A novel electroconductive interface based on Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticle and cysteamine functionalized AuNPs: Preparation and application as signal amplification element to minoring of antigen‐antibody immunocomplex and biosensing of prostate cancer

Gold Nanoparticles Based Optical Biosensors for Cancer Biomarker Proteins: A Review of the Current Practices

Cancer prognosis depends on the early detection of the disease. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have attracted much importance in biomedical research due to their distinctive optical properties. The AuNPs are easy to fabricate, biocompatible, surface controlled, stable, and have surface plasmonic properties. The AuNPs based optical biosensors can intensely improve the sensitivity, specificity, resolution, penetration depth, contrast, and speed of these devices. The key optical features of the AuNPs based biosensors include localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), SERS, and luminescence. AuNPs based biomarkers have the potential to sense the protein biomarkers at a low detection level. In this review, the fabrication techniques of the AuNPs have been reviewed. The optical biosensors based on LSPR, SERS, and luminescence are also evaluated. The application of these biosensors for cancer protein detection is discussed. Distinct examples of cancer research that have a substantial impact on both scientific and clinical research are presented.

Sensitive recognition of prostate specific antigen using biotinylated antibody encapsulated on D-penicillamine decorated wrinkled silicate nanoparticles (WSN): An innovative sandwich type biosensor towards diagnosis of prostate cancer

In this study, a new sandwich type biosensor was developed to specific recognition of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and early-stage diagnosis of prostate cancer using encapsulation of biotinylated antibody (Ab1) of prostate specific antigen on D-penicillamine decorated wrinkled silicate nanoparticles (WSN). For the first time, KCC-1-NH-DPA was synthesized and used to immobilization of biomacromolecules. So, fabricated immunosensor was performed by on sandwich type strategy. After fabrication of immunosensor, cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and square wave voltammetry techniques were used to electrochemical evaluation of immune-platform for PSA detection. The proposed biocompatibility immune-platform provided a novel interface towards sensitive bioanalysis of PSA biomarker in human plasma samples. Due to the use of gold nanoparticles functionalized Cysteamine (Cys A) in the structure of the secondary antibody (Ab2 [HRP-Ab2]), the intensity of the electrochemical signal has increased, resulting in a more accurate detection of the target molecules. Under the right conditions, the engineering immunosensor provides good bioanalytical performance for determining the PSA biomarker in the linear range of 0.002 to 60 μg. L^-1 which low limit of quantification was 0.002 μg. L^-1 . As a result, it is suggested to use this immune-devices in the clinical pre-diagnosis of prostate cancer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Biosensors and nanotechnology for cancer diagnosis (lung and bronchus, breast, prostate, and colon): a systematic review

The second cause of death in the world has been reported to be cancer, and it has been on the rise in recent years. As a result of the difficulties of cancer detection and its treatment, the survival rate of patients is unclear. The early detection of cancer is an important issue for its therapy. Cancer detection based on biomarkers may effectively enhance the early detection and subsequent treatment. Nanomaterial-based nanobiosensors for cancer biomarkers are excellent tools for the molecular detection and diagnosis of disease. This review reports the latest advancement and attainment in applying nanoparticles to the detection of cancer biomarkers. In this paper, the recent advances in the application of common nanomaterials like graphene, carbon nanotubes, Au, Ag, Pt, and Fe₃O₄together with newly emerged nanoparticles such as quantum dots, upconversion nanoparticles, inorganics (ZnO, MoS₂), and metal-organic frameworks for the diagnosis of biomarkers related to lung, prostate, breast, and colon cancer are highlighted. Finally, the challenges, outlook, and closing remarks are given.

Enzymatic recognition of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) in human plasma samples using HRP immobilized on the surface of poly(arginine-toluidine blue)- Fe3 O4 nanoparticles modified polydopamine; A novel biosensor

In this study, an innovative strategy was proposed for the electrocatalytical reduction and enzymatic biosensing of hydrogen peroxide (H₂ O₂ ) using chronoamperometry technique. For the first time, immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in polydopamine-modified magnetic nanoparticles (PDA-MNPs) was successfully performed. Also, poly(l-arginine/toluidine blue) film-modified glassy carbon electrode was constructed through co-electropolymerization of l-arginine and toluidine blue on the surface of GCE using cyclic voltammetry technique. The engineered hybrid thin film provides strong functionalities for efficient grafting of PDA-MNPs which, in turn, enable the covalent immobilization of HRP. The proposed biosensor was used for the detection of H₂ O₂ in the range of 0.5-30 μM with a low limit of quantification 0.23 μM. It also was successfully applied for the investigation of hydrogen peroxide in human plasma samples.

Biopolymer and Biomaterial Conjugated Iron Oxide Nanomaterials as Prostate Cancer Theranostic Agents: A Comprehensive Review

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common malignancy in men and the leading cause of death for men all over the world. Early diagnosis is the key to start treatment at an early stage of PCa and to reduce the death toll. Generally, PCa expresses characteristic morphologic features and serum biomarkers; however, early diagnosis is challenging due to its heterogeneity and long-term indolent phase in the early stage. Following positive diagnosis, PCa patients receive conventional treatments including surgery, radiation therapy, androgen deprivation therapy, focal therapy, and chemotherapy to enhance survival time and alleviate PCa-related complications. However, these treatment strategies have both short and long-term side effects, notably impotence, urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunctions, and recurrence of cancer. These limitations warrant the quest for novel PCa theranostic agents with robust diagnostic and therapeutic potentials to lessen the burden of PCa-related suffering. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have recently drawn attention for their symmetrical usage in the diagnosis and treatment of several cancer types. Here, we performed a systematic search in four popular online databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science) for the articles regarding PCa and IONPs. Published literature confirmed that the surface modification of IONPs with biopolymers and diagnostic biomarkers improved the early diagnosis of PCa, even in the metastatic stage with reliable accuracy and sensitivity. Furthermore, fine-tuning of IONPs with biopolymers, nucleic acids, anticancer drugs, and bioactive compounds can improve the therapeutic efficacy of these anticancer agents against PCa. This review covers the symmetrical use of IONPs in the diagnosis and treatment of PCa, investigates their biocompatibility, and examines their potential as PCa theranostic agents.

Application of magnetic nanomaterials in electroanalytical methods: A review

Magnetic nanomaterials (MNMs) have gained high attention in different fields of studies due to their ferromagnetic/superparamagnetic properties and their low toxicity and high biocompatibility. MNMs contain magnetic elements such as iron and nickel in metallic, bimetallic, metal oxide, and mixed metal oxide. In electroanalytical methods, MNMs have been applied as sorbents for sample preparation before the electrochemical detection (sorbent role), as the electrode modifier (catalytic role), and the integration of the above two roles (as both sorbent and catalytic agent). In this paper, the application of MNMs in electroanalytical methods have been classified based on the main role of the nanomaterial and discussed separately. Furthermore, catalytic activities of MNMs in electroanalytical methods such as redox electrocatalytic, nanozymes catalytic (peroxidase, catalase activity, oxidase activity, superoxide dismutase activity), catalyst gate, and nanocontainer have been discussed.

Nanotreatment and Nanodiagnosis of Prostate Cancer: Recent Updates

The fabrication and development of nanomaterials for the treatment of prostate cancer have gained significant appraisal in recent years. Advancements in synthesis of organic and inorganic nanomaterials with charge, particle size, specified geometry, ligand attachment etc have resulted in greater biocompatibility and active targeting at cancer site. Despite all of the advances made over the years in discovering drugs, methods, and new biomarkers for cancer of the prostate (PCa), PCa remains one of the most troubling cancers among people. Early on, effective diagnosis is an essential part of treating prostate cancer. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or serum prostate-specific antigen is the best serum marker widely accessible for diagnosis of PCa. Numerous efforts have been made over the past decade to design new biosensor-based strategies for biomolecules detection and PSA miniaturization biomarkers. The growing nanotechnology is expected to have a significant effect in the immediate future on scientific research and healthcare. Nanotechnology is thus predicted to find a way to solve one of the most and long-standing problem, "early cancer detection". For early diagnosis of PCa biomarkers, different nanoparticles with different approaches have been used. In this review, we provide a brief description of the latest achievements and advances in the use of nanoparticles for PCa biomarker diagnosis.

A novel immunosensor for the monitoring of PSA using binding of biotinylated antibody to the prostate specific antigen based on nano-ink modified flexible paper substrate: efficient method for diagnosis of cancer using biosensing technology

Prostate cancer is the most significant reason for deaths in men, outside of lung cancer. The clinical examination of cancer proteins or biomarkers is extremely significant in early examination and monitoring of recurrence of disease after treatment. Biomarkers have expanded great clinical significance owing to their extensive spectra in the identification, elimination, early diagnosis and cure of cancer. In this work, novel, ultrasensitive sandwich-type portable bio device based on citrate-capped silver nanoparticles (Citrate-AgNPs) modified graphene quantum dots (GQDs) nano ink for detection of Prostate specific antigen (PSA) was fabricated. Functionalized cysteamine with gold nanoparticles (Cys-AuNPs) was also utilized to amplify the signal. It provides a good and high external area for the immobilization biotinylated antibody of PSA in the large amount. For the first time, citrate-AgNPs-GQDs nano ink was directly written on the cellulose paper surface (ivory sheet and photographic paper) and modified by Cys-AuNPs. So, final structure of the immunodevices was completed after including of Ab1 and PSA (antigen). The immunosensors were used for the recognition of PSA by using DPVs (differential pulse voltammetry) technique. The obtained low limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the first immunodevice (ivory sheet/Citrate AgNPs-GQDs nano-ink/CysA-Au NPs/Ab1/BSA/PSA/Ab2) was 0.07 μg/L and the linear range for the calibration plot was from 0.07 to 60 μg/L. Also, the achieved LLOQ of the second immunodevice (photographic paper/Citrate AgNPs-GQDs nano-ink/Cys-Au NPs/Ab1/BSA/PSA/Ab2) was 0.05 μg/L with the linear range of 10 to 0.05 μg/L. It is noteworthy that, proposed immunoassay was effectively utilized to the monitoring of PSA glycoprotein in unprocessed human plasma sample. Obtained results show that the constructed immunosensor is able to apply as portable bio device for the clinical analysis of PSA in human plasma samples.