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Koçak M, Yazıcı MV, Akdal E, Can FC, Gezgin E. Utilization of Function Generation Synthesis on Biomimetics: A Case Study on Moray Eel Double Jaw Design. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7040145. [PMID: 36278702 PMCID: PMC9590036 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Throughout history, humans have observed living or non-living things in nature and then imitated them in relation to these observations. This is due to the fact that the energy found in nature is generally consumed at an optimal level in order for it to endure. Biomimetic inspiration in many designs and applications is widely displayed, including within the field of engineering. In this paper, we were inspired by the double set of jaws found in the moray eel, which gives this fish a huge advantage while hunting, with a mobile pharyngeal jaw that works together with its oral jaw in order to overcome ineffective suction capabilities. A procedure that mimics the hunting motion of the moray eel was utilized by considering the overall movement as a single degree of freedom with multiple outputs on account of the repeating motion that is required during hunting. This procedure includes structural and dimensioning synthesis, wherein the latter was utilized with analytic kinematic synthesis for each linkage transfer. The flexibilities in parameters were taken into account with a novel multiple iterative kinematic synthesis algorithm that resulted in various mechanisms with the same purpose. Among the excessive number of resultant mechanisms, the optimization was carried out by considering the highest torque transmission ratio at critical timings that were specified as bio-constraints. In the end, the kinematic movement validation was utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mertcan Koçak
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, 35620 İzmir, Turkey
- Correspondence:
| | - Mustafa Volkan Yazıcı
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, 35620 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Efecan Akdal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yaşar University, 35100 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Fatih Cemal Can
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, 35620 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Erkin Gezgin
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, 35620 İzmir, Turkey
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2
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Weller HI, Olsen AM, Camp AL, Manafzadeh AR, Hernandez LP, Brainerd EL. An XROMM Study of Food Transport and Swallowing in Channel Catfish. Integr Org Biol 2020; 2:obaa018. [PMID: 33791560 PMCID: PMC7750989 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most predatory ray-finned fishes swallow their food whole, which can pose a significant challenge, given that prey items can be half as large as the predators themselves. How do fish transport captured food from the mouth to the stomach? Prior work indicates that, in general, fish use the pharyngeal jaws to manipulate food into the esophagus, where peristalsis is thought to take over. We used X-Ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology to track prey transport in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). By reconstructing the 3D motions of both the food and the catfish, we were able to track how the catfish move food through the head and into the stomach. Food enters the oral cavity at high velocities as a continuation of suction and stops in the approximate location of the branchial basket before moving in a much slower, more complex path toward the esophagus. This slow phase coincides with little motion in the head and no substantial mouth opening or hyoid depression. Once the prey is in the esophagus, however, its transport is surprisingly tightly correlated with gulping motions (hyoid depression, girdle retraction, hypaxial shortening, and mouth opening) of the head. Although the transport mechanism itself remains unknown, to our knowledge, this is the first description of synchrony between cranial expansion and esophageal transport in a fish. Our results provide direct evidence of prey transport within the esophagus and suggest that peristalsis may not be the sole mechanism of esophageal transport in catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- H I Weller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - A M Olsen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - A L Camp
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - A R Manafzadeh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - L P Hernandez
- Department of Biological Science, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - E L Brainerd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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3
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Haney WA, Clark AJ, Uyeno TA. Characterization of body knotting behavior used for escape in a diversity of hagfishes. J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. A. Haney
- Department of Biology Valdosta State University Valdosta GA USA
| | - A. J. Clark
- Department of Biology College of Charleston Charleston SC USA
| | - T. A. Uyeno
- Department of Biology Valdosta State University Valdosta GA USA
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4
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Johnson GD. Revisions of Anatomical Descriptions of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in Moray Eels of the Family Muraenidae (Teleostei: Anguilliformes). COPEIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1643/ci-19-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. David Johnson
- Division of Fishes, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012 MRC 159, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012;
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5
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Cephalic specializations in relation to a second set of jaws in muraenids. Biologia (Bratisl) 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-018-0088-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Effects of prey characteristics on the feeding behaviors of an apex marine predator, the California moray ( Gymnothorax mordax). ZOOLOGY 2017; 122:80-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Konstantinidis P, Johnson GD. Osteology of the telescopefishes of the genus Gigantura(Brauer, 1901), Teleostei: Aulopiformes. Zool J Linn Soc 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Konstantinidis
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife; Oregon State University; 104 Nash Hall Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - G. David Johnson
- Division of Fishes MRC 159; Department of Vertebrate Zoology; National Museum of Natural History; P.O. Box 37012 Washington DC USA
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8
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Eagderi S, Christiaens J, Boone M, Jacobs P, Adriaens D. Functional Morphology of the Feeding Apparatus inSimenchelys parasitica(Simenchelyinae: Synaphobranchidae), an Alleged Parasitic Eel. COPEIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1643/ci-15-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dornburg A, Friedman M, Near TJ. Phylogenetic analysis of molecular and morphological data highlights uncertainty in the relationships of fossil and living species of Elopomorpha (Actinopterygii: Teleostei). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2015; 89:205-18. [PMID: 25899306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Elopomorpha is one of the three main clades of living teleost fishes and includes a range of disparate lineages including eels, tarpons, bonefishes, and halosaurs. Elopomorphs were among the first groups of fishes investigated using Hennigian phylogenetic methods and continue to be the object of intense phylogenetic scrutiny due to their economic significance, diversity, and crucial evolutionary status as the sister group of all other teleosts. While portions of the phylogenetic backbone for Elopomorpha are consistent between studies, the relationships among Albula, Pterothrissus, Notacanthiformes, and Anguilliformes remain contentious and difficult to evaluate. This lack of phylogenetic resolution is problematic as fossil lineages are often described and placed taxonomically based on an assumed sister group relationship between Albula and Pterothrissus. In addition, phylogenetic studies using morphological data that sample elopomorph fossil lineages often do not include notacanthiform or anguilliform lineages, potentially introducing a bias toward interpreting fossils as members of the common stem of Pterothrissus and Albula. Here we provide a phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences sampled from multiple nuclear genes that include representative taxa from Albula, Pterothrissus, Notacanthiformes and Anguilliformes. We integrate our molecular dataset with a morphological character matrix that spans both living and fossil elopomorph lineages. Our results reveal substantial uncertainty in the placement of Pterothrissus as well as all sampled fossil lineages, questioning the stability of the taxonomy of fossil Elopomorpha. However, despite topological uncertainty, our integration of fossil lineages into a Bayesian time calibrated framework provides divergence time estimates for the clade that are consistent with previously published age estimates based on the elopomorph fossil record and molecular estimates resulting from traditional node-dating methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Dornburg
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Matt Friedman
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Thomas J Near
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Farina SC, Near TJ, Bemis WE. Evolution of the branchiostegal membrane and restricted gill openings in Actinopterygian fishes. J Morphol 2015; 276:681-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy C. Farina
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca New York 14850
| | - Thomas J. Near
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology and Peabody Museum of Natural History; Yale University; New Haven Connecticut 06520
| | - William E. Bemis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Cornell University; Ithaca New York 14850
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11
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Collar DC, Reece JS, Alfaro ME, Wainwright PC, Mehta RS. Imperfect Morphological Convergence: Variable Changes in Cranial Structures Underlie Transitions to Durophagy in Moray Eels. Am Nat 2014; 183:E168-84. [DOI: 10.1086/675810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Histological and histochemical investigations of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus of a carp Cirrhinus mrigala. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:421-34. [PMID: 24103525 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The histological organization and histochemical aspects of the pharyngeal jaw apparatus of the Indian major carp Cirrhinus mrigala are described. The pharyngeal jaw apparatus consists of a lower pharyngeal jaw and a chewing pad. Histochemical analysis reveals that the epithelium covering the lower pharyngeal jaw is mucogenic and is involved in the secretion of different classes of glycoproteins (GPs) including GPs with oxidizable vicinal diols, GPs with O-sulphate esters and GPs with sialic acid residues with and without O-acyl substitution. Characteristically, the epithelium at irregular intervals is differentiated into simple or branched tubular pharyngeal glands, which often extend deep into the sub-epithelial tissues. Copious mucus secretion from pharyngeal glands may be associated with transportation of chewed food particles toward the esophagus. Histochemistry and fluorescence microscopy show that the epithelium covering the chewing pad is keratinized. The keratinized surface of the chewing pad may be considered to serve as an occlusion surface for the lower pharyngeal jaw teeth forming an efficient pharyngeal mill for chewing food materials.
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Wilson LAB, Colombo M, Hanel R, Salzburger W, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Ecomorphological disparity in an adaptive radiation: opercular bone shape and stable isotopes in Antarctic icefishes. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:3166-82. [PMID: 24102002 PMCID: PMC3790559 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess how ecological and morphological disparity is interrelated in the adaptive radiation of Antarctic notothenioid fish we used patterns of opercle bone evolution as a model to quantify shape disparity, phylogenetic patterns of shape evolution, and ecological correlates in the form of stable isotope values. Using a sample of 25 species including representatives from four major notothenioid clades, we show that opercle shape disparity is higher in the modern fauna than would be expected under the neutral evolution Brownian motion model. Phylogenetic comparative methods indicate that opercle shape data best fit a model of directional selection (Ornstein–Uhlenbeck) and are least supported by the “early burst” model of adaptive radiation. The main evolutionary axis of opercle shape change reflects movement from a broad and more symmetrically tapered opercle to one that narrows along the distal margin, but with only slight shape change on the proximal margin. We find a trend in opercle shape change along the benthic–pelagic axis, underlining the importance of this axis for diversification in the notothenioid radiation. A major impetus for the study of adaptive radiations is to uncover generalized patterns among different groups, and the evolutionary patterns in opercle shape among notothenioids are similar to those found among other adaptive radiations (three-spined sticklebacks) promoting the utility of this approach for assessing ecomorphological interactions on a broad scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A B Wilson
- Paläontologisches Institute und Museum Karl-Schmid Strasse 4, CH 8006, Zürich, Switzerland ; School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales High Street, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
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14
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Carvalho M, Bockmann FA, de Carvalho MR. Homology of the fifth epibranchial and accessory elements of the ceratobranchials among gnathostomes: insights from the development of ostariophysans. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62389. [PMID: 23638061 PMCID: PMC3630151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epibranchials are among the main dorsal elements of the gill basket in jawed vertebrates (Gnathostomata). Among extant fishes, chondrichthyans most resemble the putative ancestral condition as all branchial arches possess every serially homologous piece. In osteichthyans, a primitive rod-like epibranchial 5, articulated to ceratobranchial 5, is absent. Instead, epibranchial 5 of many actinopterygians is here identified as an accessory element attached to ceratobranchial 4. Differences in shape and attachment of epibranchial 5 in chondrichthyans and actinopterygians raised suspicions about their homology, prompting us to conduct a detailed study of the morphology and development of the branchial basket of three ostariophysans (Prochilodus argenteus, Characiformes; Lophiosilurus alexandri and Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, Siluriformes). Results were interpreted within a phylogenetic context of major gnathostome lineages. Developmental series strongly suggest that the so-called epibranchial 5 of actinopterygians does not belong to the epal series because it shares the same chondroblastic layer with ceratobranchial 4 and its ontogenetic emergence is considerably late. This neomorphic structure is called accessory element of ceratobranchial 4. Its distribution among gnathostomes indicates it is a teleost synapomorphy, occurring homoplastically in Polypteriformes, whereas the loss of the true epibranchial 5 is an osteichthyan synapomorphy. The origin of the accessory element of ceratobranchial 4 appears to have occurred twice in osteichthyans, but it may have a single origin; in this case, the accessory element of ceratobranchial 4 would represent a remnant of a series of elements distally attached to ceratobranchials 1-4, a condition totally or partially retained in basal actinopterygians. Situations wherein a structure is lost while a similar neomorphic element is present may lead to erroneous homology assessments; these can be avoided by detailed morphological and ontogenetic investigations interpreted in the light of well-supported phylogenetic hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murilo Carvalho
- Laboratório de Ictiologia de Ribeirão Preto (LIRP), Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PPG Biologia Comparada, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Flávio Alicino Bockmann
- Laboratório de Ictiologia de Ribeirão Preto (LIRP), Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, PPG Biologia Comparada, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rodrigues de Carvalho
- Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Eagderi S, Adriaens D. Cephalic morphology of Pythonichthys macrurus (Heterenchelyidae: Anguilliformes): specializations for head-first burrowing. J Morphol 2010; 271:1053-65. [PMID: 20730919 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The Heterenchelyidae, a family of Anguilliformes, are highly specialized fossorial eels. This study was conducted to evaluate the cranial specialization in relation to head-first burrowing behavior in the heterenchelyid, Pythonichthys macrurus. Thereby, detailed descriptions are provided of the cranial myology and osteology of P. macrurus and its differences with that of representatives of three families: the Moringuidae (Moringua edwardsi), a head-first burrower; the Anguillidae (Anguilla anguilla), a nonburrowing representative and the Ophichthidae (Pisodonophis boro), a head and tail-first burrower. This comparison may help to get a better understanding of the cranial specialization of head-first burrowers in heterenchelyids and moringuids. We recognize as morphological adaptations to burrowing: reduced eye size, a caudoventral orientation of the anteromedial section of the adductor mandibulae muscle complex, the posterior position of the quadrate-mandibular joint, a solid conical skull, large insertion sites of epaxial and hypaxial muscle on the neurocranium, a widened cephalic lateral line canals extending into the dermal cavities, and a ventral position of the gill opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheil Eagderi
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Mehta RS, Ward AB, Alfaro ME, Wainwright PC. Elongation of the Body in Eels. Integr Comp Biol 2010; 50:1091-105. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icq075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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17
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Adriaens D, Herrel A. Functional consequences of extreme morphologies in the craniate trophic system. Physiol Biochem Zool 2009; 82:1-6. [PMID: 19061414 DOI: 10.1086/594382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Extreme morphologies are often associated with extreme demands on performance in a given ecological setting. Even though such extreme morphologies are relatively rare, the craniate trophic system provides many examples of this evolutionary trend despite its highly integrated nature and intrinsic complexity. In this article, as an introduction to the special issue on functional consequences of extreme adaptations of the trophic apparatus in craniates, we survey case studies highlighting the occurrence of extreme morphologies in the trophic system in craniates and briefly review a number of associated conceptual issues: (1) Are extreme morphologies associated with constrained functional versatility? (2) Do high-performance systems necessarily involve extreme morphological adaptations? and (3) Do extreme morphologies limit functional and ecological capacities? An overview of the case studies presented here shows that the craniate trophic system is a suitable model system to explore the evolution of extreme morphologies but currently provides no clear-cut answers to conceptual issues addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Adriaens
- Evolutionary Morphology of Vertebrates, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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