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Pan M, Wright WC, Chapple RH, Zubair A, Sandhu M, Batchelder JE, Huddle BC, Low J, Blankenship KB, Wang Y, Gordon B, Archer P, Brady SW, Natarajan S, Posgai MJ, Schuetz J, Miller D, Kalathur R, Chen S, Connelly JP, Babu MM, Dyer MA, Pruett-Miller SM, Freeman BB, Chen T, Godley LA, Blanchard SC, Stewart E, Easton J, Geeleher P. The chemotherapeutic CX-5461 primarily targets TOP2B and exhibits selective activity in high-risk neuroblastoma. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6468. [PMID: 34753908 PMCID: PMC8578635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26640-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival in high-risk pediatric neuroblastoma has remained around 50% for the last 20 years, with immunotherapies and targeted therapies having had minimal impact. Here, we identify the small molecule CX-5461 as selectively cytotoxic to high-risk neuroblastoma and synergistic with low picomolar concentrations of topoisomerase I inhibitors in improving survival in vivo in orthotopic patient-derived xenograft neuroblastoma mouse models. CX-5461 recently progressed through phase I clinical trial as a first-in-human inhibitor of RNA-POL I. However, we also use a comprehensive panel of in vitro and in vivo assays to demonstrate that CX-5461 has been mischaracterized and that its primary target at pharmacologically relevant concentrations, is in fact topoisomerase II beta (TOP2B), not RNA-POL I. This is important because existing clinically approved chemotherapeutics have well-documented off-target interactions with TOP2B, which have previously been shown to cause both therapy-induced leukemia and cardiotoxicity-often-fatal adverse events, which can emerge several years after treatment. Thus, while we show that combination therapies involving CX-5461 have promising anti-tumor activity in vivo in neuroblastoma, our identification of TOP2B as the primary target of CX-5461 indicates unexpected safety concerns that should be examined in ongoing phase II clinical trials in adult patients before pursuing clinical studies in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Pan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - William C Wright
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Richard H Chapple
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Asif Zubair
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Manbir Sandhu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jake E Batchelder
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Brandt C Huddle
- The Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan Low
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Kaley B Blankenship
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yingzhe Wang
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Brittney Gordon
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Payton Archer
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Samuel W Brady
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sivaraman Natarajan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Matthew J Posgai
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - John Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Darcie Miller
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Ravi Kalathur
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Siquan Chen
- Cellular Screening Center, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jon Patrick Connelly
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - M Madan Babu
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Burgess B Freeman
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetic Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Lucy A Godley
- Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Scott C Blanchard
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Elizabeth Stewart
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
| | - Paul Geeleher
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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Rotkrua P, Lohlamoh W, Watcharapo P, Soontornworajit B. A molecular hybrid comprising AS1411 and PDGF-BB aptamer, cholesterol, and doxorubicin for inhibiting proliferation of SW480 cells. J Mol Recognit 2021; 34:e2926. [PMID: 34258818 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer treatment commonly relies on chemotherapy. This treatment faces many challenges, including treatment specificity and undesired side effects. To address these, a Dox-loaded Chol-aptamer molecular hybrid (Dox-CAH) was developed. This multivalent interaction system combines the key function of each integrated species: doxorubicin, cholesterol, and two aptamers binding to nucleolin and platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB). The study has four stages: preparation of CAH via oligonucleotide hybridization, intercalation of doxorubicin into CAH, verification of CAH binding on SW480 by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, and investigation of effect of Dox-CAH on SW480 proliferation. CAH was successfully prepared, as confirmed by electrophoresis. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy demonstrated CAH binding to SW480, due to the presence of the AS1411 aptamer. This molecular hybrid exhibited specific binding because it did not bind to CCD 841 CoN. CAH binding to PDGF-BB compromises its function, as shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and cell assay. The DNA duplex in this molecular hybrid reduces the cytotoxicity of the Dox-CAH. Binding and the reduction of Dox-CAH toxicity may improve treatment specificity and minimize side effects. Dox-CAH is a model for more effective anticancer therapy, allowing incorporation of chemotherapeutic drugs and recognition elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichayanoot Rotkrua
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Lohlamoh
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Paphada Watcharapo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Boonchoy Soontornworajit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
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Sanchez-Martin V, Soriano M, Garcia-Salcedo JA. Quadruplex Ligands in Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3156. [PMID: 34202648 PMCID: PMC8267697 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acids can adopt alternative secondary conformations including four-stranded structures known as quadruplexes. To date, quadruplexes have been demonstrated to exist both in human chromatin DNA and RNA. In particular, quadruplexes are found in guanine-rich sequences constituting G-quadruplexes, and in cytosine-rich sequences forming i-Motifs as a counterpart. Quadruplexes are associated with key biological processes ranging from transcription and translation of several oncogenes and tumor suppressors to telomeres maintenance and genome instability. In this context, quadruplexes have prompted investigations on their possible role in cancer biology and the evaluation of small-molecule ligands as potential therapeutic agents. This review aims to provide an updated close-up view of the literature on quadruplex ligands in cancer therapy, by grouping together ligands for DNA and RNA G-quadruplexes and DNA i-Motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sanchez-Martin
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Microbiology Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute IBS, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Soriano
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Centre for Intensive Mediterranean Agrosystems and Agri-Food Biotechnology (CIAMBITAL), University of Almeria, 04001 Almeria, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Garcia-Salcedo
- Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Microbiology Unit, Biosanitary Research Institute IBS, University Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
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