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Jin Q, Wang Y, Zhang K, Li G, Chen Y, Hong Y, Cheng H, Deng D. Morphological and life-history trait plasticity of two Daphnia species induced by fish kairomones. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11422. [PMID: 38846709 PMCID: PMC11154820 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Daphnia can avoid predation by sensing fish kairomones and producing inducible defenses by altering the phenotype. In this study, the results showed that the morphological and life-history strategies of two Daphnia species (Daphnia pulex and Daphnia sinensis) exposed to Aristichthys nobilis kairomones. In the presence of fish kairomones, the two Daphnia species exhibited significantly smaller body length at maturity, smaller body length of offspring at the 10th instar, and longer relative tail spine of offspring. Nevertheless, other morphological and life-history traits of the two Daphnia species differed. D. pulex showed a significantly longer relative tail spine length and earlier age at maturity after exposure to fish kairomones. The total offspring number of D. sinensis exposed to fish kairomones was significantly higher than that of the control group, whereas that of D. pulex was significantly lower. These results suggest that the two Daphnia species have different inducible defense strategies (e.g., morphological and life-history traits) during prolonged exposure to A. nobilis kairomones, and their offspring also develop morphological defenses to avoid predation. It will provide reference for further exploring the adaptive evolution of Daphnia morphology and life-history traits in the presence of planktivorous fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qide Jin
- School of Life SciencesHuaibei Normal UniversityHuaibeiAnhuiChina
| | - Yeping Wang
- School of Life SciencesHuaibei Normal UniversityHuaibeiAnhuiChina
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Life SciencesHuaibei Normal UniversityHuaibeiAnhuiChina
| | - Guoqing Li
- School of Life SciencesHuaibei Normal UniversityHuaibeiAnhuiChina
| | - Yanan Chen
- School of Life SciencesHuaibei Normal UniversityHuaibeiAnhuiChina
| | - Yujuan Hong
- School of Life SciencesHuaibei Normal UniversityHuaibeiAnhuiChina
| | - Hanxue Cheng
- School of Life SciencesHuaibei Normal UniversityHuaibeiAnhuiChina
| | - Daogui Deng
- School of Life SciencesHuaibei Normal UniversityHuaibeiAnhuiChina
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2
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Baludo MY, Octorina P, Beckerman A, Straile D. Antipredator responses of three Daphnia species within the D. longispina species complex to two invertebrate predators. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10841. [PMID: 38205375 PMCID: PMC10776305 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Prey communities in natural environments face a diverse array of predators with distinct hunting techniques. However, most studies have focused only on the interactions between a single prey species and one or more predators and typically only one of many induced defense traits, which limits our understanding of the broader effects of predators on prey communities. In this study, we conducted a common garden experiment using five clones each of three Daphnia species (D. cucullata, D. galeata, and D. longispina) from the D. longispina species complex to investigate the plasticity of predator-induced defenses in response to two predators in a community ecology setting. Five clones from each species were subjected to predator kairomones from two closely related invertebrate predators that are common in several European lakes, Bythotrephes longimanus or Leptodora kindtii for a duration of 10 days, and the morphological traits of body size, head size, spina size, and the presence of spinules on the ventral and dorsal carapace margins were measured. We show that among the species within this species complex there are different antipredator reactions to the invertebrate predators. The induced responses exhibited were species, trait, and predator-specific. Notably, D. galeata and D. cucullata developed distinctive helmets as defensive mechanisms, while microdefenses were induced in D. galeata and D. longispina, but not in D. cucullata. This demonstrates that the expression of micro- and macrodefenses across species was unrelated, highlighting the possible independent evolution of microstructures as defensive modules in Daphnia's antipredator strategies. This study is the first to document both micro- and macrodefensive phenotypic plasticity in three co-occurring Daphnia species within the D. longispina species complex. The differences in inducible defenses may have a substantial impact on how these three species cohabit with Bythotrephes and Leptodora.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pelita Octorina
- Limnologisches InstitutUniversität KonstanzKonstanzGermany
- Department AquacultureMuhammadiyah University of SukabumiSukabumiIndonesia
| | - Andrew Beckerman
- School of Biosciences, Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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Lee JW, Shim I, Park K. Proposing Effective Ecotoxicity Test Species for Chemical Safety Assessment in East Asia: A Review. TOXICS 2023; 12:30. [PMID: 38250986 PMCID: PMC10819827 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
East Asia leads the global chemical industry, but environmental chemical risk in these countries is an emerging concern. Despite this, only a few native species that are representative of East Asian environments are listed as test species in international guidelines compared with those native to Europe and America. This review suggests that Zacco platypus, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Hydrilla verticillata, Neocaridina denticulata spp., and Scenedesmus obliquus, all resident to East Asia, are promising test species for ecotoxicity tests. The utility of these five species in environmental risk assessment (ERA) varies depending on their individual traits and the state of ecotoxicity research, indicating a need for different applications of each species according to ERA objectives. Furthermore, the traits of these five species can complement each other when assessing chemical effects under diverse exposure scenarios, suggesting they can form a versatile battery for ERA. This review also analyzes recent trends in ecotoxicity studies and proposes emerging research issues, such as the application of alternative test methods, comparative studies using model species, the identification of specific markers for test species, and performance of toxicity tests under environmentally relevant conditions. The information provided on the utility of the five species and alternative issues in toxicity tests could assist in selecting test species suited to study objectives for more effective ERA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wuk Lee
- Research of Environmental Health, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 404-708, Republic of Korea; (I.S.); (K.P.)
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Gu L, Qin S, Sun Y, Huang J, Akbar S, Zhang L, Yang Z. Coping with antagonistic predation risks: Predator-dependent unique responses are dominant in Ceriodaphnia cornuta. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3951-3962. [PMID: 35621395 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inducible defences of prey are evolved under diverse and variable predation risks. However, during the co-evolution of prey and multiple predators, the responses of prey to antagonistic predation risks, which may put the prey into a dilemma of responding to predators, remain unclear. Based on antagonistic predation pressure from an invertebrate (Chaoborus larvae) and a vertebrate (Rhodeus ocellatus) predator, we studied the responses of multiple traits and transcriptomes of the freshwater crustacean Ceriodaphnia cornuta under multiple predation risks. Chaoborus predation risk altered the expression of genes encoding cuticle proteins and modulated the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, cutin, suberine, and wax, leading to the development of horns and increase in size at the late developmental stage. Meanwhile, fish predation risk primarily triggered genes encoding ribosomes and those involved in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and cysteine and methionine metabolism, resulting in smaller individual size and earlier reproduction. Inducible responses of both transcriptome and individual traits revealed that predator-dependent unique responses were dominant and the dilemma of antagonistic responses was relatively limited. However, the unique individual traits in response to invertebrate predation could be significantly impaired by vertebrate predation risk, even though the unique responses to different predators were extremely weakly correlated and could be elicited simultaneously. These results indicate that diverse predator-dependent unique responses are favoured by Ceriodaphnia during its co-evolution with multiple predators. Nonetheless, Ceriodaphnia is not a generalist that can fully adopt all predator-dependent unique responses simultaneously under multiple predation risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanshan Qin
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siddiq Akbar
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Diel P, Rabus M, Laforsch C. Pricklier with the proper predator? Predator-induced small-scale changes of spinescence in Daphnia. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:17080-17090. [PMID: 34938494 PMCID: PMC8668761 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic plasticity in defensive traits is a common response of prey organisms to variable and unpredictable predation regimes and risks. Cladocerans of the genus Daphnia are keystone species in the food web of lentic freshwater bodies and are well known for their ability to express a large variety of inducible morphological defenses in response to invertebrate and vertebrate predator kairomones. The developed defenses render the daphnids less susceptible to predation. So far, primarily large-scale morphological defenses, like helmets, crests, and tail-spines, have been documented. However, less is known on whether the tiny spinules, rather inconspicuous traits which cover many Daphnia's dorsal and ventral carapace margins, respond to predator kairomones, as well. For this reason, we investigated two Daphnia species (D. magna and D. longicephala) concerning their predator kairomone-induced changes in dorsal and ventral spinules. Since these small, inconspicuous traits may only act as a defense against predatory invertebrates, with fine-structured catching apparatuses, and not against vertebrate predators, we exposed them to both, an invertebrate (Triops cancriformis or Notontecta maculata) and a vertebrate predator (Leucaspius delineatus). Our results show that the length of these spinules as well as spinules-covered areas vary, likely depending on the predator the prey is exposed to. We further present first indications of a Daphnia species-specific elongation of the spinules and an increase of the spinules-bearing areas. Although we cannot exclude that spinescence is altered because it is developmentally connected to changes in body shape in general, our results suggest that the inducible alterations to the spinule length and spinules-covered areas disclose another level of predator-induced changes in two common Daphnia species. The predator-induced changes on this level together with the large-scale and ultrastructural defensive traits may act as the overall morphological defense, adjusted to specific predator regimes in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Diel
- Department of Animal Ecology 1University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Max Rabus
- Department of Animal Ecology 1University of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
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Horstmann M, Tollrian R, Weiss LC. Thwarting predators? A three-dimensional perspective of morphological alterations in the freshwater crustacean Daphnia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254263. [PMID: 34234371 PMCID: PMC8263308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Predation is a major selective agent, so that many taxa evolved phenotypically plastic defensive mechanisms. Among them are many species of the microcrustacean genus Daphnia, which respond to an increased predation risk by developing inducible morphological alterations. Some of these features are obvious and easily recognized, e.g., crests in D. longicephala, while others are rather hidden, such as the bulkier shape of D. magna induced by the presence of the tadpole shrimp Triops. In this study we investigated the extraordinary diversity of morphological adaptations in the presence of predators with different foraging strategies in six predator-prey systems. For the first time we were able to analyze the unexposed and predator-exposed morphs comprehensively using three-dimensional scanning and reconstruction. We show that morphological changes are manifold in appearance between species and predators, and go beyond what has been known from previous 2D analyses. This further demonstrates the enormous trait flexibility of Daphnia. Interestingly, we found that among this variety some species share morphological strategies to counter a predator, while others use a different strategy against the same predator. Based on these intra- and interspecific comparisons, we discuss the mechanisms by which the respective defense might operate. These data therefore contribute to a deeper understanding of the inducible defenses' morphology as well as their diversified modes of operation in Daphnia, being a cornerstone for subsequent investigations, including the determination of costs associated with morphological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Horstmann
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Ralph Tollrian
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Linda C. Weiss
- Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Hatleberg WL, Hinman VF. Modularity and hierarchy in biological systems: Using gene regulatory networks to understand evolutionary change. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 141:39-73. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ritschar S, Bangalore Narayana VK, Rabus M, Laforsch C. Uncovering the chemistry behind inducible morphological defences in the crustacean Daphnia magna via micro-Raman spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22408. [PMID: 33376239 PMCID: PMC7772340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79755-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread distribution of Crustacea across every aquatic ecological niche on Earth is enabled due to their exoskeleton's versatile properties. Especially mineralization of the exoskeleton provides protection against diverse environmental threats. Thereby, the exoskeleton of some entomostracans is extremely phenotypically plastic, especially in response to predators. For instance, the freshwater zooplankton Daphnia forms conspicuous inducible morphological defenses, such as helmets, and can increase the stability of its exoskeleton, which renders them less vulnerable to predation. In this study, we reveal for the first time the chemical composition of the exoskeleton of Daphnia magna, using Raman spectroscopy, to be composed of α-chitin and proteins with embedded amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC). Furthermore, we reveal the exoskeleton's chemical changes associated with inducible defense mechanisms in the form of more substantial mineralization, which is probably correlated with enhanced carapace stability. We, therefore, highlight the importance of calcium-biominerals for inducible morphological defenses in Daphnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Ritschar
- Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Max Rabus
- Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian Laforsch
- Department of Animal Ecology I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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Environmental conditions as proximate cues of predation risk inducing defensive response in Daphnia pulex. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-020-00583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Moreira RA, Rocha O, Pinto TJDS, da Silva LCM, Goulart BV, Montagner CC, Espindola ELG. Life-History Traits Response to Effects of Fish Predation (Kairomones), Fipronil and 2,4-D on Neotropical Cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 79:298-309. [PMID: 32860087 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic environments are constantly exposed to a cocktail of contaminants mainly due to human activities. As polluted ecosystems may simultaneously present other multiple natural stressors, the objective of the present study was to evaluate joint effect of stressors (natural and anthropogenic) on life history traits of the Neotropical cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. For this purpose, the effects of water conditioned with predator kairomones (fish) and environmental concentrations (sublethal) of two pesticides widely used in sugarcane monoculture in Brazil, the insecticide Regent® 800 WG (active ingredient-a.i. fipronil) and the herbicide DMA® 806 BR (a.i. 2,4-D) were evaluated using chronic toxicity testing, isolated and in mixture, for this cladoceran species. The environmental risks of pesticides for tropical freshwater biota were also estimated from the risk quotient MEC/PNEC. Among the characteristics of the life history of C. silvestrii evaluated after 8 days of exposure, compared with the mean value of control, the age of primiparous females was not affected by any evaluated treatment. However, species average survival decreased in the treatment of kairomones mixed with fipronil (FK) and in the treatment with a mixture of fipronil, 2,4-D, and kairomones (MFKD). The body length of maternal females was shorter than in the control after exposure in treatments with only kairomones (K) and FK. Fecundity of this cladoceran was reduced when exposed to FK and MFKD treatments, and the intrinsic rate of population increase significantly decreased for organisms exposed to treatment with fipronil (F) and to mixtures of fipronil and 2,4-D (MFD), MFDK, and FK. The results indicated that the combination of anthropogenic and natural stressors causes changes in C. silvestrii life history traits, which can contribute to the decline in populations, and our preliminary risk assessment results are a matter of concern regarding biota conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Aparecida Moreira
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400 - Pq. Arnold Schimidt, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Odete Rocha
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luis, km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Thandy Junio da Silva Pinto
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400 - Pq. Arnold Schimidt, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Laís Conceição Menezes da Silva
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400 - Pq. Arnold Schimidt, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Bianca Veloso Goulart
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Cassiana Carolina Montagner
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Evaldo Luiz Gaeta Espindola
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS and PPG-SEA, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-carlense, 400 - Pq. Arnold Schimidt, São Carlos, 13560-970, Brazil
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