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Lianguzova A, Arbuzova N, Laskova E, Gafarova E, Repkin E, Matach D, Enshina I, Miroliubov A. Tricks of the puppet masters: morphological adaptations to the interaction with nervous system underlying host manipulation by rhizocephalan barnacle Polyascus polygeneus. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16348. [PMID: 38025701 PMCID: PMC10655712 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhizocephalan interaction with their decapod hosts is a superb example of host manipulation. These parasites are able to alter the host's physiology and behavior. Host-parasite interaction is performed, presumably, via special modified rootlets invading the ventral ganglions. Methods In this study, we focus on the morphology and ultrastructure of these special rootlets in Polyascus polygeneus (Lützen & Takahashi, 1997), family Polyascidae, invading the neuropil of the host's nervous tissue. The ventral ganglionic mass of the infected crabs were fixed, and the observed sites of the host-parasite interplay were studied using transmission electron microscopy, immunolabeling and confocal microscopy. Results The goblet-shaped organs present in the basal families of parasitic barnacles were presumably lost in a common ancestor of Polyascidae and crown "Akentrogonida", but the observed invasive rootlets appear to perform similar functions, including the synthesis of various substances which are transferred to the host's nervous tissue. Invasive rootlets significantly differ from trophic ones in cell layer composition and cuticle thickness. Numerous multilamellar bodies are present in the rootlets indicating the intrinsic cell rearrangement. The invasive rootlets of P. polygeneus are enlaced by the thin projections of glial cells. Thus, glial cells can be both the first hosts' respondents to the nervous tissue damage and the mediator of the rhizocephalan interaction with the nervous cells. One of the potential molecules engaged in the relationships of P. polygeneus and its host is serotonin, a neurotransmitter which is found exclusively in the invasive rootlets but not in trophic ones. Serotonin participates in different biological pathways in metazoans including the regulation of aggression in crustaceans, which is reduced in infected crabs. We conclude that rootlets associated with the host's nervous tissue are crucial for the regulation of host-parasite interplay and for evolution of the Rhizocephala.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Lianguzova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Arbuzova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Laskova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Elizaveta Gafarova
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Egor Repkin
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Research Park, Center for Molecular and Cell Technologies, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Dzmitry Matach
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Enshina
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St. Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksei Miroliubov
- Laboratory of Parasitic Worms and Protists, Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Science, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
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Izquierdo-López A, Caron JB. Extreme multisegmentation in a giant bivalved arthropod from the Cambrian Burgess Shale. iScience 2022; 25:104675. [PMID: 35845166 PMCID: PMC9283658 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of mandibulate arthropods can be traced back to the Cambrian period to several carapace-bearing arthropod groups, but their morphological diversity is still not well characterized. Here, we describe Balhuticaris voltae, a bivalved arthropod from the 506-million-year-old Burgess Shale (Marble Canyon, British Columbia, Canada). This species has an extremely elongated and multisegmented body bearing ca. 110 pairs of homonomous biramous limbs, the highest number among Cambrian arthropods, and, at 245 mm, it represents one of the largest Cambrian arthropods known. Its unusual carapace resembles an arch; it covers only the frontalmost section of the body but extends ventrally beyond the legs. Balhuticaris had a complex sensory system and was probably an active swimmer thanks to its powerful paddle-shaped exopods and a long and flexible body. Balhuticaris increases the ecological and functional diversity of bivalved arthropods and suggests that cases of gigantism occurred in more arthropod groups than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Izquierdo-López
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Natural History, Palaeobiology, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada
| | - Jean-Bernard Caron
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Natural History, Palaeobiology, Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen’s Park, Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B1, Canada
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Rumney BM, Morgan SR, Mosselmans JFW, Malik FT, Holden SJ, Parker AR, White N, Lewis PN, Albon J, Meek KM. Characterisation of carapace composition in developing and adult ostracods ( Skogsbergia lerneri) and its potential for biomaterials. MARINE BIOLOGY 2022; 169:78. [PMID: 35607419 PMCID: PMC9119885 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-022-04047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The protective carapace of Skogsbergia lerneri, a marine ostracod, is scratch-resistant and transparent. The compositional and structural organisation of the carapace that underlies these properties is unknown. In this study, we aimed to quantify and determine the distribution of chemical elements and chitin within the carapace of adult ostracods, as well as at different stages of ostracod development, to gain insight into its composition. Elemental analyses included X-ray absorption near-edge structure, X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. Nonlinear microscopy and spectral imaging were performed to determine chitin distribution within the carapace. High levels of calcium (20.3%) and substantial levels of magnesium (1.89%) were identified throughout development. Amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) was detected in carapaces of all developmental stages, with the polymorph, aragonite, identified in A-1 and adult carapaces. Novel chitin-derived second harmonic generation signals (430/5 nm) were detected. Quantification of relative chitin content within the developing and adult carapaces identified negligible differences in chitin content between developmental stages and adult carapaces, except for the lower chitin contribution in A-2 (66.8 ± 7.6%) compared to A-5 (85.5 ± 10%) (p = 0.03). Skogsbergia lerneri carapace calcium carbonate composition was distinct to other myodocopid ostracods. These calcium polymorphs and ACC are described in other biological transparent materials, and with the consistent chitin distribution throughout S. lerneri development, may imply a biological adaptation to preserve carapace physical properties. Realisation of S. lerneri carapace synthesis and structural organisation will enable exploitation to manufacture biomaterials and biomimetics with huge potential in industrial and military applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Rumney
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Siân R. Morgan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - F. Tegwen Malik
- School of Management, Swansea University, Fabian Way, Swansea, SA1 8EN UK
| | - Simon J. Holden
- DSTL Physical Sciences Group, Platform Systems Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ UK
| | - Andrew R. Parker
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 0HG UK
| | - Nick White
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
- Vivat Scientia Bioimaging Labs, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Philip N. Lewis
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Julie Albon
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
- Vivat Scientia Bioimaging Labs, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Keith M. Meek
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Rumney BM, Malik FT, Morgan SR, Parker AR, Holden S, Albon J, Lewis PN, Meek KM. The ultrastructural development and 3D reconstruction of the transparent carapace of the ostracod Skogsbergia lerneri. MARINE BIOLOGY 2022; 169:35. [PMID: 35221378 PMCID: PMC8841342 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-021-04006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Skogsbergia lerneri is a marine ostracod which possesses a carapace that is both protective and transparent. Since development of this carapace and how it is maintained in the adult is not known, the aim of this investigation was to carry out an in-depth ultrastructural study of the ostracod carapace at different developmental stages. Standard transmission electron microscopy and novel serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM) were undertaken to discern carapace ultrastructure in both two and three dimensions. Analysis revealed a carapace consisting of the same basic layer structure as other myodocopid ostracods, namely an epicuticle, exocuticle, endocuticle and membranous layer, but with a thinner adult carapace of mean thickness of 19.2 ± 1.78 µm, n = 5. The carapace layers, except for instar 1 ostracods, had similar relative proportions throughout development. The endocuticle and membranous layer thickened through advancing developmental stages due to an increase in calcified crystalline polyhedrons and a greater number of chitinous lamellae in the membranous layer. Crystalline polyhedron dimensions were significantly smaller near the boundary with the membranous layer. The borders between the carapace layers were indistinct; SBF-SEM revealed an abundance of epicuticle projections into the exocuticle and apparent gradual merging at the boundary of the exocuticle and the endocuticle. Here, we discuss how the S. lerneri carapace layer structure has evolved to serve a specific mechanical function, allowing surface protection and rigidity. In addition, we suggest that the lack of pigment and graduated layer boundaries contribute to the transparency of the carapace. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00227-021-04006-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Rumney
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - F. Tegwen Malik
- Swansea University, School of Management, Swansea, SA1 8EN UK
| | - Siân R. Morgan
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Andrew R. Parker
- Green, Templeton College, University of Oxford, Woodstock Road, Oxford, OX2 0HG UK
| | - Simon Holden
- DSTL Physical Sciences Group, Platform Systems Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ UK
| | - Julie Albon
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Philip N. Lewis
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
| | - Keith M. Meek
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
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Ohtsuka S, Nishida Y, Hirano K, Fuji T, Kaji T, Kondo Y, Komeda S, Tasumi S, Koike K, Boxshall GA. The cephalothoracic sucker of sea lice (Crustacea: Copepoda: Caligidae): The functional importance of cuticular membrane ultrastructure. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 62:101046. [PMID: 33813213 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sea lice adhere to the body surface of host fish with a cephalothoracic sucker. Caligus adheres to this substrate using legs 2 and 3, and the action of cephalothoracic muscles. Lunules, small, paired, anterior sucker-like structures, have a vital function in the initial step of adhering and contain a unique endocuticule containing elements that may behave like active matter and serve as the actuating mechanism. Cuticular membranes bordering the cephalothorax have a unique endocuticule with an undulating dorsal surface and a smooth ventral surface. A high-speed camera revealed that this undulation likely facilitates rapid automatic application of the sucker to the substrate. The cuticular membranes on the posterior margin of the first exopodal segment of leg 2 have a specialized endocuticle with tubules each surrounded by fine fibers. This reinforcement helps them to generate a posteriorly-directed jet of water. Opening-closing of these membranes is controlled by postero-anterior motion of the distal exopodal segments of leg 2. The outer cuticular membrane of leg 3 is simple, presumably effected by powerful extrinsic muscles. The consistency of sucker morphology within Caligus implies a highly stereotyped attachment behavior that is effective across a remarkable variety of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ohtsuka
- Takehara Station, Setouchi Field Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, 5-8-1 Minato-machi, Takehara City, Hiroshima Prefecture 725-0024, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Nishida
- School of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture 739-8528, Japan
| | - Katsushi Hirano
- Takehara Station, Setouchi Field Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, 5-8-1 Minato-machi, Takehara City, Hiroshima Prefecture 725-0024, Japan
| | - Taiki Fuji
- Takehara Station, Setouchi Field Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, 5-8-1 Minato-machi, Takehara City, Hiroshima Prefecture 725-0024, Japan
| | - Tomonari Kaji
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G, 2E9, Canada
| | - Yusuke Kondo
- Takehara Station, Setouchi Field Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, 5-8-1 Minato-machi, Takehara City, Hiroshima Prefecture 725-0024, Japan
| | - Sota Komeda
- Takehara Station, Setouchi Field Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, 5-8-1 Minato-machi, Takehara City, Hiroshima Prefecture 725-0024, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tasumi
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20 Shimoarata, Kagoshima Prefecture 890-0056, Japan
| | - Kanae Koike
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, 1-4-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture 739-8526, Japan
| | - Geoffrey A Boxshall
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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