang F. Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Racemization and Recycling of the Undesired (R)-Ketamine. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuezhi Gao
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Houyong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Anjiang Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhezhou Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fuli Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 285 Gebaini Road, Pudong District, Shanghai 201203, China
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