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Jałoszyński P, Hlaváč P, Anlaş S. Percussiopalpus gen. n. from Turkey, a free-living relative of cave-dwelling Thaumastocephalus, and revised placement of Thaumastocephalini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae). Zootaxa 2023; 5277:71-90. [PMID: 37518330 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5277.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
A new genus and species, Percussiopalpus inusitatus Hlaváč & Jałoszyński gen. n. et sp. n. of the tribe Thaumastocephalini is described and illustrated, based on specimens collected in the Asian part of Turkey (Balıkesir Province). The discovery of a free-living pselaphine species morphologically closely resembling the obligate cavernicolous Thaumastocephalus Poggi et al. prompted a detailed morphological study of both genera, which results in transferring Thaumastocephalini from Batrisitae to Euplectitae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Jałoszyński
- Museum of Natural History; University of Wrocław; Sienkiewicza 21; 50-335 Wrocław; Poland..
| | - Peter Hlaváč
- Department of Entomology; National Museum; Natural History Museum; Cirkusová 1740; CZ-193 00 Praha 9-Horní Počernice; The Czech Republic..
| | - Sinan Anlaş
- Manisa Celal Bayar University; Alaşehir Vocational School; TR-45600; Alaşehir; Manisa; Turkey..
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Tokareva A, Koszela K, Ferreira VS, Yamamoto S, Żyła D. The oldest case of paedomorphosis in rove beetles and description of a new genus of Paederinae from Cretaceous amber (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Sci Rep 2023; 13:5317. [PMID: 37002406 PMCID: PMC10066364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32446-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ecology of extinct species from the Cretaceous is largely unknown. Morphological features of specimens preserved in amber can help to reveal habitats and evolutionary strategies that occurred in fossil lineages. An unusually small rove beetle (Staphylinidae) from the subfamily Paederinae with a Y-shaped suture on the head and modified tarsi and antennae is newly described here as Midinudon juvenis Tokareva & Żyła gen. et sp. nov. We hypothesise that such a combination of characters represents the earliest example of paedomorphosis in Staphylinidae and discuss other possible reasons that could explain the small size and morphological modifications of the new species. We provide the results of total-evidence phylogenetic analysis and discuss the relationships of Midinudon juvenis Tokareva & Żyła gen. et sp. nov. within Paederinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tokareva
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Koszela
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vinicius S Ferreira
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shûhei Yamamoto
- The Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Dagmara Żyła
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679, Warsaw, Poland.
- Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
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Luo XZ, Jałoszyński P, Beutel RG. The thoracic anatomy of Pselaphus heisei (Pselaphinae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera). J Morphol 2023; 284:e21527. [PMID: 36302112 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We document external and internal thoracic structures of the free-living pselaphine beetle Pselaphus heisei (Pselaphitae) using a set of traditional and modern techniques. Like in the specialized myrmecophile Claviger testaceus (Clavigeritae), the skeletal elements of the pro- and pterothorax are highly compact, with largely reduced inter- and intrasegmental sutures. Features previously listed as synapomorphies of staphylinid subgroups, to which Pselaphinae belong, are confirmed for P. heisei. The only previously proposed thoracic synapomorphy of Pselaphinae, the mesoventral foveae, is likely transformed in P. heisei: we assume that the concavities are directed mesad and internally fused, thus forming a broad channel ("perforation") extending through the keel-like median region of the mesoventrite. The prothoracic foveal system is strongly reduced, with only one pair of pits present in front of the procoxae. Their internal invaginations form a transverse ventral endoskeletal bar that stabilizes the prothorax. The condition observed in the free-living P. heisei is in contrast with previous hypotheses linking the reduction of the foveal system with myrmecophily. Moreover, traces of the mesoventral foveae are even preserved in the highly specialized inquiline C. testaceus. Gland cells are associated with areas of hyaline squamose setae on different body regions, suggesting release of secretions on the ventral side of the head, pro- and mesothorax, and abdominal base. Similar specialized setal patches are common in Pselaphini and related groups within Pselaphitae. The prothoracic musculature in P. heisei is more complex than that in the myrmecophilous C. testaceus and the free-living, unspecialized Creophilus maxillosus (Staphylininae). The metathoracic muscle system is strongly simplified, demonstrating that P. heisei cannot fly, even though wings, some skeletal elements of the flight apparatus, and some small direct flight muscles are preserved. It cannot be fully excluded that indirect flight muscles and thus a functional flight apparatus is preserved in a certain percentage of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhu Luo
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Georg Beutel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
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Lieberman ZE, Billen J, Kamp T, Boudinot BE. The ant abdomen: the skeletomuscular and soft tissue anatomy of
Amblyopone australis
workers (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J Morphol 2022; 283:693-770. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Ellis Lieberman
- Department of Entomology and Nematology University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, U. S. A. 95616
| | - Johan Billen
- Zoological Institute, University of Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, Box 2466, B‐3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Thomas Kamp
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
- Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Brendon Elias Boudinot
- Friedrich‐Schiller‐Universität Jena, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Entomologie Gruppe, Erbertstraße 1 07743 Jena Germany
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Jałoszyński P, Luo XZ, Beutel RG. Evolution of cephalic structures in extreme myrmecophiles: a lesson from Clavigeritae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae). Cladistics 2022; 38:335-358. [PMID: 35083772 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pselaphinae is a large subfamily, comprising over 10 000 species of the megadiverse Staphylinidae (rove beetles). A remarkable feature of this group is the extreme structural diversity of different body regions, especially the head and its appendages. Within Pselaphinae, Clavigeritae stand out as a clade of highly specialized myrmecophiles. We examined internal and external head structures of the clavigerite species Diartiger kubotai Nomura, using state-of-the-art techniques. The cephalic morphology indicates in a phylogenetic context that the loss of eyes in some Clavigeritae was the latest of major evolutionary changes. We compiled the largest set of morphological data ever scored for the subfamily, comprising 155 characters of the head. Parsimony analyses and Bayesian inference yielded a similar phylogenetic pattern, largely congruent with results published previously. We retrieved Pselaphinae as a clade, and Faronitae as sister to all remaining groups of the subfamily. Faronitae are followed by a "Euplectitae grade" and non-monophyletic Goniaceritae, Batrisitae and Pselaphitae. Clavigeritae are monophyletic, but have evolved within the pselaphite grade. The enigmatic Colilodion Besuchet, recently shifted from Clavigeritae to a paraphyletic Pselaphitae, was placed as sister to extant clavigerites based on an array of cephalic synapomorphies. The current classification of Pselaphinae is unstable and deep changes should be made maintaining only monophyletic units, whereas most of the supertribes are paraphyletic. Characters of the head, with a concentration of mouthparts and sensory structures, and essential parts of the digestive tract and the nervous system, are highly informative phylogenetically. Study of internal structures, presently still at a very preliminary stage, obviously is essential for understanding the evolution of Pselaphinae. Future genetic investigations may reveal mechanisms behind the unique structural megadiversity in this exceptional group of rove beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Jałoszyński
- Museum of Natural History, University of Wrocław, Sienkiewicza 21, Wrocław, 50-335, Poland
| | - Xiao-Zhu Luo
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstrasse 1, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Rolf Georg Beutel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstrasse 1, Jena, 07743, Germany
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Luo XZ, Hlaváč P, Jałoszyński P, Beutel RG. In the twilight zone-The head morphology of Bergrothia saulcyi (Pselaphinae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera), a beetle with adaptations to endogean life but living in leaf litter. J Morphol 2021; 282:1170-1187. [PMID: 33901327 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The pselaphine Bergrothia saulcyi shows features seemingly linked with life in deep soil layers, such as greatly reduced and non-functional compound eyes, a sensorium of long tactile setae, long appendages, and flightlessness. However, the tiny beetles occur in forest leaf litter, together with a community of beetles with wings and well-developed eyes. We hypothesize that B. saulcyi moves into deep soil under dry conditions, and returns to upper layers when humidity increases again. Despite the evolutionary cost of a reduced dispersal capacity, this life strategy may be more efficient and less hazardous than moving to different habitats using flight and the visual sense in an environment periodically drying out. We also discuss cephalic features with potential phylogenetic relevance. Plesiomorphies of B. saulcyi include the presence of anterior tentorial arms, well-developed labral retractors, and a full set of extrinsic maxillary and premental muscles. Apomorphic cephalic features support clades Protopselaphinae + Pselaphinae, and Pselaphinae. A conspicuous derived condition, the clypeo-ocular carina, is a possible synapomorphy of Batrisitae and genera assigned to Goniaceritae. A complex triple set of cephalic glands found in B. saulcyi is similar to a complex identified in the strict myrmecophile Claviger testaceus (Clavigeritae). It is conceivable that glands linked with food uptake in free-living pselaphines were genetically re-programmed in ancestors of inquilines, to enable them to appease the host ants. We suggest that behavioral studies are necessary to understand the poorly known life habits of B. saulcyi. Additional information is required to explain why a species with irreversibly reduced visual sense and other adaptations typical of endogean or cave-dwelling beetles was only collected from the upper leaf litter layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Zhu Luo
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Hlaváč
- Department of Entomology, National Museum, Natural History Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Rolf Georg Beutel
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
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The specialized thoracic skeletomuscular system of the myrmecophile Claviger testaceus (Pselaphinae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-021-00484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractExternal and internal structures of the thorax of the myrmecophile beetle Claviger testaceus (Clavigeritae, Pselaphinae) were examined and documented with state-of-the-art visualization techniques. Following a general trend in the omaliine lineage (Staphylinidae), the skeletal elements of the pro- and pterothorax in Claviger reach a maximum degree of compactness, with largely reduced inter- and intrasegmental sutures and skeletal elements linked with the flight apparatus. The musculature, especially metathoracic direct and indirect flight muscles, also shows a high degree of reduction. Two forms of wings were found among individuals of C. testaceus, both non-functional and representing an advanced stage of reduction. However, that wing vestiges are still present and the metanotum, only slightly reduced, suggests that loss of flight in this species is likely the result of a young evolutionary process. Several structures are linked with myrmecophilous habits: small body size facilitates transportation of beetles by ant workers and makes it easier to move inside nest tunnels; the remarkably compact body and mechanically robust appendages make the beetles less vulnerable to attacks by ant mandibles; the improved elytral interlocking mechanism and unusually expanded epipleura enhance the protection of vulnerable dorsal parts of the pterothorax and anterior abdomen; and glands associated with trichomes on the posterolateral elytral angle produce secretions attractive for ants. Various modifications of the thorax and anterior abdomen lead to an optimization of intimate associations with ants. The morphological syndrome enabling these beetles to cope with life in ant colonies evolved in several steps. This is suggested by an increasing solidification of the thoracic skeleton in related non-myrmecophilous groups and also by less modified related clavigerites;for instance, ant-associated tropical species are still able to fly.
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