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Demir-Yilmaz I, Novosel N, Levak Zorinc M, Mišić Radić T, Ftouhi MS, Guiraud P, Ivošević DeNardis N, Formosa-Dague C. Investigation of the role of cell hydrophobicity and EPS production in the aggregation of the marine diatom Cylindrotheca closterium under hypo-saline conditions. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 188:106020. [PMID: 37187087 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation of diatoms is of global importance to understand settling of particulate organic carbon in aquatic systems. In this study, we investigate the aggregation of the marine diatom Cylindrotheca closterium during the exponential growth phase under hypo-saline conditions. The results of the flocculation/flotation experiments show that the aggregation of the diatom depends on the salinity. In favorable growth conditions for marine diatoms (salinity of 35), the highest aggregation is achieved. To explain these observations, we used a surface approach combining atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrochemical methods to characterize both the cell surface properties and the structure of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) cell produce, and to quantify the amount of surface-active organic matter released. At a salinity of 35, the results showed that diatoms are soft, hydrophobic and release only small amounts of EPS organized into individual short fibrils. In contrast, diatoms adapt to a salinity of 5 by becoming much stiffer and more hydrophilic, producing larger amounts of EPS that structurally form an EPS network. Both adaptation responses of diatoms, the hydrophobic properties of diatoms and the release of EPS, appear to play an important role in diatom aggregation and explain the behavior observed at different salinities. This biophysical study provides important evidence allowing to get a deep insight into diatom interactions at the nanoscale, which may contribute to a better understanding of large-scale aggregation phenomena in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Demir-Yilmaz
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, INSA, INRAE, CNRS, Toulouse, France; LAAS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nives Novosel
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Levak Zorinc
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tea Mišić Radić
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Pascal Guiraud
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, INSA, INRAE, CNRS, Toulouse, France; Fédération de Recherche Fermat, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Cécile Formosa-Dague
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, INSA, INRAE, CNRS, Toulouse, France; Fédération de Recherche Fermat, CNRS, Toulouse, France.
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2
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Patel N, Guillemette R, Lal R, Azam F. Bacterial surface interactions with organic colloidal particles: Nanoscale hotspots of organic matter in the ocean. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272329. [PMID: 36006971 PMCID: PMC9409529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colloidal particles constitute a substantial fraction of organic matter in the global ocean and an abundant component of the organic matter interacting with bacterial surfaces. Using E. coli ribosomes as model colloidal particles, we applied high-resolution atomic force microscopy to probe bacterial surface interactions with organic colloids to investigate particle attachment and relevant surface features. We observed the formation of ribosome films associating with marine bacteria isolates and natural seawater assemblages, and that bacteria readily utilized the added ribosomes as growth substrate. In exposure experiments ribosomes directly attached onto bacterial surfaces as 40–200 nm clusters and patches of individual particles. We found that certain bacterial cells expressed surface corrugations that range from 50–100 nm in size, and 20 nm deep. Furthermore, our AFM studies revealed surface pits in select bacteria that range between 50–300 nm in width, and 10–50 nm in depth. Our findings suggest novel adaptive strategies of pelagic marine bacteria for colloid capture and utilization as nutrients, as well as storage as nanoscale hotspots of DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirav Patel
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ryan Guillemette
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ratnesh Lal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Farooq Azam
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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3
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Nanoplastic-Induced Nanostructural, Nanomechanical, and Antioxidant Response of Marine Diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14142163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of positively charged (amine-modified) and negatively charged (carboxyl-modified) polystyrene nanoplastics (PS NPs) on the nanostructural, nanomechanical, and antioxidant responses of the marine diatom Cylindrotheca closterium. The results showed that both types of PS NPs, regardless of surface charge, significantly inhibited the growth of C. closterium during short-term exposure (3 and 4 days). However, longer exposure (14 days) to both PS NPs types did not significantly inhibit growth, which might be related to the detoxifying effect of the microalgal extracellular polymers (EPS) and the higher cell abundance per PS NPs concentration. The exposure of C. closterium to both types of PS NPs at concentrations above the corresponding concentrations that resulted in a 50% reduction of growth (EC50) demonstrated phytotoxic effects, mainly due to the excessive production of reactive oxygen species, resulting in increased oxidative damage to lipids and changes to antioxidant enzyme activities. Diatoms exposed to nanoplastics also showed a significant decrease in cell wall rigidity, which could make the cells more vulnerable. Atomic force microscopy images showed that positively charged PS NPs were mainly adsorbed on the cell surface, while both types of PS NPs were incorporated into the EPS that serves to protect the cells. Since microalgal EPS are an important food source for phytoplankton grazers and higher trophic levels, the incorporation of NPs into the EPS and interactions with the cell walls themselves may pose a major threat to marine microalgae and higher trophic levels and, consequently, to the health and stability of the marine ecosystem.
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Orellana MV, Hansell DA, Matrai PA, Leck C. Marine Polymer-Gels' Relevance in the Atmosphere as Aerosols and CCN. Gels 2021; 7:185. [PMID: 34842644 PMCID: PMC8628772 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine polymer gels play a critical role in regulating ocean basin scale biogeochemical dynamics. This brief review introduces the crucial role of marine gels as a source of aerosol particles and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in cloud formation processes, emphasizing Arctic marine microgels. We review the gel's composition and relation to aerosols, their emergent properties, and physico-chemical processes that explain their change in size spectra, specifically in relation to aerosols and CCN. Understanding organic aerosols and CCN in this context provides clear benefits to quantifying the role of marine nanogel/microgel in microphysical processes leading to cloud formation. This review emphasizes the DOC-marine gel/aerosolized gel-cloud link, critical to developing accurate climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica V. Orellana
- Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dennis A. Hansell
- Department of Ocean Sciences, RSMAS, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA;
| | | | - Caroline Leck
- Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, 11419 Stockholm, Sweden;
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5
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Novosel N, Ivošević DeNardis N. Structural Features of the Algal Cell Determine Adhesion Behavior at a Charged Interface. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nives Novosel
- Ruđer Bošković Institute POB 180 10 000 Zagreb Croatia
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6
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Pellequer JL, Parot P, Navajas D, Kumar S, Svetličić V, Scheuring S, Hu J, Li B, Engler A, Sousa S, Lekka M, Szymoński M, Schillers H, Odorico M, Lafont F, Janel S, Rico F. Fifteen years of Servitude et Grandeur
to the application of a biophysical technique in medicine: The tale of AFMBioMed. J Mol Recognit 2018; 32:e2773. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Navajas
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia and CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias; Universitat de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering; University of California, Berkeley; Berkeley California USA
| | | | - Simon Scheuring
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Physiology and Biophysics; Weill Cornell Medicine; New York City New York USA
| | - Jun Hu
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai China
| | - Adam Engler
- Department of Bioengineering; University of California San Diego; La Jolla California USA
| | - Susana Sousa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica; Universidade do Porto; Porto Portugal
- ISEP-Instituto Superior de Engenharia; Politécnico do Porto; Portugal
| | - Małgorzata Lekka
- Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences; Kraków Poland
| | - Marek Szymoński
- Center for Nanometer-scale Science and Advanced Materials, NANOSAM, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science; Jagiellonian University; Kraków Poland
| | | | - Michael Odorico
- Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule (ICSM), CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule; Montpellier France
| | - Frank Lafont
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, INSERM U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille; Lille France
| | - Sebastien Janel
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS UMR 8204, INSERM U1019, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Univ Lille; Lille France
| | - Felix Rico
- LAI, U1067, Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM; Marseille France
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7
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Shiu RF, Lee CL. Effects of anthropogenic surfactants on the conversion of marine dissolved organic carbon and microgels. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 117:156-160. [PMID: 28162250 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The possible impact of three types of anthropogenic surfactants on the ability of marine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to form self-assembled microgels was evaluated. The behavior of existing native microgels was also examined in the presence of surfactants. These results reveal that the release of surfactants even at low concentrations into the aquatic environment could effectively hinder the self-assembly of DOC polymers. The extent of the size reduction had the following order: anionic, cationic, and non-ionic. Furthermore, charged surfactants can disrupt existing native microgels, converting large assemblies into smaller particles. One possible mechanisms is that surfactants are able to enhance the stability of DOC polymers and disrupt aggregates due to their surface charges and protein-denaturing activities. These findings suggest that the ecological system is altered by anthropogenic surfactants, and provide useful information for ecological assessments of different types of surfactants and raise warnings about surfactant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Feng Shiu
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chon-Lin Lee
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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8
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Patterson JP, Collins D, Michaud J, Axson JL, Sultana CM, Moser T, Dommer AC, Conner J, Grassian VH, Stokes MD, Deane GB, Evans JE, Burkart MD, Prather KA, Gianneschi N. Sea Spray Aerosol Structure and Composition Using Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2016; 2:40-47. [PMID: 26878061 PMCID: PMC4731829 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.5b00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The composition and surface properties of atmospheric aerosol particles largely control their impact on climate by affecting their ability to uptake water, react heterogeneously, and nucleate ice in clouds. However, in the vacuum of a conventional electron microscope, the native surface and internal structure often undergo physicochemical rearrangement resulting in surfaces that are quite different from their atmospheric configurations. Herein, we report the development of cryogenic transmission electron microscopy where laboratory generated sea spray aerosol particles are flash frozen in their native state with iterative and controlled thermal and/or pressure exposures and then probed by electron microscopy. This unique approach allows for the detection of not only mixed salts, but also soft materials including whole hydrated bacteria, diatoms, virus particles, marine vesicles, as well as gel networks within hydrated salt droplets-all of which will have distinct biological, chemical, and physical processes. We anticipate this method will open up a new avenue of analysis for aerosol particles, not only for ocean-derived aerosols, but for those produced from other sources where there is interest in the transfer of organic or biological species from the biosphere to the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Patterson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Douglas
B. Collins
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jennifer
M. Michaud
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jessica L. Axson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Camile M. Sultana
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Trevor Moser
- Environmental
Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Abigail C. Dommer
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jack Conner
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - M. Dale Stokes
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Grant B. Deane
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - James E. Evans
- Environmental
Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Michael D. Burkart
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nathan
C. Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Scripps Institution
of Oceanography, University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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9
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Pletikapić G, Lannon H, Murvai Ü, Kellermayer MSZ, Svetličić V, Brujic J. Self-assembly of polysaccharides gives rise to distinct mechanical signatures in marine gels. Biophys J 2015; 107:355-364. [PMID: 25028877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine-gel biopolymers were recently visualized at the molecular level using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to reveal fine fibril-forming networks with low to high degrees of cross-linking. In this work, we use force spectroscopy to quantify the intra- and intermolecular forces within the marine-gel network. Combining force measurements, AFM imaging, and the known chemical composition of marine gels allows us to identify the microscopic origins of distinct mechanical responses. At the single-fibril level, we uncover force-extension curves that resemble those of individual polysaccharide fibrils. They exhibit entropic elasticity followed by extensions associated with chair-to-boat transitions specific to the type of polysaccharide at high forces. Surprisingly, a low degree of cross-linking leads to sawtooth patterns that we attribute to the unraveling of polysaccharide entanglements. At a high degree of cross-linking, we observe force plateaus that arise from unzipping, as well as unwinding, of helical bundles. Finally, the complex 3D network structure gives rise to force staircases of increasing height that correspond to the hierarchical peeling of fibrils away from the junction zones. In addition, we show that these diverse mechanical responses also arise in reconstituted polysaccharide gels, which highlights their dominant role in the mechanical architecture of marine gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pletikapić
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - H Lannon
- Center for Soft Matter Research and Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Ü Murvai
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - M S Z Kellermayer
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - V Svetličić
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J Brujic
- Center for Soft Matter Research and Department of Physics, New York University, New York, New York.
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10
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Ciglenečki I, Svetličić V. Nanoparticles and Marine Environment: An Overview. NANOTECHNOLOGY TO AID CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DEFENSE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-7218-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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11
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Malfatti F, Turk V, Tinta T, Mozetič P, Manganelli M, Samo TJ, Ugalde JA, Kovač N, Stefanelli M, Antonioli M, Fonda-Umani S, Del Negro P, Cataletto B, Hozić A, Ivošević Denardis N, Zutić V, Svetličić V, Mišić Radić T, Radić T, Fuks D, Azam F. Microbial mechanisms coupling carbon and phosphorus cycles in phosphorus-limited northern Adriatic Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:1173-1183. [PMID: 24246940 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The coastal northern Adriatic Sea receives pulsed inputs of riverine nutrients, causing phytoplankton blooms and seasonally sustained dissolved organic carbon (DOC) accumulation-hypothesized to cause episodes of massive mucilage. The underlying mechanisms regulating P and C cycles and their coupling are unclear. Extensive biogeochemical parameters, processes and community composition were measured in a 64-day mesocosms deployed off Piran, Slovenia. We followed the temporal trends of C and P fluxes in P-enriched (P+) and unenriched (P-) mesocosms. An intense diatom bloom developed then crashed; however, substantial primary production was maintained throughout, supported by tightly coupled P regeneration by bacteria and phytoplankton. Results provide novel insights on post-bloom C and P dynamics and mechanisms. 1) Post-bloom DOC accumulation to 186 μM remained elevated despite high bacterial carbon demand. Presumably, a large part of DOC accumulated due to the bacterial ectohydrolytic processing of primary productivity that adventitiously generated slow-to-degrade DOC; 2) bacteria heavily colonized post-bloom diatom aggregates, rendering them microscale hotspots of P regeneration due to locally intense bacterial ectohydrolase activities; 3) Pi turnover was rapid thus suggesting high P flux through the DOP pool (dissolved organic phosphorus) turnover; 4) Alpha- and Gamma-proteobacteria dominated the bacterial communities despite great differences of C and P pools and fluxes in both mesocosms. However, minor taxa showed dramatic changes in community compositions. Major OTUs were presumably generalists adapted to diverse productivity regimes.We suggest that variation in bacterial ectohydrolase activities on aggregates, regulating the rates of POM→DOM transition as well as dissolved polymer hydrolysis, could become a bottleneck in P regeneration. This could be another regulatory step, in addition to APase, in the microbial regulation of P cycle and the coupling between C and P cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Malfatti
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University California San Diego, 92037 La Jolla, USA
| | - V Turk
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Station Piran, 66330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - T Tinta
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Station Piran, 66330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - P Mozetič
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Station Piran, 66330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - M Manganelli
- Istituto Superiore per la Prevenzione e la Sicurezza del Lavoro (ISPESL), DIPIA, 00040 Monteporzio Catone, Roma, Italy; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dept. of Environment and Primary Prevention, Roma, Italy
| | - T J Samo
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University California San Diego, 92037 La Jolla, USA
| | - J A Ugalde
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University California San Diego, 92037 La Jolla, USA
| | - N Kovač
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Station Piran, 66330 Piran, Slovenia
| | - M Stefanelli
- Istituto Superiore per la Prevenzione e la Sicurezza del Lavoro (ISPESL), DIPIA, 00040 Monteporzio Catone, Roma, Italy; Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Dept. of Environment and Primary Prevention, Roma, Italy
| | - M Antonioli
- Universita' degli Studi di Trieste, Dipartimento di Biologia, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - S Fonda-Umani
- Universita' degli Studi di Trieste, Dipartimento di Biologia, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - P Del Negro
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale, Sezione Bio, 34151 Santa Croce, Trieste, Italy
| | - B Cataletto
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e Geofisica Sperimentale, Sezione Bio, 34151 Santa Croce, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Hozić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - N Ivošević Denardis
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - V Zutić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - V Svetličić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - T Mišić Radić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - T Radić
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Split, Croatia
| | - D Fuks
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research, Rovinj, Croatia
| | - F Azam
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University California San Diego, 92037 La Jolla, USA
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12
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Marine polysaccharide networks and diatoms at the nanometric scale. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20064-78. [PMID: 24113585 PMCID: PMC3821603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many advances in research on photosynthetic carbon fixation in marine diatoms, the biophysical and biochemical mechanisms of extracellular polysaccharide production remain significant challenges to be resolved at the molecular scale in order to proceed toward an understanding of their functions at the cellular level, as well as their interactions and fate in the ocean. This review covers studies of diatom extracellular polysaccharides using atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging and the quantification of physical forces. Following a brief summary of the basic principle of the AFM experiment and the first AFM studies of diatom extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), we focus on the detection of supramolecular structures in polysaccharide systems produced by marine diatoms. Extracellular polysaccharide fibrils, attached to the diatom cell wall or released into the surrounding seawater, form distinct supramolecular assemblies best described as gel networks. AFM makes characterization of the diatom polysaccharide networks at the micro and nanometric scales and a clear distinction between the self-assembly and self-organization of these complex systems in marine environments possible.
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13
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A novel type of colony formation in marine planktonic diatoms revealed by atomic force microscopy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44851. [PMID: 23028646 PMCID: PMC3447866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms have evolved a variety of colonial life forms in which cells are connected by organic threads, mucilage pads or silicate structures. In this study, we provide the first description of a novel strategy of colony formation among marine planktonic diatoms. Bacteriastrum jadranum forms loose but regular chains with distinct heterovalvate terminal cells. The colonial cells and their siliceous projections, the setae, are not in direct contact; instead, they are enclosed within the optically transparent organic matrix. This cell jacket structure was detected by staining procedure with Alcian Blue, which showed that the polysaccharides are predominant matrix constituents and revealed that the jacket reaches the span of the setae. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed distinguishable fibrillar network firmly associated with cells. Using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we were able to visualise and characterise the cell jacket structure at molecular resolution. At nanoscale resolution, the cell jacket appears as a cross-linked fibrillar network organised into a recognisable structure. The circular patches of self-repeating pattern (hexagonal pores with openings of 8-100 nm) are connected through thicker surrounding fibrils and reinforced by branching fibrils. The pore-forming fibrils within the patches are only 0.6-1.6 nm high, the surrounding fibrils connecting patches are 2.0-2.8 nm high, and the branching fibrils are considerably wider but not higher than 4.0 nm. The discovered polysaccharide fibrillar network is highly organised and delicately structured with a monomolecular fibril height of 0.6 nm. We conclude that the Bacteriastrum polysaccharide jacket represents an essential part of the cell, as the conjunction of the polymer network with the frustule appears to be extremely tight and such specific and unique patterns have never been found in self-assembled polysaccharide gel networks, which are usually encountered in the marine environment.
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Pletikapić G, Žutić V, Vinković Vrček I, Svetličić V. Atomic force microscopy characterization of silver nanoparticles interactions with marine diatom cells and extracellular polymeric substance. J Mol Recognit 2012; 25:309-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Galja Pletikapić
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute; Zagreb; Croatia
| | - Vera Žutić
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute; Zagreb; Croatia
| | - Ivana Vinković Vrček
- Analytical Toxicology and Mineral Metabolism Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health; Zagreb; Croatia
| | - Vesna Svetličić
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute; Zagreb; Croatia
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15
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Pletikapić G, Berquand A, Radić TM, Svetličić V. QUANTITATIVE NANOMECHANICAL MAPPING OF MARINE DIATOM IN SEAWATER USING PEAK FORCE TAPPING ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2012; 48:174-85. [PMID: 27009662 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.01093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted that a diatom cell wall is characterized by a siliceous skeleton covered by an organic envelope essentially composed of polysaccharides and proteins. Understanding of how the organic component is associated with the silica structure provides an important insight into the biomineralization process and patterning on the cellular level. Using a novel atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging technique (Peak Force Tapping), we characterized nanomechanical properties (elasticity and deformation) of a weakly silicified marine diatom Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenb.) Reimann et J. C. Lewin (strain CCNA1). The nanomechanical properties were measured over the entire cell surface in seawater at a resolution that was not achieved previously. The fibulae were the stiffest (200 MPa) and the least deformable (only 1 nm). Girdle band region appeared as a series of parallel stripes characterized by two sets of values of Young's modulus and deformation: one for silica stripes (43.7 Mpa, 3.7 nm) and the other between the stripes (21.3 MPa, 13.4 nm). The valve region was complex with average values of Young's modulus (29.8 MPa) and deformation (10.2 nm) with high standard deviations. After acid treatment, we identified 15 nm sized silica spheres in the valve region connecting raphe with the girdle bands. The silica spheres were neither fused together nor forming a nanopattern. A cell wall model is proposed with individual silica nanoparticles incorporated in an organic matrix. Such organization of girdle band and valve regions enables the high flexibility needed for movement and adaptation to different environments while maintaining the integrity of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galja Pletikapić
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10000, CroatiaBruker Nano GmbH, Mannheim 68165, GermanyDivision for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Alexandre Berquand
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10000, CroatiaBruker Nano GmbH, Mannheim 68165, GermanyDivision for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Tea Mišić Radić
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10000, CroatiaBruker Nano GmbH, Mannheim 68165, GermanyDivision for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Vesna Svetličić
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10000, CroatiaBruker Nano GmbH, Mannheim 68165, GermanyDivision for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
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Polymer networks produced by marine diatoms in the northern Adriatic sea. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:666-679. [PMID: 21731556 PMCID: PMC3124979 DOI: 10.3390/md9040666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Using high resolution molecular technique of atomic force microscopy, we address the extracellular polymer production of Adriatic diatom Cylindrotheca closterium analyzed at the single cell level and the supramolecular organization of gel phase isolated from the Northern Adriatic macroaggregates. Our results revealed that extracellular polysaccharides freshly produced by marine diatoms can self-assemble directly to form gel network characteristics of the macroscopic gel phase in the natural aquatorium. Based on the experiments performed with isolated polysaccharide fractions of C. closterium and of macroaggregates gel phase, we demonstrated that the polysaccharide self-assembly into gel network can proceed independent of any bacterial mediation or interaction with inorganic particles.
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