1
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Safian D, Ahmed M, van Kruistum H, Furness AI, Reznick DN, Wiegertjes GF, Pollux BJ. Repeated independent origins of the placenta reveal convergent and divergent organ evolution within a single fish family (Poeciliidae). SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf3915. [PMID: 37611099 PMCID: PMC10446500 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
An outstanding question in biology is to what extent convergent evolution produces similar, but not necessarily identical, complex phenotypic solutions. The placenta is a complex organ that repeatedly evolved in the livebearing fish family Poeciliidae. Here, we apply comparative approaches to test whether evolution has produced similar or different placental phenotypes in the Poeciliidae and to what extent these phenotypes correlate with convergence at the molecular level. We show the existence of two placental phenotypes characterized by distinctly different anatomical adaptations (divergent evolution). Furthermore, each placental phenotype independently evolved multiple times across the family, providing evidence for repeated convergence. Moreover, our comparative genomic analysis revealed that the genomes of species with different placentas are evolving at a different pace. Last, we show that the two placental phenotypes correlate with two previously described contrasting life-history optima. Our results argue for high evolvability (both divergent and convergent) of the placenta within a group of closely related species in a single family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Safian
- Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Evolutionary Developmental Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Marwa Ahmed
- Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Henri van Kruistum
- Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Andrew I. Furness
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Maryland Fish and Wildlife Conservation Office, Annapolis, MD, USA
| | - David N. Reznick
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Geert F. Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bart J.A. Pollux
- Experimental Zoology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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2
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Whittington CM, Buddle AL, Griffith OW, Carter AM. Embryonic specializations for vertebrate placentation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210261. [PMID: 36252220 PMCID: PMC9574634 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate placenta, a close association of fetal and parental tissue for physiological exchange, has evolved independently in sharks, teleost fishes, coelacanths, amphibians, squamate reptiles and mammals. This transient organ forms during pregnancy and is an important contributor to embryonic development in both viviparous and oviparous, brooding species. Placentae may be involved in transport of respiratory gases, wastes, immune molecules, hormones and nutrients. Depending on the taxon, the embryonic portion of the placenta is comprised of either extraembryonic membranes (yolk sac or chorioallantois) or temporary embryonic tissues derived via hypertrophy of pericardium, gill epithelium, gut, tails or fins. These membranes and tissues have been recruited convergently into placentae in several lineages. Here, we highlight the diversity and common features of embryonic tissues involved in vertebrate placentation and suggest future studies that will provide new knowledge about the evolution of pregnancy. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M. Whittington
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence A08, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Alice L. Buddle
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence A08, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Oliver W. Griffith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Anthony M. Carter
- Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J. B. Winsloews Vej 21, 5000 Odense, Denmark
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3
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Zandonà E, Kajin M, Buckup PA, Amaral JR, Souto-Santos ICA, Reznick DN. Mode of maternal provisioning in the fish genus Phalloceros: a variation on the theme of matrotrophy. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The placenta is a complex organ that shows high morphological diversity. Among fish, the first vertebrates that have evolved a placenta, the family Poeciliidae exhibits very diverse modes of maternal provisioning even among congeneric species. Here, we investigated the embryonic growth curve across seven recently-described species of the highly diverse genus Phalloceros (Eigenmann, 1907). We also investigated possible intraspecific differences and whether other female characteristics affected embryo mass. We found that embryo mass decreased until around stage 20 and then increased, resulting in a 1.5 to 3-fold mass gain from fertilization to birth. Embryo mass changed non-linearly with stage of development and was affected by species identity (or locality) and female somatic dry mass. This initial loss then gain of embryonic mass during development is unique among other Poeciliidae species and was conserved across populations and species, even though size at birth can vary. Other species instead either lose mass if they lack placentas or gain mass exponentially if they have placentas. The Phalloceros mode of maternal provisioning could thus represent a different form from that seen in other species of Poeciliidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Zandonà
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-013, Brazil
| | - Maja Kajin
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-013, Brazil
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paulo A Buckup
- Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Ribeiro Amaral
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20550-013, Brazil
| | - Igor C A Souto-Santos
- Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - David N Reznick
- Department of Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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4
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van Kruistum H, Nijland R, Reznick DN, Groenen MAM, Megens HJ, Pollux BJA. Parallel Genomic Changes Drive Repeated Evolution of Placentas in Live-Bearing Fish. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:2627-2638. [PMID: 33620468 PMCID: PMC8136483 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary origin of complex organs challenges empirical study because most organs evolved hundreds of millions of years ago. The placenta of live-bearing fish in the family Poeciliidae represents a unique opportunity to study the evolutionary origin of complex organs, because in this family a placenta evolved at least nine times independently. It is currently unknown whether this repeated evolution is accompanied by similar, repeated, genomic changes in placental species. Here, we compare whole genomes of 26 poeciliid species representing six out of nine independent origins of placentation. Evolutionary rate analysis revealed that the evolution of the placenta coincides with convergent shifts in the evolutionary rate of 78 protein-coding genes, mainly observed in transporter- and vesicle-located genes. Furthermore, differences in sequence conservation showed that placental evolution coincided with similar changes in 76 noncoding regulatory elements, occurring primarily around genes that regulate development. The unexpected high occurrence of GATA simple repeats in the regulatory elements suggests an important function for GATA repeats in developmental gene regulation. The distinction in molecular evolution observed, with protein-coding parallel changes more often found in metabolic and structural pathways, compared with regulatory change more frequently found in developmental pathways, offers a compelling model for complex trait evolution in general: changing the regulation of otherwise highly conserved developmental genes may allow for the evolution of complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri van Kruistum
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reindert Nijland
- Marine Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David N Reznick
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Martien A M Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik-Jan Megens
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J A Pollux
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Guernsey MW, van Kruistum H, Reznick DN, Pollux BJA, Baker JC. Molecular Signatures of Placentation and Secretion Uncovered in Poeciliopsis Maternal Follicles. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:2679-2690. [PMID: 32421768 PMCID: PMC7475030 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Placentation evolved many times independently in vertebrates. Although the core functions of all placentas are similar, we know less about how this similarity extends to the molecular level. Here, we study Poeciliopsis, a unique genus of live-bearing fish that have independently evolved complex placental structures at least three times. The maternal follicle is a key component of these structures. It envelops yolk-rich eggs and is morphologically simple in lecithotrophic species but has elaborate villous structures in matrotrophic species. Through sequencing, the follicle transcriptome of a matrotrophic, Poeciliopsis retropinna, and lecithotrophic, P. turrubarensis, species we found genes known to be critical for placenta function expressed in both species despite their difference in complexity. Additionally, when we compare the transcriptome of different river populations of P. retropinna, known to vary in maternal provisioning, we find differential expression of secretory genes expressed specifically in the top layer of villi cells in the maternal follicle. This provides some of the first evidence that the placental structures of Poeciliopsis function using a secretory mechanism rather than direct contact with maternal circulation. Finally, when we look at the expression of placenta proteins at the maternal–fetal interface of a larger sampling of Poeciliopsis species, we find expression of key maternal and fetal placenta proteins in their cognate tissue types of all species, but follicle expression of prolactin is restricted to only matrotrophic species. Taken together, we suggest that all Poeciliopsis follicles are poised for placenta function but require expression of key genes to form secretory villi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Guernsey
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Henri van Kruistum
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David N Reznick
- Department of Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Bart J A Pollux
- Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Julie C Baker
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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6
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Ponce de León JL, Uribe MC. Morphology of yolk and pericardial sacs in lecithotrophic and matrotrophic nutrition in poeciliid fishes. J Morphol 2021; 282:887-899. [PMID: 33784429 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We used histological techniques to describe the morphology of the yolk and pericardial sacs in developing embryos of the lecithotrophic species Girardinus creolus, Gambusia puncticulata, Limia vittata, and Quintana atrizona, in comparison with the extreme matrotrophic Heterandria formosa. In lecithotrophic species, the yolk sac was enlarged and lasted until the final stages of development, while in H. formosa it was completely absorbed soon after fertilization. Lecithotrophic poeciliids showed a pericardial sac with a single layer of blood vessels covering the dorsal surface of the cephalic region only, while H. formosa showed a more complex largely vascularized pericardial sac covering the entire dorsal surface, except the caudal region. In advanced gestation of G. creolus, a vascular plexus of the yolk sac reaches the pharyngeal region, behind the gills, suggesting that the pharynx may play a role in embryonic nutrition in lecithotrophic species. These morphological evidences suggest that matrotrophy derives from lecithotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Ponce de León
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Havana, Cuba.,Currently Independent Researcher
| | - Mari Carmen Uribe
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción Animal. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico, Mexico
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7
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Burggren W, Bautista N. Invited review: Development of acid-base regulation in vertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 236:110518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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8
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van Kruistum H, van den Heuvel J, Travis J, Kraaijeveld K, Zwaan BJ, Groenen MAM, Megens HJ, Pollux BJA. The genome of the live-bearing fish Heterandria formosa implicates a role of conserved vertebrate genes in the evolution of placental fish. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:156. [PMID: 31349784 PMCID: PMC6660938 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1484-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The evolution of complex organs is thought to occur via a stepwise process, each subsequent step increasing the organ’s complexity by a tiny amount. This evolutionary process can be studied by comparing closely related species that vary in the presence or absence of their organs. This is the case for the placenta in the live-bearing fish family Poeciliidae, as members of this family vary markedly in their ability to supply nutrients to their offspring via a placenta. Here, we investigate the genomic basis underlying this phenotypic variation in Heterandria formosa, a poeciliid fish with a highly complex placenta. We compare this genome to three published reference genomes of non-placental poeciliid fish to gain insight in which genes may have played a role in the evolution of the placenta in the Poeciliidae. Results We sequenced the genome of H. formosa, providing the first whole genome sequence for a placental poeciliid. We looked for signatures of adaptive evolution by comparing its gene sequences to those of three non-placental live-bearing relatives. Using comparative evolutionary analyses, we found 17 genes that were positively selected exclusively in H. formosa, as well as five gene duplications exclusive to H. formosa. Eight of the genes evolving under positive selection in H. formosa have a placental function in mammals, most notably endometrial tissue remodelling or endometrial cell proliferation. Conclusions Our results show that a substantial portion of positively selected genes have a function that correlates well with the morphological changes that form the placenta of H. formosa, compared to the corresponding tissue in non-placental poeciliids. These functions are mainly endometrial tissue remodelling and endometrial cell proliferation. Therefore, we hypothesize that natural selection acting on genes involved in these functions plays a key role in the evolution of the placenta in H. formosa. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1484-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri van Kruistum
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost van den Heuvel
- Plant Sciences Group, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Travis
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, USA
| | - Ken Kraaijeveld
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Leiden Genome Technology Center Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bas J Zwaan
- Plant Sciences Group, Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien A M Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrik-Jan Megens
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J A Pollux
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Guzmán‐Bárcenas MG, Uribe MC. Superfetation in the viviparous fish
Heterandria formosa
(Poeciliidae). J Morphol 2019; 280:756-770. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Guadalupe Guzmán‐Bárcenas
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción AnimalUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
| | - Mari Carmen Uribe
- Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción AnimalUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México
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10
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Pires MN, Reznick DN. Life-history evolution in the fish genus Poecilia (Poeciliidae: Cyprinodontiformes: subgenus Pamphorichthys): an evolutionary origin of extensive matrotrophy decoupled from superfetation. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo N Pires
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 900 University Avenue - Riverside, CA, USA
| | - David N Reznick
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 900 University Avenue - Riverside, CA, USA
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11
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Jue NK, Foley RJ, Reznick DN, O'Neill RJ, O'Neill MJ. Tissue-Specific Transcriptome for Poeciliopsis prolifica Reveals Evidence for Genetic Adaptation Related to the Evolution of a Placental Fish. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:2181-2192. [PMID: 29720394 PMCID: PMC6027864 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of the placenta is an excellent model to examine the evolutionary processes underlying adaptive complexity due to the recent, independent derivation of placentation in divergent animal lineages. In fishes, the family Poeciliidae offers the opportunity to study placental evolution with respect to variation in degree of post-fertilization maternal provisioning among closely related sister species. In this study, we present a detailed examination of a new reference transcriptome sequence for the live-bearing, matrotrophic fish, Poeciliopsis prolifica, from multiple-tissue RNA-seq data. We describe the genetic components active in liver, brain, late-stage embryo, and the maternal placental/ovarian complex, as well as associated patterns of positive selection in a suite of orthologous genes found in fishes. Results indicate the expression of many signaling transcripts, "non-coding" sequences and repetitive elements in the maternal placental/ovarian complex. Moreover, patterns of positive selection in protein sequence evolution were found associated with live-bearing fishes, generally, and the placental P. prolifica, specifically, that appear independent of the general live-bearer lifestyle. Much of the observed patterns of gene expression and positive selection are congruent with the evolution of placentation in fish functionally converging with mammalian placental evolution and with the patterns of rapid evolution facilitated by the teleost-specific whole genome duplication event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel K Jue
- Institute for Systems Genomics and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Robert J Foley
- Institute for Systems Genomics and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - David N Reznick
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Rachel J O'Neill
- Institute for Systems Genomics and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Michael J O'Neill
- Institute for Systems Genomics and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269
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12
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Uribe MC, Grier HJ. Insemination, intrafollicular fertilization and development of the fertilization plug during gestation in Heterandria formosa
(Poeciliidae). J Morphol 2018; 279:970-980. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Carmen Uribe
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Ciudad de México México
| | - Harry J. Grier
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; Fish and Wildlife Research Institute; Saint Petersburg Florida
- Division of Fishes, National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington, DC
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13
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Olivera-Tlahuel C, Moreno-Mendoza NA, Villagrán-Santa Cruz M, Zúñiga-Vega JJ. Placental structures and their association with matrotrophy and superfetation in poeciliid fishes. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Olivera-Tlahuel
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de México México
| | - Norma A. Moreno-Mendoza
- Instituto de investigaciones Biomédicas; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de México México
| | - Maricela Villagrán-Santa Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Comparada; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de México México
| | - J. Jaime Zúñiga-Vega
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales; Facultad de Ciencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria; Ciudad de México México
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14
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Panhuis TM, Fris M, Tuhela L, Kwan L. An examination of surface epithelium structures of the embryo across the genus
Poeciliopsis
(Poeciliidae). J Morphol 2017; 278:1726-1738. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tami M. Panhuis
- Department of ZoologyOhio Wesleyan University, 61 S. Sandusky StDelaware Ohio43015
| | - Megan Fris
- Department of ZoologyOhio Wesleyan University, 61 S. Sandusky StDelaware Ohio43015
| | - Laura Tuhela
- Department of ZoologyOhio Wesleyan University, 61 S. Sandusky StDelaware Ohio43015
| | - Lucia Kwan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Toronto, 25 Willcocks StToronto Ontario Canada, M5S 3B2
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15
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Griffith OW, Wagner GP. The placenta as a model for understanding the origin and evolution of vertebrate organs. Nat Ecol Evol 2017; 1:72. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Olivera-Tlahuel C, Ossip-Klein AG, Espinosa-Pérez HS, Zúñiga-Vega JJ. Have superfetation and matrotrophy facilitated the evolution of larger offspring in poeciliid fishes? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015; 116:787-804. [PMID: 26617418 PMCID: PMC4659389 DOI: 10.1111/bij.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Superfetation is the ability of females to simultaneously carry multiple broods of embryos, with each brood at a different developmental stage. Matrotrophy is the post-fertilization maternal provisioning of nutrients to developing embryos throughout gestation. Several studies have demonstrated that, in viviparous fishes, superfetation and matrotrophy have evolved in a correlated way, such that species capable of bearing several simultaneous broods also exhibit advanced degrees of post-fertilization provisioning. The adaptive value of the concurrent presence of both reproductive modes may be associated with the production of larger newborns, which in turn may result in enhanced offspring fitness. In this study, we tested two hypotheses: (1) species with superfetation and moderate or extensive matrotrophy give birth to larger offspring compared to species without superfetation or matrotrophy; (2) species with higher degrees of superfetation and matrotrophy (i.e. more simultaneous broods and increased amounts of post-fertilization provisioning) give birth to larger offspring compared to species with relatively low degrees of superfetation and matrotrophy (i.e. fewer simultaneous broods and lesser amounts of post-fertilization provisioning). Using different phylogenetic comparative methods and data on 44 species of viviparous fishes of the family Poeciliidae, we found a lack of association between offspring size and the combination of superfetation and matrotrophy. Therefore, the concurrent presence of superfetation and moderate or extensive matrotrophy has not facilitated the evolution of larger offspring. In fact, these traits have evolved differently. Superfetation and matrotrophy have accumulated gradual changes that largely can be explained by Brownian motion, whereas offspring size has evolved fluidly, experiencing changes that likely resulted from selective responses to the local conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Olivera-Tlahuel
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Distrito Federal 04510, México
| | | | - Héctor S. Espinosa-Pérez
- Colección Nacional de Peces, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Distrito Federal 04510, México
| | - J. Jaime Zúñiga-Vega
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Distrito Federal 04510, México
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17
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Blackburn DG, Starck JM. Morphological specializations for fetal maintenance in viviparous vertebrates: An introduction and historical retrospective. J Morphol 2015; 276:E1-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Blackburn
- Department of Biology; and Electron Microscopy Center; Trinity College; Hartford Connecticut 06106
| | - J. Matthias Starck
- Department of Biology; University of Munich; D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried Germany
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18
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Kwan L, Fris M, Rodd FH, Rowe L, Tuhela L, Panhuis TM. An examination of the variation in maternal placentae across the genusPoeciliopsis(Poeciliidae). J Morphol 2015; 276:707-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Kwan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks St. Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Megan Fris
- Department of Zoology; Ohio Wesleyan University; 61 S. Sandusky St. Delaware Ohio 43015
| | - F. Helen Rodd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks St. Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; 25 Willcocks St. Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3B2
| | - Laura Tuhela
- Department of Zoology; Ohio Wesleyan University; 61 S. Sandusky St. Delaware Ohio 43015
| | - Tami M. Panhuis
- Department of Zoology; Ohio Wesleyan University; 61 S. Sandusky St. Delaware Ohio 43015
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19
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Blackburn DG. Evolution of vertebrate viviparity and specializations for fetal nutrition: A quantitative and qualitative analysis. J Morphol 2014; 276:961-90. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Blackburn
- Department of Biology and; Electron Microscopy Center, Trinity College; Hartford Connecticut 06106
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20
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Bassar RD, Auer SK, Reznick DN. Why do placentas evolve? A test of the life-history facilitation hypothesis in two clades in the genusPoeciliopsisrepresenting two independent origins of placentas. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald D. Bassar
- Department of Biology; University of California; Riverside California 92521 USA
| | - Sonya K. Auer
- Department of Biology; University of California; Riverside California 92521 USA
| | - David N. Reznick
- Department of Biology; University of California; Riverside California 92521 USA
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21
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Schrader M, Travis J. VARIATION IN OFFSPRING SIZE WITH BIRTH ORDER IN PLACENTAL FISH: A ROLE FOR ASYMMETRIC SIBLING COMPETITION? Evolution 2011; 66:272-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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SCHRADER MATTHEW, TRAVIS JOSEPH, FULLER REBECCAC. Do density-driven mating system differences explain reproductive incompatibilities between populations of a placental fish? Mol Ecol 2011; 20:4140-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Ala-Honkola O, Friman E, Lindström K. Costs and benefits of polyandry in a placental poeciliid fish Heterandria formosa are in accordance with the parent-offspring conflict theory of placentation. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:2600-10. [PMID: 21902749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In viviparous species, a conflict over maternal resource allocation may arise between mothers and embryos, between siblings, and between maternal and paternal genes within an embryo due to relatedness asymmetries. We performed two experiments to study the effects of polyandry and brood relatedness on offspring growth in a placental fish (Heterandria formosa). Polyandry was beneficial as it increased the probability of pregnancy, possibly to avoid genetic incompatibility. However, females mated to four males produced offspring that had a longer maturation time than those of monandrous females. When within-brood relatedness was manipulated, the size of the newborn offspring decreased with time in low-relatedness treatment, whereas in highly related broods, offspring size was constant. Low within-brood relatedness may lead to less cooperative offspring in terms of resource extraction from the mother, which may lead to impaired development during gestation. Offspring conflict may thus reduce the benefits of polyandry in viviparous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ala-Honkola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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24
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Pires MN, Bassar RD, McBride KE, Regus JU, Garland T, Reznick DN. Why do placentas evolve? An evaluation of the life-history facilitation hypothesis in the fish genus Poeciliopsis. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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25
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Meredith RW, Pires MN, Reznick DN, Springer MS. Molecular phylogenetic relationships and the coevolution of placentotrophy and superfetation in Poecilia (Poeciliidae: Cyprinodontiformes). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 59:148-57. [PMID: 21292015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Members of Poeciliidae are used as model organisms for experimental studies on natural and sexual selection, and comparative studies of life-history evolution. The latter have demonstrated multiple origins of both superfetation and placentotrophy within Poeciliidae. Most recently, placentotrophy has been described in five species of Poecilia (Pamphorichthys), but only one of these (P.hasemani) shows evidence of superfetation. Here, we use a molecular phylogeny based on concatenated nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences to test hypotheses of correlated evolution between superfetation and placentotrophy in Poecilia. Taxon sampling included all species in the subgenera Micropoecilia and Pamphorichthys for which the presence or absence of placentotrophy and superfetation have been determined, as well as representatives of all other Poecilia subgenera (Acanthophacelus, Limia, Mollienesia, Poecilia, Pseudolimia). Phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods; ancestral states for life-history characters were reconstructed with parsimony and SIMMAP; correlation analyses were performed with SIMMAP; and divergence times were estimated using a relaxed molecular clock. All subgenera in Poecilia were recovered as monophyletic. The basal split in Poecilia is between P. (Acanthophacelus)+P. (Micropoecilia) and the other five subgenera. In the latter clade, P. (Poecilia) is the sister-group to the remaining four subgenera. Within P. (Pamphorichthys), all analyses with the combined data set recovered P. (Pamphorichthys) araguaiensis as the sister taxon to P. (Pamphorichthys) hollandi, and P. (Pamphorichthys) scalpridens as the sister taxon to P. (Pamphorichthys) minor. P. (Pamphorichthys) hasemani was either the sister taxon to P. (Pamphorichthys) hollandi+P. (Pamphorichthys) minor (maximum likelihood, Bayesian) or the sister taxon to all other Pamphorichthys species (maximum parsimony). Ancestral state reconstructions suggest that placentotrophy and superfetation evolved on the same branch in P. (Micropoecilia), whereas placentotrophy evolved before superfetation in P. (Pamphorichthys). SIMMAP analyses indicate a statistically significant association between placentotrophy and superfetation. Within P. (Micropoecilia) both placentotrophy and superfetation evolved in ≤4 million years. Within P. (Pamphorichthys), superfetation evolved in ≤9 million years on the P. (Pamphorichthys) hasemani branch, and placentotrophy evolved in ≤10 million years in the common ancestor of this subgenus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Meredith
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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26
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Uribe MC, Grier HJ. Oogenesis of microlecithal oocytes in the viviparous teleost Heterandria formosa. J Morphol 2010; 272:241-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Banet AI, Au AG, Reznick DN. IS MOM IN CHARGE? IMPLICATIONS OF RESOURCE PROVISIONING ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE PLACENTA. Evolution 2010; 64:3172-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Ala-Honkola O, Säilä L, Lindström K. Males Prefer Small Females in a Dichotomous Choice Test in the Poeciliid Fish Heterandria formosa. Ethology 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Ala-Honkola O, Tuominen L, Lindström K. Inbreeding avoidance in a poeciliid fish (Heterandria formosa). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-010-0955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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30
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PIRES MARCELON, ARENDT JEFF, REZNICK DAVIDN. The evolution of placentas and superfetation in the fish genus Poecilia (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae: subgenera Micropoecilia and Acanthophacelus). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Pollux B, Pires M, Banet A, Reznick D. Evolution of Placentas in the Fish Family Poeciliidae: An Empirical Study of Macroevolution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B.J.A. Pollux
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521; ,
| | - M.N. Pires
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
| | - A.I. Banet
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
| | - D.N. Reznick
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
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32
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Meredith RW, Pires MN, Reznick DN, Springer MS. Molecular phylogenetic relationships and the evolution of the placenta in Poecilia (Micropoecilia) (Poeciliidae: Cyprinodontiformes). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 55:631-9. [PMID: 19922806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Poeciliids are one of the most intensively studied groups within Cyprinodontiformes owing to their use as model organisms for experimental studies on natural and sexual selection, and comparative studies of life-history evolution. Life-history studies have demonstrated multiple origins of placentotrophy and superfetation in poeciliids, including the recent description of placentotrophy in three species of Poecilia (Micropoecilia): P. bifurca, P. branneri, and P. parae. Here, we use a concatenation of seven nuclear gene segments and two mitochondrial segments to examine relationships within Micropoecilia and between this subgenus and other subgenera in Poecilia (Mollienesia, Limia, Pamphorichthys, Acanthophacelus). The combined molecular data set (8668 bp) was analyzed with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods. We also employed a relaxed molecular clock method to estimate divergence times within Poecilia. All phylogenetic analyses with the combined DNA data set supported the monophyly of Poecilia and recovered a basal split between Poecilia (Acanthophacelus)+Poecilia (Micropoecilia) and the other three subgenera. Within Micropoecilia, P. bifurca grouped with P. branneri, and these joined P. parae to the exclusion of P. picta. Ancestral reconstructions based on parsimony and Bayesian methods suggest that placentotrophy evolved once in Micropoecilia in the common ancestor of P. bifurca, P. branneri, and P. parae. Divergence time estimates suggest that placentotrophy in Micropoecilia evolved in 4 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Meredith
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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33
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Schrader M, Travis J. DO EMBRYOS INFLUENCE MATERNAL INVESTMENT? EVALUATING MATERNAL-FETAL COADAPTATION AND THE POTENTIAL FOR PARENT-OFFSPRING CONFLICT IN A PLACENTAL FISH. Evolution 2009; 63:2805-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Ala-Honkola O, Uddström A, Pauli BD, Lindström K. Strong inbreeding depression in male mating behaviour in a poeciliid fish. J Evol Biol 2009; 22:1396-406. [PMID: 19486236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude of inbreeding depression is often larger in traits closely related to fitness, such as survival and fecundity, compared to morphological traits. Reproductive behaviour is also closely associated with fitness, and therefore expected to show strong inbreeding depression. Despite this, little is known about how reproductive behaviour is affected by inbreeding. Here we show that one generation of full-sib mating results in a decrease in male reproductive performance in the least killifish (Heterandria formosa). Inbred males performed less gonopodial thrusts and thrust attempts than outbred males (delta = 0.38). We show that this behaviour is closely linked with fitness as gonopodial performance correlates with paternity success. Other traits that show inbreeding depression are offspring viability (delta = 0.06) and maturation time of males (delta = 0.19) and females (delta = 0.14). Outbred matings produced a female biased sex ratio whereas inbred matings produced an even sex ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Ala-Honkola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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35
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Schrader M, Travis J. Testing the Viviparity‐Driven‐Conflict Hypothesis: Parent‐Offspring Conflict and the Evolution of Reproductive Isolation in a Poeciliid Fish. Am Nat 2008; 172:806-17. [DOI: 10.1086/592999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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36
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Reznick D, Meredith R, Collette BB. Independent evolution of complex life history adaptations in two families of fishes, live-bearing halfbeaks (zenarchopteridae, beloniformes) and poeciliidae (cyprinodontiformes). Evolution 2007; 61:2570-83. [PMID: 17725625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00207.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have previously documented multiple, independent origins of placentas in the fish family Poeciliidae. Here we summarize similar analyses of fishes in the family Zenarchopteridae. This family includes three live-bearing genera. Earlier studies documented the presence of superfetation, or the ability to carry multiple litters of young in different stages of development in the same ovary, in some species in all three genera. There is also one earlier report of matrotrophy, or extensive postfertilization maternal provisioning, in two of these genera. We present detailed life-history data for approximately half of the species in all three genera and combine them with the best available phylogeny to make inferences about the pattern of life-history evolution within this family. Three species of Hemirhamphodon have superfetation but lack matrotrophy. Most species in Nomorhamphus and Dermogenys either lack superfetation and matrotrophy or have both superfetation and matrotrophy. Our phylogenetic analysis shows that matrotrophy may have evolved independently in each genus. In Dermogenys, matrotrophic species produce fewer, larger offspring than nonmatrotrophic species. In Nomorhamphus; matrotrophic species instead produce more and smaller offspring than lecithotrophic species. However, the matrotrophic species in both genera have significantly smaller masses of reproductive tissue relative to their body sizes. All aspects of these results are duplicated in the fish family Poeciliidae. We discuss the possible adaptive significance of matrotrophy in the light of these new results. The two families together present a remarkable opportunity to study the evolution of a complex trait because they contain multiple, independent origins of the trait that often include close relatives that vary in either the presence or absence of the matrotrophy or in the degree to which matrotrophy is developed. These are the raw materials that are required for either an analysis of the adaptive significance of the trait or for studies of the genetic mechanisms that underlie the evolution of the trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Reznick
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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37
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Schrader M, Travis J. Population Differences in Pre- and Post-fertilization Offspring Provisioning in the Least Killifish, Heterandria formosa. COPEIA 2005. [DOI: 10.1643/ce-04-230r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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38
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DeMarais A, Oldis D. Matrotrophic Transfer of Fluorescent Microspheres in Poeciliid Fishes. COPEIA 2005. [DOI: 10.1643/cg-04-207r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Marsh-Matthews E, Skierkowski P, DeMarais A. Direct Evidence for Mother-to-Embryo Transfer of Nutrients in the Livebearing FishGambusia geiseri. COPEIA 2001. [DOI: 10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0001:defmte]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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41
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Grove BD, Wourms JP. Follicular placenta of the viviparous fish,Heterandria formosa: II. Ultrastructure and development of the follicular epithelium. J Morphol 1994; 220:167-184. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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42
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43
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Lombardi J, Jones KB, Garrity CA, Files T. Chemical composition of uterine fluid in four species of viviparous sharks (Squalus acanthias, carcharhinus plumbeus, mustelus canis and rhizoprionodon terraenovae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(93)90178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Files T, Lombardi J. Free amino acids in the uterine fluids of four species of viviparous sharks (Squalus acanthias, Carcharhinus plumbeus, Mustelus Canis and Rhizoprionodon terraenovae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(93)90285-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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