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Shan Z, Li S, Yu C, Bai S, Zhang J, Tang Y, Wang Y, Irwin DM, Li J, Wang Z. Embryonic and skeletal development of the albino African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). J Anat 2023; 242:1051-1066. [PMID: 36708289 PMCID: PMC10184547 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal stages of embryonic development for wild-type Xenopus laevis were established by Nieuwkoop and Faber in 1956, a milestone in the history of understanding embryonic development. However, this work lacked photographic images and staining for skeleton structures from the corresponding stages. Here, we provide high-quality images of embryonic morphology and skeleton development to facilitate studies on amphibian development. On the basis of the classical work, we selected the albino mutant of X. laevis as the observation material to restudy embryonic development in this species. The lower level of pigmentation makes it easier to interpret histochemical experiments. At 23°C, albino embryos develop at the same rate as wild-type embryos, which can be divided into 66 stages as they develop into adults in about 58 days. We described the complete embryonic development system for X. laevis, supplemented with pictures of limb and skeleton development that are missing from previous studies, and summarized the characteristics and laws of limb and skeleton development. Our study should aid research into the development of X. laevis and the evolution of amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Shan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenghua Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shibin Bai
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junpeng Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yining Tang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Abdala V, Cristobal L, Solíz MC, Dos Santos DA. Geographical Information System Applied to a Biological System: Pelvic Girdle Ontogeny as a Morphoscape. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.642255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system that captures, stores, manipulates, analyzes, manages, and presents spatial or geographical data. As this technological environment has been created to deal with space problems, it is perfectly adaptable to solve these type of issues in the context of vertebrate comparative morphology. The pectoral and pelvic girdles are key structures that relate the axial skeleton with the limbs in tetrapods. Owed to their importance in locomotion, the morphology, development, and morphogenesis of these structures have been widely studied. The complexity of the structures and tissues implied in the development of the girdles make quantitative approaches extremely difficult. The use of GIS technology provides a visual interpretation of the histological data, a general quantitative assessment of the processes taking place during the ontogeny of any structure, and would allow collecting information about the changes in the surface occupied by the different tissues across the ontogenetic processes of any vertebrate taxa. GIS technology applied to map morphological structures would be a main contribution to the construction of the vertebrate ontologies, as it would facilitate the identification and location of the structures. GIS technology would allow also us to construct a shared database of histological quantitative changes across the ontogeny in any vertebrate. The main objective of this study is to use GIS technology for spatial analysis of histological samples such as these of the pelvic girdle using histological cuts of anurans and chicken, allowing thus to construct a morphoscape, analogous to a landscape. This is the first attempt to apply GIS tools to ontogenetic series to infer biological properties of the spatial analysis in the context of comparative biology. More frequent use of this technology would contribute to obtaining more profitable and biologically informative results.
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Engelkes K, Panpeng S, Haas A. Ontogenetic development of the shoulder joint muscles in frogs (Amphibia: Anura) assessed by digital dissection with implications for interspecific muscle homologies and nomenclature. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-020-00510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPrevious myological studies show inconsistencies with regard to the identification and naming of the shoulder joint muscles in frogs and toads (Amphibia: Anura). Those inconsistencies were revealed and resolved by assessing the ontogenetic development, innervation, and adult morphology of selected anuran species representing ancient lineages and two major neobatrachian groups. To do so, digital dissections of volumes acquired by histological serial sectioning, episcopic microtomy, and contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography scanning were performed and three-dimensional reconstructions were derived. Muscle units crossing the shoulder joint were defined, their ontogenetic development was described, their homology across species was established, and a consistent nomenclature was suggested. The mm. anconaeus, dorsalis scapulae, latissimus dorsi, and the group of scapulohumeralis muscles were ontogenetically derived from the dorsal pre-muscle mass present in all tetrapods. The ventral pre-muscle mass gave rise to the mm. cleidohumeralis, episternohumeralis, supracoracoideus, coracoradialis, subcoracoscapularis, coracobrachialis, and pectoralis. The results indicate that the mm. anconaeus, dorsalis scapulae, latissimus dorsi, coracoradialis, and the portionis sternalis and abdominalis of the m. pectoralis have consistently been recognized and denoted in previous studies, whereas the names for the muscle units commonly denoted as m. coraco-brachialis longus and as parts of the m. deltoideus are misleading with regard to the ontogenetic origin of these muscles. The mm. scapulohumeralis profundus anterior and posterior, although present, have been overlooked in some studies. The mm. cleidohumeralis, supracoracoideus, and coracobrachialis are present with two parts or portions in some species, these portions have previously not always been recognized and assigned correctly.
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Soliz M, Tulli MJ, Abdala V. Relationship between myological variables and different take‐off and landing behaviours in frogs. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Soliz
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Cátedra Vertebrados CONICET‐Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa) Salta Argentina
| | - María J. Tulli
- Instituto de Herpetología, Fundación Miguel Lillo UEL‐CONICET Tucumán Argentina
| | - Virginia Abdala
- Cátedra de Biología General, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, UNT Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical (IBN), UNT‐CONICET Tucumán Argentina
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Soliz MC, Ponssa ML, Abdala V. Comparative anatomy and development of pectoral and pelvic girdles in hylid anurans. J Morphol 2018; 279:904-924. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica C. Soliz
- CONICET - Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta; Salta Argentina
| | | | - Virginia Abdala
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical, UNT-CONICET, Yerba Buena; Tucumán Argentina
- Cátedra de Biología General, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, UNT; Tucumán Argentina
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Cundall D, Fernandez E, Irish F. The suction mechanism of the pipid frog, Pipa pipa (Linnaeus, 1758). J Morphol 2017; 278:1229-1240. [PMID: 28547886 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Most suction-feeding, aquatic vertebrates create suction by rapidly enlarging the oral cavity and pharynx. Forceful enlargement of the pharynx is powered by longitudinal muscles that retract skeletal elements of the hyoid, more caudal branchial arches, and, in many fish, the pectoral girdle. This arrangement was thought to characterize all suction-feeding vertebrates. However, it does not exist in the permanently aquatic, tongueless Pipa pipa, an Amazonian frog that can catch fish. Correlating high-speed (250 and 500 fps) video records with anatomical analysis and functional tests shows that fundamental features of tetrapod body design are altered to allow P. pipa to suction-feed. In P. pipa, the hyoid apparatus is not connected to the skull and is enclosed by the pectoral girdle. The major retractor of the hyoid apparatus arises not from the pectoral girdle but from the femur, which lies largely within the soft tissue boundaries of the trunk. Retraction of the hyoid is coupled with expansion of the anterior trunk, which occurs when the hypertrophied ventral pectoral elements are depressed and the urostyle and sacral vertebra are protracted and slide forward on the pelvic girdle, thereby elongating the entire trunk. We suggest that a single, robust pair of muscles adduct the cleithra to depress the ventral pectoral elements with force, while modified tail muscles slide the axial skeleton cranially on the pelvic girdle. Combined hyoid retraction, axial protraction, and pectoral depression expand the buccopharyngeal cavity to a volume potentially equal to that of the entire resting body of the frog. Pipa may be the only tetrapod vertebrate clade that enlarges its entire trunk during suction-feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cundall
- Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, 1 W. Packer Ave, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18015-3001
| | - Edward Fernandez
- Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, 1 W. Packer Ave, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18015-3001.,Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, 401 South Broad St, Camden, New Jersey, 08103
| | - Frances Irish
- Biological Sciences, Moravian College, 1200 Main St, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 18018
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Soliz M, Tulli MJ, Abdala V. Osteological postcranial traits in hylid anurans indicate a morphological continuum between swimming and jumping locomotor modes. J Morphol 2017; 278:403-417. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Soliz
- CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa); Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Cátedra Vertebrados; Salta Argentina
| | - Maria J. Tulli
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo (UEL)-CONICET-Instituto de Herpetología; Fundación Miguel Lillo; Tucumán Argentina
| | - Virginia Abdala
- Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical (IBN)-CONICET; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Cátedra Biología General; Tucumán Argentina
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Abdala V, Ponssa ML. Life in the Slow Lane: The Effect of Reduced Mobility on Tadpole Limb Development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 295:5-17. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Piekarski N, Olsson L. A somitic contribution to the pectoral girdle in the axolotl revealed by long-term fate mapping. Evol Dev 2011; 13:47-57. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2010.00455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Espinoza J, Sanchez M, Sanchez A, Hanna P, Torrejon M, Buisine N, Sachs L, Marcellini S. Two families of Xenopus tropicalis skeletal genes display well-conserved expression patterns with mammals in spite of their highly divergent regulatory regions. Evol Dev 2010; 12:541-51. [PMID: 21040421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2010.00440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The origin of bone and cartilage, and their subsequent diversification in specific vertebrate lineages, is intimately linked to the precise transcriptional control of genes involved in matrix mineralization. It is not yet clear, however, to which extent the osteoblasts, osteocytes, and chondrocytes of each of the major vertebrate groups express similar sets of genes. In this study we have focused on the evolution of two independent families of genes that code for extracellular matrix components of the skeleton and that include secreted protein, acidic, cysteine-rich (SPARC), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) paralogues, and the osteocalcin (OC) and matrix gla protein (MGP) paralogues. Analyzing developing Xenopus tropicalis skeletal elements, we show that the expression patterns of these genes are well conserved with mammals. The fact that only a few osteoblasts express DMP1, while only some osteocytes express SPARC and BSP, reveals a significant degree of molecular heterogeneity for these two populations of X. tropicalis cells, similarly to what has been described in mouse. Although the cis-regulatory modules (CRM) of the mammalian OC, DMP1, and BSP orthologs have been functionally characterized, we found no evidence of sequence similarity between these regions and the X. tropicalis genome. Furthermore, these regulatory elements evolve rapidly, as they are only poorly conserved between human and rodents. Therefore, the SPARC/DMP1/BSP and the OC/MGP families provide a good paradigm to study how transcriptional output can be maintained in skeletal cells despite extensive sequence divergence of CRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Espinoza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
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Pomikal C, Streicher J. 4D-analysis of early pelvic girdle development in the mouse (Mus musculus). J Morphol 2010; 271:116-26. [PMID: 19658165 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The formation of limb girdles is a key-novelty in vertebrate evolution. Although the knowledge of pattern formation, genetic, and molecular analysis of limb development has prodigiously grown over the past four decades, the morphogenesis of the pelvic element, joining the appendicular with the axial skeleton has poorly been investigated. Because of their heterochrony in development and evolution, axial and appendicular skeletal elements have seldom been seen as a cojoined morphological complex. The present study examines the pelvis morphogenesis in the mouse (Mus musculus), with special focuses on the axio-appendicular linkage, the formation and number of elements, and the joint formation. Serial histological sections of specimens from Theiler stages (TH) 18-25 (Theiler, 1972) were examined using bright field microscopy. 3D-models of the growing pelvis were reconstructed from these serial sections. The generated 3D-models were subsequently integrated into a computer-animated 4D-visualization illustrating the complex developmental dynamics of the mammalian pelvis morphogenesis. The findings demonstrate that the pelvic element forms from a single mesenchymal condensation in close vicinity to the appendicular skeleton. From the early start of development the pelvic element is limb-associated, and quite lately connects to the axial skeleton. Additionally, the 4D-visualization of the entire developmental process reveals a yet unnoticed reorientation of the mouse pelvic element from an initial posteriorly oblique developmental position to a ventrally oblique definitive position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Pomikal
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Integrative Morphology Group, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Johanson Z, Kearsley A, den Blaauwen J, Newman M, Smith MM. No bones about it: an enigmatic Devonian fossil reveals a new skeletal framework--a potential role of loss of gene regulation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 21:414-23. [PMID: 19896547 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Palaeospondylus gunni (Devonian, Scotland) is an enigmatic vertebrate, assigned to various jawless and jawed groups since its original description. New sections through the whole body allow description of a novel skeletal tissue for Palaeospondylus, comprising the entire skeleton. This tissue is mineralized cartilage and is characterized by large cell spaces embedded in minimal matrix. Bone is completely absent. Calcium phosphate mineralization has a differential topography of deposition within the cartilage that reflects a biogenic origin, despite subsequent diagenetic modification. This combination of hypertrophied cell spaces surrounded by regionalized mineralized matrix differs from all other cartilage in fossil and extant vertebrates. However, it compares most closely to gnathostome endochondral bone in early developmental stages. For example, Palaeospondylus skeletal histology differs from the Devonian agnathan Euphanerops and extant lamprey cartilage. Comparison with mineralized cartilage of armored fossil agnathans and placoderms shows the histology is not comparable to globular calcified cartilage. It also differs from that in extant chondrichthyan mineralized tesserae, which is restricted to a subperichondral zone. Amongst this diversity of calcified cartilage types we discuss various interpretations, including one that implicates tissue either in developmental stasis, before osteoblasts can deposit bone, or at a phylogenetic stage when this step has not evolved. These very different hypotheses highlight difficulties in interpreting fossil ontogenies when phylogenetic relationships are uncertain. Nevertheless, we propose that the composition of the Palaeospondylus skeleton represents a fossilized ontogenetic stage of endochondral bone, a type of bone characteristic of osteichthyan vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerina Johanson
- Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
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