Cysteamine bitartrate delayed-release capsules control leukocyte cystine levels and promote statural growth and kidney health in an open-label study of treatment-naïve patients <6 years of age with nephropathic cystinosis

Gastrointestinal challenges in nephropathic cystinosis: clinical perspectives

Gastrointestinal (GI) sequelae, such as vomiting, hyperacidity, dysphagia, dysmotility, and diarrhea, are nearly universal among patients with nephropathic cystinosis. These complications result from disease processes (e.g., kidney disease, cystine crystal accumulation in the GI tract) and side effects of treatments (e.g., cysteamine, immunosuppressive therapy). GI involvement can negatively impact patient well-being and jeopardize disease outcomes by compromising drug absorption and patient adherence to the strict treatment regimen required to manage cystinosis. Given improved life expectancy due to advances in kidney transplantation and the transformative impact of cystine-depleting therapy, nephrologists are increasingly focused on addressing extra-renal complications and quality of life in patients with cystinosis. However, there is a lack of clinical data and guidance to inform GI-related monitoring, interventions, and referrals by nephrologists. Various publications have examined the prevalence and pathophysiology of selected GI complications in cystinosis, but none have summarized the full picture or provided guidance based on the literature and expert experience. We aim to comprehensively review GI sequelae associated with cystinosis and its treatments and to discuss approaches for monitoring and managing these complications, including the involvement of gastroenterology and other disciplines.

Switching from immediate- to extended-release cysteamine in patients with nephropathic cystinosis: from clinical trials to clinical practice

Background

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of switching from immediate-release (IR) to extended-release (ER) cysteamine in patients with nephropathic cystinosis (NC) in Spain.

Methods

We conducted an observational, retrospective, multicentre study in NC patients who received IR cysteamine for at least 12 months, switched to ER cysteamine, and received it for at least 6 months before inclusion.

Results

Data were collected from nine patients (four children, five adults) 36 months before and after the switch. Despite the highly selected population, an improvement in growth, particularly in children and a significant reduction in hospitalization days was observed. A decrease in halitosis, body odour and gastrointestinal effects was reported in most of the patients who suffered before the switch, and the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) decreased in some patients. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) remained stable in patients with preserved kidney function. No significant changes in white blood cell (WBC) cystine levels were observed after the switch. There was no significant difference in the cysteamine dose received. However, some patients were receiving <50% of the recommended dose of cysteamine before and after the switch and showed elevated levels of WBC cystine.

Conclusions

Switching from IR to ER cysteamine in clinical practice reduces hospital stays, improves nutritional status and growth in paediatric patients and could help to enhance treatment tolerability by reducing side effects. Furthermore, the dosing of ER cysteamine could promote therapeutic compliance and positively affect the quality of life of the NC population.

Enteric-Coated Cysteamine Bitartrate in Cystinosis Patients

Cystinosis is a severe inherited metabolic storage disease caused by the lysosomal accumulation of cystine. Lifelong therapy with the drug cysteamine bitartrate is necessary. Cysteamine cleaves intralysosomal cystine, and thereafter, it can exit from the organelle. The need for frequent dosing every 6 h and the high prevalence of gastrointestinal side effects lead to poor therapy adherence. The purpose of our study was to improve cysteamine treatment by comparing the efficacy of two cysteamine formulas. This is highly relevant for the long-term outcome of cystinosis patients. The cystine and cysteamine levels of 17 patients taking immediate-release cysteamine (IR-cysteamine/Cystagon^®) and 6 patients taking encapsulated delayed-release cysteamine (EC-cysteamine) were analyzed. The EC-cysteamine levels showed a near-ideal pharmacokinetic profile indicative of delayed release (longer T_max and T_min), and the corresponding cystine levels showed few fluctuations. In addition, the C_max of IR-cysteamine was greater, which was responsible for unbearable side effects (e.g., nausea, vomiting, halitosis, lethargy). Treatment with EC-cysteamine improves the quality of life of cystinosis patients because the frequency of intake can be reduced to 2-3 times daily and it has a more favorable pharmacokinetic profile than IR-cysteamine. In particular, cystinosis patients with no access to the only approved delayed-release cysteamine Procysbi^® could benefit from a cost-effective alternative.

Long-term clinical benefits of delayed-release cysteamine bitartrate capsules in patients with nephropathic cystinosis (response to "A comparison of immediate release and delayed release cysteamine in 17 patients with nephropathic cystinosis")

The aim of this letter to the editor is to summarize the results from three clinical trial programs evaluating delayed-release cysteamine bitartrate (DR-CYS), which demonstrated the long-term clinical benefits in patients with nephropathic cystinosis when dosed every 12 h. The authors of "A comparison of immediate release and delayed release cysteamine in 17 patients with nephropathic cystinosis" presented recommendations altering the dosage and dosing scheme from what has been previously approved by the FDA for DR-CYS. In this letter to the editor, we critique the authors' aforementioned article as it is a retrospective analysis of a small number of patients and does not follow the dosing recommendation by the FDA for equivalent dosing of DR-CYS to immediate-release cysteamine bitartrate (IR-CYS). In addition, the article does not include study data to properly support the authors' suggestion of increased dosing effects and benefits. We present a summary of the results from the DR-CYS clinical trial program and evidence of the rigor from which the clinical data for DR-CYS were generated and recommendation for usage as prescribed.