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Yang C, Wang X, Zhang H, Kou Z, Gao Y, He Y, Liu B. Microscopical observations on the regenerating tail of tsinling dwarf skink (Scincella tsinlingensis). Micron 2022; 154:103215. [PMID: 35051802 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2022.103215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the key steps of tail regeneration in lizards are well understood, further investigations involving skinks can provide the field of regeneration research with additional information. In order to characterize the cytoarchitecture of tail regeneration in Scincella tsinlingensis, an endemic species in China, its histological events and growth trends are investigated. The rate of tail regeneration varies with the season: it proceeds faster in summer and autumn than it does in winter and spring. Tail regeneration of S. tsinlingensis is summarized as wound healing, blastema formation, cell differentiation and tail growth, which can be subdivided into seven stages. Wound healing following tail loss, begins with an obvious outgrowth undergoing re-epithelialization. Numerous proliferating mesenchymal-like cells aggregate near the distal end of the severed spinal cord to form the blastema. The expanding blastema is invaded by blood vessels, nerves and ependyma. A cartilaginous skeleton is formed around the ependymal tube and the muscle starts to differentiate. The keratinization of epidermis coincides with scale formation. Pigmentation eventually occurs in the regenerated tail. Tail regeneration in S. tsinlingensis is an epimorphic kind of regeneration that is also known as blastema-mediated. Structure and composition of the regenerated tail, including its cytoarchitecture, represent a conserved pattern of regeneration also known from other lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, No. 339, Taiyu Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi Province, PR China.
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, No. 339, Taiyu Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, No. 339, Taiyu Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Zhaoting Kou
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, No. 339, Taiyu Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yanyan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, No. 339, Taiyu Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Yijie He
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi Normal University, No. 339, Taiyu Road, Xiaodian District, Taiyuan, 030031 Shanxi Province, PR China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, 723000 Shaanxi Province, PR China.
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Liu Z, Huang S, Xu M, Zhang W, Guan T, Wang Q, Liu M, Yao J, Liu Y. The vascularization, innervation and myogenesis of early regenerated tail in Gekko japonicus. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:1189-1204. [PMID: 34676488 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Many species of lizards are capable of tail regeneration. There has been increased interest in the study of lizard tail regeneration in recent years as it is an amenable regeneration model for amniotes. In this study, Gekko japonicus was used as a model to investigate the initiation of vascularization, innervation and myogenesis during tail regeneration. We found that angiogenesis and axon regeneration occurred almost simultaneously within 4 days post amputation. The results showed that the endothelial cells of the original vasculature proliferated and extended into the blastema as capillary vessels, which inter-connected to form a capillary network. The nerve fibers innervated the regenerated tissue from the original spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia, and the fiber bundles increased during 14 days. Regenerating muscle tissues emerged 2 weeks after amputation. PAX3 and PAX7 expression were detected during myogenesis, with PAX7 showing a continuous increase in expression from day 3 until the day 14, whereas PAX3 reached a peak level on day 10 day post amputation, and then declined quickly to level as normal control on day 14. PCNA and PAX3 double-positive satellite cells were observed in the original rostral tissues, indicating the involvement of satellite cell proliferation during tail regeneration. Taken together, these data suggest that tail regeneration in Gekko japonicus involved rapid angiogenesis from the beginning to the day 10 and followed by capillary remodeling. The innervation of regenerated tail was significant on day 4 and increased gradually during regeneration, while the regenerated muscle tissues was obvious on day 14 after amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Man Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tuchen Guan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Yao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu Province and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Dai H, Chen Y, Dai W, Hu Z, Li M, Zhang W, Xie F, Wei W, Guo R, Zhang G. Design and Mechanism of a Self-Powered and Disintegration-Reorganization-Regeneration Power Supply with Cold Resistance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101239. [PMID: 34137091 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Up to now, power supplies designed based on the electrochemical reaction principle have had unavoidable defects, in that a complete redox reaction must be formed inside the power supply to operate normally, which makes it unable to be reconstructed and regenerated. Hence, the design and interpretation of this self-powered and disintegration-reorganization-regeneration power supply are generally considered to be almost insurmountable obstacles to haunt both experimenters and theorists. Herein, a self-powered and disintegration-reorganization-regeneration power supply with relatively stable discharge for 8.3 h is realized by the principle of ion-selective diffusion, which regenerates by radical polymerization. Additionally, the mechanism is investigated systematically by molecular dynamics simulation, and this power supply with a variety of self-powered and disintegration-reorganization-regeneration units can discharge continuously at freezing temperatures and variable temperature (0-25 °C). As a hypothetical model, a self-powered and deformable arch bridge with disintegration and reorganization is fabricated. In the future, this power supply is expected to be applied in prosthetic limbs, bionic skins, implantable power supplies, mobile phones, portable computers, wearable devices, etc. Moreover, with the improvement of the stability and discharge life, it could promote major revolutionary breakthroughs in the fields of intelligent industrial automation, smart buildings, intelligent transportation systems, intelligent power systems, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Dai
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors, Shanghai, 518055, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wenqing Dai
- College of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Min Li
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wanlu Zhang
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fengxian Xie
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ruiqian Guo
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of Hemidactylus frenatus during initial stages of tail regeneration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3675. [PMID: 33574494 PMCID: PMC7878758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Epimorphic regeneration of appendages is a complex and complete phenomenon found in selected animals. Hemidactylus frenatus, house gecko has the remarkable ability to regenerate the tail tissue upon autotomy involving epimorphic regeneration mechanism. This study has identified and evaluated the molecular changes at gene and protein level during the initial stages, i.e., during the wound healing and repair mechanism initiation stage of tail regeneration. Based on next generation transcriptomics and De novo analysis the transcriptome library of the gecko tail tissue was generated. A total of 254 genes and 128 proteins were found to be associated with the regeneration of gecko tail tissue upon amputation at 1, 2 and 5-day post amputation (dpa) against control, 0-dpa through differential transcriptomic and proteomic analysis. To authenticate the expression analysis, 50 genes were further validated involving RTPCR. 327 genes/proteins identified and mapped from the study showed association for Protein kinase A signaling, Telomerase BAG2 signaling, paxillin signaling, VEGF signaling network pathways based on network pathway analysis. This study empanelled list of transcriptome, proteome and the list of genes/proteins associated with the tail regeneration.
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Degan M, Dalla Valle L, Alibardi L. Gene expression in regenerating and scarring tails of lizard evidences three main key genes (wnt2b, egfl6, and arhgap28) activated during the regulated process of tail regeneration. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:3-17. [PMID: 32852660 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We have analyzed the expression of key genes orchestrating tail regeneration in lizard under normal and scarring conditions after cauterization. At 1-day post-cauterization (1 dpc), the injured blastema contains degenerating epithelial and mesenchymal cells, numerous mast cells, and immune cells. At 3 and 7 dpc, a stratified wound epidermis is forming while fibrocytes give rise to a scarring connective tissue. Oncogenes such as wnt2b, egfl6, wnt6, and mycn and the tumor suppressor arhgap28 are much more expressed than other oncogenes (hmga2, rhov, fgf8, fgfr4, tert, shh) and tumor suppressors (apcdd1, p63, rb, fat2, bcl11b) in the normal blastema and at 7 dpc. Blastemas at 3 dpc feature the lowest upregulation of most genes, likely derived from damage after cauterization. Immunomodulator genes nfatc4 and lef1 are more expressed at 7 dpc than in normal blastema and 3 dpc suggesting the induction of immune response favoring scarring. Balanced over-expression of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and immune modulator genes determines regulation of cell proliferation (anti-oncogenic), of movement (anti-metastatic), and immunosuppression in the normal blastema. Significant higher expression of oncogenes wnt2b and egfl6 in normal blastema and higher expression of the tumor suppressor arhgap28 in the 7 dpc blastema indicate that they are among the key/master genes that determine the regulated regeneration of the tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Degan
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova, Padua, Italy.
- Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Via Semi 3, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
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Lebedeva L, Zhumabayeva B, Gebauer T, Kisselev I, Aitasheva Z. Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) as a Model for Understanding the Process of Caudal Fin Regeneration. Zebrafish 2020; 17:359-372. [PMID: 33259770 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2020.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
After its introduction for scientific investigation in the 1950s, the cypriniform zebrafish, Danio rerio, has become a valuable model for the study of regenerative processes and mechanisms. Zebrafish exhibit epimorphic regeneration, in which a nondifferentiated cell mass formed after amputation is able to fully regenerate lost tissue such as limbs, heart muscle, brain, retina, and spinal cord. The process of limb regeneration in zebrafish comprises several stages characterized by the activation of specific signaling pathways and gene expression. We review current research on key factors in limb regeneration using zebrafish as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Lebedeva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, The Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Beibitgul Zhumabayeva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, The Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Tatyana Gebauer
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ilya Kisselev
- Institute of General Genetics and Cytology, Almaty, The Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Zaure Aitasheva
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, The Republic of Kazakhstan
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Cadiz L, Jonz MG. A comparative perspective on lung and gill regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/19/jeb226076. [PMID: 33037099 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.226076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ability to continuously grow and regenerate the gills throughout life is a remarkable property of fish and amphibians. Considering that gill regeneration was first described over one century ago, it is surprising that the underlying mechanisms of cell and tissue replacement in the gills remain poorly understood. By contrast, the mammalian lung is a largely quiescent organ in adults but is capable of facultative regeneration following injury. In the course of the past decade, it has been recognized that lungs contain a population of stem or progenitor cells with an extensive ability to restore tissue; however, despite recent advances in regenerative biology of the lung, the signaling pathways that underlie regeneration are poorly understood. In this Review, we discuss the common evolutionary and embryological origins shared by gills and mammalian lungs. These are evident in homologies in tissue structure, cell populations, cellular function and genetic pathways. An integration of the literature on gill and lung regeneration in vertebrates is presented using a comparative approach in order to outline the challenges that remain in these areas, and to highlight the importance of using aquatic vertebrates as model organisms. The study of gill regeneration in fish and amphibians, which have a high regenerative potential and for which genetic tools are widely available, represents a unique opportunity to uncover common signaling mechanisms that may be important for regeneration of respiratory organs in all vertebrates. This may lead to new advances in tissue repair following lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cadiz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
| | - Michael G Jonz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1N 6N5
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Alibardi L, Borsetti F. Immunolabelling for RhoV and actin in early regenerating tail of the lizard
Podarcis muralis
suggests involvement in epithelial and mesenchymal cell motility. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology of University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Francesca Borsetti
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology of University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Bardi E, Vetere A, Aquaro V, Lubian E, Lauzi S, Ravasio G, Zani DD, Manfredi M, Tecilla M, Roccabianca P, Romussi S. Use of Thrombocyte–Leukocyte-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Chronic Oral Cavity Disorders in Reptiles: Two Case Reports. J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Therapeutic potential of endogenous stem cells and cellular factors for scar-free skin regeneration. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:69-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Alibardi L. Review: The Regenerating Tail Blastema of Lizards as a Model to Study Organ Regeneration and Tumor Growth Regulation in Amniotes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:1469-1490. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology at University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) has central roles in tissue integrity and remodeling throughout the life span of animals. While collagens are the most abundant structural components of ECM in most tissues, tissue-specific molecular complexity is contributed by ECM glycoproteins. The matricellular glycoproteins are categorized primarily according to functional criteria and represented predominantly by the thrombospondin, tenascin, SPARC/osteonectin, and CCN families. These proteins do not self-assemble into ECM fibrils; nevertheless, they shape ECM properties through interactions with structural ECM proteins, growth factors, and cells. Matricellular proteins also promote cell migration or morphological changes through adhesion-modulating or counter-adhesive actions on cell-ECM adhesions, intracellular signaling, and the actin cytoskeleton. Typically, matricellular proteins are most highly expressed during embryonic development. In adult tissues, expression is more limited unless activated by cues for dynamic tissue remodeling and cell motility, such as occur during inflammatory response and wound repair. Many insights in the complex roles of matricellular proteins have been obtained from studies of gene knockout mice. However, with the exception of chordate-specific tenascins, these are highly conserved proteins that are encoded in many animal phyla. This review will consider the increasing body of research on matricellular proteins in nonmammalian animal models. These models provide better access to the very earliest stages of embryonic development and opportunities to study biological processes such as limb and organ regeneration. In aggregate, this research is expanding concepts of the functions and mechanisms of action of matricellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine C Adams
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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Developmental and adult-specific processes contribute to de novo neuromuscular regeneration in the lizard tail. Dev Biol 2017; 433:287-296. [PMID: 29291978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves exhibit robust regenerative capabilities in response to selective injury among amniotes, but the regeneration of entire muscle groups following volumetric muscle loss is limited in birds and mammals. In contrast, lizards possess the remarkable ability to regenerate extensive de novo muscle after tail loss. However, the mechanisms underlying reformation of the entire neuromuscular system in the regenerating lizard tail are not completely understood. We have tested whether the regeneration of the peripheral nerve and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) recapitulate processes observed during normal neuromuscular development in the green anole, Anolis carolinensis. Our data confirm robust axonal outgrowth during early stages of tail regeneration and subsequent NMJ formation within weeks of autotomy. Interestingly, NMJs are overproduced as evidenced by a persistent increase in NMJ density 120 and 250 days post autotomy (DPA). Substantial Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) expression could also be detected along regenerating nerves indicating that the ability of Schwann cells to myelinate newly formed axons remained intact. Overall, our data suggest that the mechanism of de novo nerve and NMJ reformation parallel, in part, those observed during neuromuscular development. However, the prolonged increase in NMJ number and aberrant muscle differentiation hint at processes specific to the adult response. An examination of the coordinated exchange between peripheral nerves, Schwann cells, and newly synthesized muscle of the regenerating neuromuscular system may assist in the identification of candidate molecules that promote neuromuscular recovery in organisms incapable of a robust regenerative response.
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Jacyniak K, McDonald RP, Vickaryous MK. Tail regeneration and other phenomena of wound healing and tissue restoration in lizards. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:2858-2869. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.126862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Wound healing is a fundamental evolutionary adaptation with two possible outcomes: scar formation or reparative regeneration. Scars participate in re-forming the barrier with the external environment and restoring homeostasis to injured tissues, but are well understood to represent dysfunctional replacements. In contrast, reparative regeneration is a tissue-specific program that near-perfectly replicates that which was lost or damaged. Although regeneration is best known from salamanders (including newts and axolotls) and zebrafish, it is unexpectedly widespread among vertebrates. For example, mice and humans can replace their digit tips, while many lizards can spontaneously regenerate almost their entire tail. Whereas the phenomenon of lizard tail regeneration has long been recognized, many details of this process remain poorly understood. All of this is beginning to change. This Review provides a comparative perspective on mechanisms of wound healing and regeneration, with a focus on lizards as an emerging model. Not only are lizards able to regrow cartilage and the spinal cord following tail loss, some species can also regenerate tissues after full-thickness skin wounds to the body, transections of the optic nerve and even lesions to parts of the brain. Current investigations are advancing our understanding of the biological requirements for successful tissue and organ repair, with obvious implications for biomedical sciences and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Jacyniak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Rebecca P. McDonald
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Matthew K. Vickaryous
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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