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Achary AS, Mahapatra C. Reactive nitrogen species-mediated cell proliferation during tail regeneration and retinoic acid as a putative modulator of tissue regeneration in the geckos. Cells Dev 2024; 177:203901. [PMID: 38278363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen species (RNS), a mediator of nitrosative stress, plays a vital role during wound healing but its role during tissue regeneration is poorly understood. In the present study, the role of RNS was investigated post-tail autotomy and limb amputation in a gecko species, Hemidactylus murrayi Gleadow, 1887. Tail autotomy led to an increased expression of iNOS and nitrosative stress leading to protein S-nitrosylation that probably restricted the acute inflammatory response caused by wounding. Increased nitrosative stress was also associated with proliferation of the wound epithelium and the tail blastema. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) caused retarded growth and structural abnormalities in the regenerating tail while peroxynitrite inhibitor (FeTmPyp) arrested tail regeneration. Spermine NONOate and retinoic acid, used as NO donors generated small outgrowths post-amputation of limbs with an increased number of proliferating cells and s-nitrosylation indicating the role of nitric oxide signalling in cell proliferation during regeneration. Additionally, retinoic acid treatment caused regeneration of nerve, muscle and adipose tissue in the regenerated limb structure 105 days post-amputation suggesting it to be a putative modulator of tissue regeneration in the non-regenerating limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sarada Achary
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada 757003, Odisha, India.
| | - Cuckoo Mahapatra
- P.G. Department of Zoology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanja Deo University, Baripada 757003, Odisha, India.
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2
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Alibardi L. Immunolocalization of lix1 in the regenerating tail of lizard indicates that the protein is mainly present in the nervous tissue. Acta Histochem 2023; 125:152113. [PMID: 37948784 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2023.152113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lizard regeneration derives from the re-activation of a number of developmental genes after tail amputation. Among genes with the highest expression, as indicated from the transcriptome, is lix1 which functional role is not known. METHOD An antibody that cross-reacts with the lizard Podarcis muralis lix1 has been utilized to detect by immunofluorescence the sites of localization of the protein in the regenerating tail. RESULTS Lix1-protein is almost exclusively localized in the regenerating spinal cord (ependyma) and nerves growing into the blastema, in sparse blastema cells but is undetectable in other tissues. CONCLUSIONS Since the spinal cord is essential to stimulate tail regeneration it is hypothesized that the lix1 protein is part of the signaling or growing factors produced from the regenerating spinal cord that are needed for tail regeneration of the lizard tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology of the University of Bologna, Italy.
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3
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Vonk AC, Zhao X, Pan Z, Hudnall ML, Oakes CG, Lopez GA, Hasel-Kolossa SC, Kuncz AWC, Sengelmann SB, Gamble DJ, Lozito TP. Single-cell analysis of lizard blastema fibroblasts reveals phagocyte-dependent activation of Hedgehog-responsive chondrogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4489. [PMID: 37563130 PMCID: PMC10415409 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lizards cannot naturally regenerate limbs but are the closest known relatives of mammals capable of epimorphic tail regrowth. However, the mechanisms regulating lizard blastema formation and chondrogenesis remain unclear. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing analysis of regenerating lizard tails identifies fibroblast and phagocyte populations linked to cartilage formation. Pseudotime trajectory analyses suggest spp1+-activated fibroblasts as blastema cell sources, with subsets exhibiting sulf1 expression and chondrogenic potential. Tail blastema, but not limb, fibroblasts express sulf1 and form cartilage under Hedgehog signaling regulation. Depletion of phagocytes inhibits blastema formation, but treatment with pericytic phagocyte-conditioned media rescues blastema chondrogenesis and cartilage formation in amputated limbs. The results indicate a hierarchy of phagocyte-induced fibroblast gene activations during lizard blastema formation, culminating in sulf1+ pro-chondrogenic populations singularly responsive to Hedgehog signaling. These properties distinguish lizard blastema cells from homeostatic and injury-stimulated fibroblasts and indicate potential actionable targets for inducing regeneration in other species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel C Vonk
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Xiaofan Zhao
- Molecular Genomics Core, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1441 Eastlake Ave, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Zheyu Pan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Megan L Hudnall
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Conrad G Oakes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Gabriela A Lopez
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Sarah C Hasel-Kolossa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Alexander W C Kuncz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Sasha B Sengelmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Darian J Gamble
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Thomas P Lozito
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1425 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 Alcazar St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Alibardi L. The regenerating tail of lizard transits through a tumour‐like stage represented by the regenerative blastema. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dong Z, Coates D. Bioactive Molecular Discovery Using Deer Antlers as a Model of Mammalian Regeneration. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2167-2181. [PMID: 33769828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability to activate and regulate stem cells during wound healing and tissue regeneration is a promising field that is resulting in innovative approaches in the field of regenerative medicine. The regenerative capacity of invertebrates has been well documented; however, in mammals, stem cells that drive organ regeneration are rare. Deer antlers are the only known mammalian structure that can annually regenerate to produce a tissue containing dermis, blood vessels, nerves, cartilage, and bone. The neural crest derived stem cells that drive this process result in antlers growing at up to 2 cm/day. Deer antlers thus provide superior attributes compared to lower-order animal models, when investigating the regulation of stem cell-based regeneration. Antler stem cells can therefore be used as a model to investigate the bioactive molecules, biological processes, and pathways involved in the maintenance of a stem cell niche, and their activation and differentiation during organ formation. This review examines stem cell-based regeneration with a focus on deer antlers, a neural crest stem cell-based mammalian regenerative structure. It then discusses the omics technical platforms highlighting the proteomics approaches used for investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell regulation in antler tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dong
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Dawn Coates
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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Daponte V, Tylzanowski P, Forlino A. Appendage Regeneration in Vertebrates: What Makes This Possible? Cells 2021; 10:cells10020242. [PMID: 33513779 PMCID: PMC7911911 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to regenerate amputated or injured tissues and organs is a fascinating property shared by several invertebrates and, interestingly, some vertebrates. The mechanism of evolutionary loss of regeneration in mammals is not understood, yet from the biomedical and clinical point of view, it would be very beneficial to be able, at least partially, to restore that capability. The current availability of new experimental tools, facilitating the comparative study of models with high regenerative ability, provides a powerful instrument to unveil what is needed for a successful regeneration. The present review provides an updated overview of multiple aspects of appendage regeneration in three vertebrates: lizard, salamander, and zebrafish. The deep investigation of this process points to common mechanisms, including the relevance of Wnt/β-catenin and FGF signaling for the restoration of a functional appendage. We discuss the formation and cellular origin of the blastema and the identification of epigenetic and cellular changes and molecular pathways shared by vertebrates capable of regeneration. Understanding the similarities, being aware of the differences of the processes, during lizard, salamander, and zebrafish regeneration can provide a useful guide for supporting effective regenerative strategies in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Daponte
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Antonella Forlino
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3/B, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-987235
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Alibardi L. Appendage regeneration in anamniotes utilizes genes active during larval-metamorphic stages that have been lost or altered in amniotes: The case for studying lizard tail regeneration. J Morphol 2020; 281:1358-1381. [PMID: 32865265 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review elaborates the idea that organ regeneration derives from specific evolutionary histories of vertebrates. Regenerative ability depends on genomic regulation of genes specific to the life-cycles that have differentially evolved in anamniotes and amniotes. In aquatic environments, where fish and amphibians live, one or multiple metamorphic transitions occur before the adult stage is reached. Each transition involves the destruction and remodeling of larval organs that are replaced with adult organs. After organ injury or loss in adult anamniotes, regeneration uses similar genes and developmental process than those operating during larval growth and metamorphosis. Therefore, the broad presence of regenerative capability across anamniotes is possible because generating new organs is included in their life history at metamorphic stages. Soft hyaluronate-rich regenerative blastemas grow in submersed or in hydrated environments, that is, essential conditions for regeneration, like during development. In adult anamniotes, the ability to regenerate different organs decreases in comparison to larval stages and becomes limited during aging. Comparisons of genes activated during metamorphosis and regeneration in anamniotes identify key genes unique to these processes, and include thyroid, wnt and non-coding RNAs developmental pathways. In the terrestrial environment, some genes or developmental pathways for metamorphic transitions were lost during amniote evolution, determining loss of regeneration. Among amniotes, the formation of soft and hydrated blastemas only occurs in lizards, a morphogenetic process that evolved favoring their survival through tail autotomy, leading to a massive although imperfect regeneration of the tail. Deciphering genes activity during lizard tail regeneration would address future attempts to recreate in other amniotes regenerative blastemas that grow into variably completed organs.
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Dong Z, Haines S, Coates D. Proteomic Profiling of Stem Cell Tissues during Regeneration of Deer Antler: A Model of Mammalian Organ Regeneration. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1760-1775. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Dong
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen Haines
- Proteins & Metabolites, AgResearch Lincoln Research Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Dawn Coates
- Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Byrne M. The Link between Autotomy and CNS Regeneration: Echinoderms as Non‐Model Species for Regenerative Biology. Bioessays 2020; 42:e1900219. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201900219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Byrne
- School of Medical Sciences and School of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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10
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Alibardi L, Borsetti F. Immunolabelling for RhoV and actin in early regenerating tail of the lizard
Podarcis muralis
suggests involvement in epithelial and mesenchymal cell motility. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology of University of Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Francesca Borsetti
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology of University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Alibardi L. Tail regeneration in Lepidosauria as an exception to the generalized lack of organ regeneration in amniotes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2019; 336:145-164. [PMID: 31532061 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present review hypothesizes that during the transition from water to land, amniotes lost part of the genetic program for metamorphosis utilized in larvae of their amphibian ancestors, a program that in extant fish and amphibians allows organ regeneration. The direct development of amniotes, with their growth from embryos to adults, occurred with the elimination of larval stages, increases the efficiency of immune responses and the complexity of nervous circuits. In amniotes, T-cells and macrophages likely eliminate embryonic-larval antigens that are replaced with the definitive antigens of adult organs. Among lepidosaurians numerous lizard families during the Permian and Triassic evolved the process of tail autotomy to escape predation, followed by tail regeneration. Autotomy limits inflammation allowing the formation of a regenerative blastema rich in the immunosuppressant and hygroscopic hyaluronic acid. Expression loss of developmental genes for metamorphosis and segmentation in addition to an effective immune system, determined an imperfect regeneration of the tail. Genes involved in somitogenesis were likely lost or are inactivated and the axial skeleton and muscles of the original tail are replaced with a nonsegmented cartilaginous tube and segmental myotomes. Lack of neural genes, negative influence of immune system, and isolation of the regenerating spinal cord within the cartilaginous tube impede the production of nerve and glial cells, and a stratified spinal cord with ganglia. Tissue and organ regeneration in other body regions of lizards and other reptiles is relatively limited, like in the other amniotes, although the cartilage shows a higher regenerative capability than in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Imani M, Kazemi S, Saviz M, Farahmand L, Sadeghi B, Faraji-Dana R. Morphological Changes Induced By Extremely Low-Frequency Electric Fields. Bioelectromagnetics 2019; 40:375-390. [PMID: 31157927 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, morphological effects of electric fields on avian erythrocytes (nucleated red blood cells) have been studied in detail. Morphological changes include rounding and cytoplasm transparency. It has been shown that the effect is non-thermal. Careful imaging and image analyses have been carried out to show that the degree of this effect is frequency-dependent, and has a higher conversion rate at higher temperatures. Furthermore, to better understand the mechanisms behind the morphological changes, we investigated the dedifferentiation hypothesis and performed a series of tests on avian erythrocytes including fluorescence spectroscopy for hemoglobin, and tests on human umbilical cord blood, mesenchymal stem cells, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells including flow-cytometry analysis for expression of certain markers and calcium staining. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;40:375-390. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Imani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepide Kazemi
- Department of Immunotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Saviz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Department of Recombinant Proteins, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnam Sadeghi
- Department of Immunotherapy and Regenerative Medicine, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Faraji-Dana
- INSF Chair of Computational Electromagnetics and Bio-electromagnetics, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Alibardi L. Review: The Regenerating Tail Blastema of Lizards as a Model to Study Organ Regeneration and Tumor Growth Regulation in Amniotes. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:1469-1490. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology at University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Alibardi L. Perspective: Appendage regeneration in amphibians and some reptiles derived from specific evolutionary histories. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 330:396-405. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative HistolabPadova Italy
- Department of BiologyUniversity of BolognaBologna Italy
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