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Khude R, Huxley J, Hunter S, Wightman P, Gartrell BD. Cardiac morphology of North Island brown kiwi ( Apteryx mantelli). N Z Vet J 2023; 71:109-115. [PMID: 36519293 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2022.2158955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the cardiac anatomy of North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) through heart morphometric parameters measured at post-mortem examination. METHODS Morphometric cardiac parameters were established at post-mortem examination of 20 North Island brown kiwi. Birds were classified by gender and age (chicks vs. adults). Measurements included: body mass, heart mass, sternal length, midpoint thickness of left ventricular free wall, midpoint thickness of right ventricular free wall and ratios of heart mass to body mass, left ventricular length to sternal length, right ventricular length to sternal length, length of left ventricle to right ventricle, interventricular septal thickness relative to the sternal length and interventricular septal thickness relative to the left ventricular length. Unadjusted estimates of the median difference and their 95% CI were then reported at each age and sex for all the cardiac morphometric parameters and their ratios. RESULTS The small sample size led to wide 95% CI for the median difference between gender and age for the cardiac morphometric measurements. Nevertheless, between adult female and male kiwi, the estimated population median differences for heart mass (2.2 (95% CI = -2.9-5.6) g), length (1.2 (95% CI = -2.2-5.6) mm), width (6.1 (95% CI = -1.0-8.2) mm), left ventricular free wall length (5.5 (95% CI = -0.5-8.8) mm) and right ventricular free wall length (2.6 (95% CI = -3.7-6.9) mm) were established. In adult North Island brown kiwi, the heart mass is 0.8 (95% CI = 0.7-0.8)% of the body mass. CONCLUSIONS The precision of the differences noted in heart measurements recorded between male and female kiwi at each age was limited by the low sample size available for this study. This led to wide CI and an inability to adjust differences observed for gender by differences in other confounders such as body size. With this caveat, there is weak evidence that adult female kiwi have a larger heart size and mass than the adult males. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results can be used to improve the diagnosis of cardiac disease in kiwi at post-mortem examination and aid in interpretation of the results of echocardiography in live birds for the antemortem diagnosis of cardiac disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Khude
- Tāwharau Ora-School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J Huxley
- Apex Cardiology, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - S Hunter
- Tāwharau Ora-School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - P Wightman
- Tāwharau Ora-School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - B D Gartrell
- Tāwharau Ora-School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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2
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Chang YH, Sheftel BI, Jensen B. Anatomy of the heart with the highest heart rate. J Anat 2022; 241:173-190. [PMID: 35128670 PMCID: PMC9178362 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Shrews occupy the lower extreme of the seven orders of magnitude mammals range in size. Their hearts are large relative to body weight and heart rate can exceed a thousand beats a minute. It is not known whether traits typical of mammal hearts scale to these extremes. We assessed the heart of three species of shrew (genus Sorex) following the sequential segmental analysis developed for human hearts. Using micro‐computed tomography, we describe the overall structure and find, in agreement with previous studies, a large and elongate ventricle. The atrial and ventricular septums and the atrioventricular (AV) and arterial valves are typically mammalian. The ventricular walls comprise mostly compact myocardium and especially the right ventricle has few trabeculations on the luminal side. A developmental process of compaction is thought to reduce trabeculations in mammals, but in embryonic shrews the volume of trabeculations increase for every gestational stage, only slower than the compact volume. By expression of Hcn4, we identify a sinus node and an AV conduction axis which is continuous with the ventricular septal crest. Outstanding traits include pulmonary venous sleeve myocardium that reaches farther into the lungs than in any other mammals. Typical proportions of coronary arteries‐to‐aorta do not scale and the shrew coronary arteries are proportionally enormous, presumably to avoid the high resistance to blood flow of narrow vessels. In conclusion, most cardiac traits do scale to the miniscule shrews. The shrew heart, nevertheless, stands out by its relative size, elongation, proportionally large coronary vessels, and extent of pulmonary venous myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hee Chang
- Department of Medical Biology University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Boris I. Sheftel
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS (Russian Academy of Sciences) Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam The Netherlands
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3
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Filatova TS, Abramochkin DV, Pavlova NS, Pustovit KB, Konovalova OP, Kuzmin VS, Dobrzynski H. Repolarizing potassium currents in working myocardium of Japanese quail: a novel translational model for cardiac electrophysiology. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 255:110919. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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4
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Offerhaus JA, Snelderwaard PC, Algül S, Faber JW, Riebel K, Jensen B, Boukens BJ. High heart rate associated early repolarization causes J-waves in both zebra finch and mouse. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14775. [PMID: 33709567 PMCID: PMC7953022 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High heart rates are a feature of small endothermic—or warm‐blooded—mammals and birds. In small mammals, the QT interval is short, and local ventricular recordings reveal early repolarization that coincides with the J‐wave on the ECG, a positive deflection following the QRS complex. Early repolarization contributes to short QT‐intervals thereby enabling brief cardiac cycles and high heart rates. We therefore hypothesized high hearts rates associate with early repolarization and J‐waves on the ECG of endothermic birds. We tested this hypothesis by comparing isolated hearts of zebra finches and mice and recorded pseudo‐ECGs and optical action potentials (zebra finch, n = 8; mouse, n = 8). In both species, heart rate exceeded 300 beats per min, and total ventricular activation was fast (QRS < 10 ms). Ventricular activation progressed from the left to the right ventricle in zebra finch, whereas it progressed from apex‐to‐base in mouse. In both species, the early repolarization front followed the activation front, causing a positive J‐wave in the pseudo‐ECG. Inhibition of early repolarization by 4‐aminopyridine reduced J‐wave amplitude in both species. Action potential duration was similar between ventricles in zebra finch, whereas in mouse the left ventricular action potential was longer. Accordingly, late repolarization had opposite directions in zebra finch (left‐right) and mouse (right‐left). This caused a similar direction for the zebra finch J‐wave and T‐wave, whereas in the mouse they were discordant. Our findings demonstrate that early repolarization and the associated J‐wave may have evolved by convergence in association with high heart rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost A Offerhaus
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Sila Algül
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaeike W Faber
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Katharina Riebel
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J Boukens
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Tiporlini V, Ahderom S, Pratten P, Alameh K. Advanced fully integrated radiofrequency/optical-coherence-tomography irrigated catheter for atrial fibrillation ablation. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2021; 14:e202000243. [PMID: 33150714 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The inability of current catheter ablation procedures to accurately monitor lesion formation limits their safety and efficacy. An advanced fully integrated radiofrequency (RF)/optical coherence tomography (OCT) ablation catheter is developed, which enables real-time monitoring during ablation. An OCT fiber array is especially designed, developed and integrated into an off-the-shelf irrigated RF ablation catheter. In-vitro experimental studies performed on poultry and ovine hearts demonstrate the ability of the integrated RF/OCT system to provide information on the quality and orientation of catheter/wall contact. Experimental results show that adipose tissue can be accurately identified from normal myocardial tissue with 94% accuracy and lesion formation is monitored with an overall accuracy of 93%. The ability to predict pop events is also demonstrated, with an accuracy of 86%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Tiporlini
- Electron Science Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Selam Ahderom
- Electron Science Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Pratten
- Electron Science Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- Lazcath PTY LTD, Mosman Park, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kamal Alameh
- Electron Science Research Institute, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
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Jensen B, Christoffels VM. Reptiles as a Model System to Study Heart Development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037226. [PMID: 31712265 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A chambered heart is common to all vertebrates, but reptiles show unparalleled variation in ventricular septation, ranging from almost absent in tuataras to full in crocodilians. Because mammals and birds evolved independently from reptile lineages, studies on reptile development may yield insight into the evolution and development of the full ventricular septum. Compared with reptiles, mammals and birds have evolved several other adaptations, including compact chamber walls and a specialized conduction system. These adaptations appear to have evolved from precursor structures that can be studied in present-day reptiles. The increase in the number of studies on reptile heart development has been greatly facilitated by sequencing of several genomes and the availability of good staging systems. Here, we place reptiles in their phylogenetic context with a focus on features that are primitive when compared with the homologous features of mammals. Further, an outline of major developmental events is given, and variation between reptile species is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Jensen B, Joyce W, Gregorovicova M, Sedmera D, Wang T, Christoffels VM. Low incidence of atrial septal defects in nonmammalian vertebrates. Evol Dev 2019; 22:241-256. [PMID: 31597012 PMCID: PMC9285691 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The atrial septum enables efficient oxygen transport by separating the systemic and pulmonary venous blood returning to the heart. Only in placental mammals will the atrial septum form by the coming-together of the septum primum and the septum secundum. In up to one of four placental mammals, this complex morphogenesis is incomplete and yields patent foramen ovale. The incidence of incomplete atrial septum is unknown for groups with the septum primum only, such as birds and reptiles. We found a low incidence of incomplete atrial septum in 11 species of bird (0% of specimens) and 13 species of reptiles (3% of specimens). In reptiles, there was a trabecular interface between the atrial septum and the atrial epicardium which was without a clear boundary between left and right atrial cavities. In developing reptiles (four squamates and one crocodylian), the septum primum initiated as a sheet that acquired perforations and the trabecular interface developed late. We conclude that atrial septation from the septum primum only results in a low incidence of incompleteness. In reptiles, the atrial septum and atrial wall develop a trabecular interface, but previous studies on atrial hemodynamics suggest this interface has a very limited capacity for shunting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William Joyce
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martina Gregorovicova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Medical Faculty, Czech Academy of Sciences, Charles University and Institute of Physiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmera
- Institute of Anatomy, First Medical Faculty, Czech Academy of Sciences, Charles University and Institute of Physiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tobias Wang
- Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Joyce W, Crossley DA, Wang T, Jensen B. Smooth Muscle in Cardiac Chambers is Common in Turtles and Extensive in the Emydid Turtle, Trachemys scripta. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1327-1336. [PMID: 31509333 PMCID: PMC7216914 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A prominent layer of smooth muscle lining the luminal side of the atria of freshwater turtles (Emydidae) was described more than a century ago. We recently demonstrated that this smooth muscle provides a previously unrecognized mechanism to change cardiac output in the emydid red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta) that possibly contributes to their tremendous diving capacity. The purpose of the present immunohistochemical study was firstly to screen major groups of vertebrates for the presence of cardiac smooth muscle. Secondly, we investigated the phylogenetic distribution of cardiac smooth muscle within the turtle order (Testudines), including terrestrial and aquatic species. Atrial smooth muscle was not detected in a range of vertebrates, including Xenopus laevis, Alligator mississippiensis, and Caiman crocodilus, all of which have pronounced diving capacities. However, we confirmed earlier reports that traces of smooth muscle are found in human atrial tissue. Only within the turtles (eight species) was there substantial amounts of nonvascular smooth muscle in the heart. This amount was greatest in the atria, while the amount in proportion to cardiac muscle was greater in the sinus venosus than in other chambers. T. scripta had more smooth muscle in the sinus venosus and atria than the other turtles. In some specimens, there was some smooth muscle in the ventricle and the pulmonary vein. Our study demonstrates that cardiac smooth muscle likely appeared early in turtle evolution and has become extensive within the Emydidae family, possibly in association with diving. Across other tetrapod clades, cardiac smooth muscle might not associate with diving. Anat Rec, 303:1327-1336, 2020. © 2019 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Joyce
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dane A Crossley
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1105AZ, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias Wang
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Prosheva V, Kaseva N, Dernovoj B. Morpho-functional characterization of the heart of Gallus gallus domesticus with special reference to the right muscular atrioventricular valve. J Anat 2019; 235:794-802. [PMID: 31148176 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we studied the structure and function of the adult chicken heart with a focus on the right muscular atrioventricular valve using anatomic and echocardiographic methods. We demonstrated that the free wall thickness of the right and left ventricles changes from the apex to the base of the heart. The right muscular atrioventricular valve (RAVV) is joined directly to both the parietal right ventricle free wall (one attachment) and the interventricular septum (two attachments: ventral and dorsal). This valve does not have chordae tendineae or papillary muscles. The quantitative morphological and functional characterization of the RAVV is given. In color Doppler echo, no regurgitation of blood flow in the RAVV was observed in any of the studied birds. The blood flow velocity in the RAVV is 56.2 ± 9.6 cm s-1 . A contractile function of the RAVV is shown. Based on the findings obtained, we conclude that the RAVV has a sufficient barrier function. In addition, as this valve is an integral part of the right ventricle free wall, it contributes to the right ventricle pump function. An agreed nomenclature of the parts of the RAVV is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Prosheva
- Institute of Physiology of the Komi Scientific Center, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Natalya Kaseva
- Institute of Physiology of the Komi Scientific Center, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Bronislav Dernovoj
- Institute of Physiology of the Komi Scientific Center, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia
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10
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Kroneman JGH, Faber JW, Schouten JCM, Wolschrijn CF, Christoffels VM, Jensen B. Comparative analysis of avian hearts provides little evidence for variation among species with acquired endothermy. J Morphol 2019; 280:395-410. [PMID: 30667083 PMCID: PMC6590421 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mammals and birds acquired high performance hearts and endothermy during their independent evolution from amniotes with many sauropsid features. A literature review shows that the variation in atrial morphology is greater in mammals than in ectothermic sauropsids. We therefore hypothesized that the transition from ectothermy to endothermy was associated with greater variation in cardiac structure. We tested the hypothesis in 14 orders of birds by assessing the variation in 15 cardiac structures by macroscopic inspection and histology, with an emphasis on the atria as they have multiple features that lend themselves to quantification. We found bird hearts to have multiple features in common with ectothermic sauropsids (synapomorphies), such as the presence of three sinus horns. Convergent features were shared with crocodylians and mammals, such as the cranial offset of the left atrioventricular junction. Other convergent features, like the compact organization of the atrial walls, were shared with mammals only. Pacemaker myocardium, identified by Isl1 expression, was anatomically node‐like (Mallard), thickened (Chicken), or indistinct (Lesser redpoll, Jackdaw). Some features were distinctly avian, (autapomorphies) including the presence of a left atrial antechamber and the ventral merger of the left and right atrial auricles, which was found in some species of parrots and passerines. Most features, however, exhibited little variation. For instance, there were always three systemic veins and two pulmonary veins, whereas among mammals there are 2–3 and 1–7, respectively. Our findings suggest that the transition to high cardiac performance does not necessarily lead to a greater variation in cardiac structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle G H Kroneman
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaeike W Faber
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobine C M Schouten
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia F Wolschrijn
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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