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Dulovic A, Renahan T, Röseler W, Rödelsperger C, Rose AM, Streit A. Rhabditophanes diutinus a parthenogenetic clade IV nematode with dauer larvae. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009113. [PMID: 33270811 PMCID: PMC7738172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative studies using non-parasitic model species such as Caenorhabditis elegans, have been very helpful in investigating the basic biology and evolution of parasitic nematodes. However, as phylogenetic distance increases, these comparisons become more difficult, particularly when outside of the nematode clade to which C. elegans belongs (V). One of the reasons C. elegans has nevertheless been used for these comparisons, is that closely related well characterized free-living species that can serve as models for parasites of interest are frequently not available. The Clade IV parasitic nematodes Strongyloides are of great research interest due to their life cycle and other unique biological features, as well as their medical and veterinary importance. Rhabditophanes, a closely related free-living genus, forms part of the Strongyloidoidea nematode superfamily. Rhabditophanes diutinus (= R. sp. KR3021) was included in the recent comparative genomic analysis of the Strongyloididae, providing some insight into the genomic nature of parasitism. However, very little is known about this species, limiting its usefulness as a research model. Here we provide a species description, name the species as R. diutinus and investigate its life cycle and subsequently gene expression in multiple life stages. We identified two previously unreported starvation induced life stages: dauer larvae and arrested J2 (J2A) larvae. The dauer larvae are morphologically similar to and are the same developmental stage as dauers in C. elegans and infective larvae in Strongyloides. As in C. elegans and Strongyloides, dauer formation is inhibited by treatment with dafachronic acid, indicating some genetic control mechanisms are conserved. Similarly, the expression patterns of putative dauer/infective larva control genes resemble each other, in particular between R. diutinus and Strongyloides spp. These findings illustrate and increase the usefulness of R. diutinus as a non-parasitic, easy to work with model species for the Strongyloididae for studying the evolution of parasitism as well as many aspects of the biology of Strongyloides spp, in particular the formation of infective larvae. Parasitic worms are an issue of great medical, veterinary, agricultural and economic importance, yet little is known about how worms become parasites. Comparative studies with non-parasitic model species like C. elegans have been useful, however, this usefulness decreases as the evolutionary distance between the species increases. One way to combat this is by having more well-studied closely related species to parasites of interest. To address this, we provide information about Rhabditophanes diutinus, a free-living nematode that is part of the same superfamily as the medically and veterinary important Strongyloides parasites. We provide analysis on its life cycle, in particular on two starvation induced life stages, along with gene expression data. Overall, this important information illustrates and improves the use of R. diutinus, as a non-parasitic model species for studying parasite evolution and basic biology within Strongyloides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Dulovic
- Department of Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Tess Renahan
- Department of Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Waltraud Röseler
- Department of Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Christian Rödelsperger
- Department of Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Ann M. Rose
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adrian Streit
- Department of Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Yang S, Gao X, Meng J, Zhang A, Zhou Y, Long M, Li B, Deng W, Jin L, Zhao S, Wu D, He Y, Li C, Liu S, Huang Y, Zhang H, Zou L. Metagenomic Analysis of Bacteria, Fungi, Bacteriophages, and Helminths in the Gut of Giant Pandas. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1717. [PMID: 30108570 PMCID: PMC6080571 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To obtain full details of gut microbiota, including bacteria, fungi, bacteriophages, and helminths, in giant pandas (GPs), we created a comprehensive microbial genome database and used metagenomic sequences to align against the database. We delineated a detailed and different gut microbiota structures of GPs. A total of 680 species of bacteria, 198 fungi, 185 bacteriophages, and 45 helminths were found. Compared with 16S rRNA sequencing, the dominant bacterium phyla not only included Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria but also Cyanobacteria and other eight phyla. Aside from Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Glomeromycota, Mucoromycota, and Microsporidia were the dominant fungi phyla. The bacteriophages were predominantly dsDNA Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, Podoviridae, ssDNA Inoviridae, and Microviridae. For helminths, phylum Nematoda was the dominant. In addition to previously described parasites, another 44 species of helminths were found in GPs. Also, differences in abundance of microbiota were found between the captive, semiwild, and wild GPs. A total of 1,739 genes encoding cellulase, β-glucosidase, and cellulose β-1,4-cellobiosidase were responsible for the metabolism of cellulose, and 128,707 putative glycoside hydrolase genes were found in bacteria/fungi. Taken together, the results indicated not only bacteria but also fungi, bacteriophages, and helminths were diverse in gut of giant pandas, which provided basis for the further identification of role of gut microbiota. Besides, metagenomics revealed that the bacteria/fungi in gut of GPs harbor the ability of cellulose and hemicellulose degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhi Yang
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jianghong Meng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Anyun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingmin Zhou
- The China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, China
| | - Mei Long
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bei Li
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenwen Deng
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyue Zhao
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daifu Wu
- The China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, China
| | - Yongguo He
- The China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, China
| | - Caiwu Li
- The China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, China
| | - Shuliang Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, China
| | - Yan Huang
- The China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in The Giant Panda National Park (China Conservation and Research Center of Giant Panda), Wolong, China
| | - Hemin Zhang
- The China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong, China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in The Giant Panda National Park (China Conservation and Research Center of Giant Panda), Wolong, China
| | - Likou Zou
- Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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