1
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Wang C, Wang B, Zhang Q, Zhang S. Tumor microenvironment-responsive cell-penetrating peptides: Design principle and precision delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 242:114100. [PMID: 39024717 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are promising vehicles for intracellular delivery of different cargoes. Although various CPPs are designed for targeted delivery of nanomedicines and anticancer drugs, their clinical approval is hampered by a lack of selectivity. In recent years, new approaches have been explored to address this drawback, and distinct strategies for tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive activation have been developed. In this review, we first introduce the cellular uptake mechanisms of CPPs. We next extensively discuss the design principles and precision delivery of TME-responsive CPPs. Nine kinds of single stimulus-responsive CPPs, five kinds of multiple stimuli-responsive CPPs, three kinds of TME-responsive targeting CPPs, and two kinds of reversibly activatable CPPs (RACPPs) are systemically summarized. Then, TME-responsive CPPs for nanomedical applications are further discussed. Finally, we describe the translational applications of TME-responsive CPPs for anticancer drug delivery. These commentaries provide an insight into the design of next-generation activatable CPPs (ACPPs) for selective delivery of nanomedicines and anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhui Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Sihe Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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2
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Agoni C, Stavropoulos I, Kirwan A, Mysior MM, Holton T, Kranjc T, Simpson JC, Roche HM, Shields DC. Cell-Penetrating Milk-Derived Peptides with a Non-Inflammatory Profile. Molecules 2023; 28:6999. [PMID: 37836842 PMCID: PMC10574647 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Milk-derived peptides are known to confer anti-inflammatory effects. We hypothesised that milk-derived cell-penetrating peptides might modulate inflammation in useful ways. Using computational techniques, we identified and synthesised peptides from the milk protein Alpha-S1-casein that were predicted to be cell-penetrating using a machine learning predictor. We modified the interpretation of the prediction results to consider the effects of histidine. Peptides were then selected for testing to determine their cell penetrability and anti-inflammatory effects using HeLa cells and J774.2 mouse macrophage cell lines. The selected peptides all showed cell penetrating behaviour, as judged using confocal microscopy of fluorescently labelled peptides. None of the peptides had an effect on either the NF-κB transcription factor or TNFα and IL-1β secretion. Thus, the identified milk-derived sequences have the ability to be internalised into the cell without affecting cell homeostatic mechanisms such as NF-κB activation. These peptides are worthy of further investigation for other potential bioactivities or as a naturally derived carrier to promote the cellular internalisation of other active peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Agoni
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland (M.M.M.); (J.C.S.)
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin 4, Ireland
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Ilias Stavropoulos
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland (M.M.M.); (J.C.S.)
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Anna Kirwan
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland (M.M.M.); (J.C.S.)
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 N2E5 Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Margharitha M. Mysior
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland (M.M.M.); (J.C.S.)
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Therese Holton
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland (M.M.M.); (J.C.S.)
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tilen Kranjc
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland (M.M.M.); (J.C.S.)
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Jeremy C. Simpson
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland (M.M.M.); (J.C.S.)
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 N2E5 Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Helen M. Roche
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland (M.M.M.); (J.C.S.)
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK
| | - Denis C. Shields
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin 4, Ireland (M.M.M.); (J.C.S.)
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 W6F6 Dublin 4, Ireland
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3
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Singh D. Cell-penetrating peptides are widely used molecular transporter for peptide delivery in cancer: recent advancements. Ther Deliv 2023; 14:401-405. [PMID: 37535345 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dilpreet Singh
- University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, 140413, India
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4
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Moreno J, Zoghebi K, Salehi D, Kim L, Shoushtari SK, Tiwari RK, Parang K. Amphiphilic Cell-Penetrating Peptides Containing Arginine and Hydrophobic Residues as Protein Delivery Agents. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030469. [PMID: 36986567 PMCID: PMC10053436 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The entry of proteins through the cell membrane is challenging, thus limiting their use as potential therapeutics. Seven cell-penetrating peptides, designed in our laboratory, were evaluated for the delivery of proteins. Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis was utilized for the synthesis of seven cyclic or hybrid cyclic-linear amphiphilic peptides composed of hydrophobic (tryptophan (W) or 3,3-diphenylalanine (Dip) and positively-charged arginine (R) residues, such as [WR]4, [WR]9, [WWRR]4, [WWRR]5, [(RW)5K](RW)5, [R5K]W7, and [DipR]5. Confocal microscopy was used to screen the peptides as a protein delivery system of model cargo proteins, green and red fluorescein proteins (GFP and RFP). Based on the confocal microscopy results, [WR]9 and [DipR]5 were found to be more efficient among all the peptides and were selected for further studies. [WR]9 (1-10 µM) + protein (GFP and RFP) physical mixture did not show high cytotoxicity (>90% viability) in triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231) after 24 h, while [DipR]5 (1-10 µM) physical mixture with GFP exhibited more than 81% cell viability. Confocal microscopy images revealed internalization of GFP and RFP in MDA-MB-231 cells using [WR]9 (2-10 μM) and [DipR]5 (1-10 µM). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis indicated that the cellular uptake of GFP was concentration-dependent in the presence of [WR]9 in MDA-MB-231 cells after 3 h of incubation at 37 °C. The concentration-dependent uptake of GFP and RFP was also observed in the presence of [DipR5] in SK-OV-3 and MDA-MB-231 cells after 3 h of incubation at 37 °C. FACS analysis indicated that the cellular uptake of GFP in the presence of [WR]9 was partially decreased by methyl-β-cyclodextrin and nystatin as endocytosis inhibitors after 3 h of incubation in MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas nystatin and chlorpromazine as endocytosis inhibitors slightly reduced the uptake of GFP in the presence of [DipR]5 after 3 h of incubation in MDA-MB-231. [WR]9 was able to deliver therapeutically relevant proteins (Histone H2A) at different concentrations. These results provide insight into the use of amphiphilic cyclic peptides in the delivery of protein-related therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Moreno
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Khalid Zoghebi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 82826, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Salehi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Lois Kim
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Sorour Khayyatnejad Shoushtari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Rakesh K Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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5
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Drexler CI, Cyran JD, Webb LJ. Lipid-Specific Direct Translocation of the Cell-Penetrating Peptide NAF-1 44-67 across Bilayer Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2002-2010. [PMID: 36827970 PMCID: PMC10127249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The cell-penetrating peptide NAF-1 has recently emerged as a promising candidate for selective penetration and destruction of cancer cells. It displays numerous membrane-selective behaviors including cell-specific uptake and organelle-specific degradation. In this work, we explore membrane penetration and translocation of NAF-1 in model lipid bilayer vesicles as a function of lipid identity in zwitterionic phosphatidylcholine lipids mixed with anionic phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidic acid lipids. By monitoring the digestion of NAF-1 using the protease trypsin located inside but not outside the vesicles, we determined that the translocation of NAF-1 was significantly enhanced by the presence of phosphatidic acid in the membrane compared to the other three anionic or zwitterionic lipids. These findings were correlated to fluorescence measurements of dansyl-labeled NAF-1, which revealed whether noncovalent interactions between NAF-1 and the bilayer were most stable either at the membrane/solution interface or within the membrane interior. Phosphatidic acid promoted interactions with fatty acid tails, while phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylglycerol stabilized interactions with polar lipid headgroups. Interfacial vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy experiments revealed that the phosphate moiety on phosphatidic acid headgroups was better hydrated than on the other three lipids, which helped to shuttle NAF-1 into the hydrophobic region. Our findings demonstrate that permeation does not depend on the net charge on phospholipid lipid headgroups in these model vesicles and suggest a model wherein NAF-1 crosses membranes selectively due to lipid-specific interactions at bilayer surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad I Drexler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jenée D Cyran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76706, United States
| | - Lauren J Webb
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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6
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Hadjicharalambous A, Bournakas N, Newman H, Skynner MJ, Beswick P. Antimicrobial and Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Understanding Penetration for the Design of Novel Conjugate Antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1636. [PMID: 36421280 PMCID: PMC9686638 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short oligopeptides that can penetrate the bacterial inner and outer membranes. Together with cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), they are called membrane active peptides; peptides which can translocate across biological membranes. Over the last fifty years, attempts have been made to understand the molecular features that drive the interactions of membranes with membrane active peptides. This review examines the features of a membrane these peptides exploit for translocation, as well as the physicochemical characteristics of membrane active peptides which are important for translocation. Moreover, it presents examples of how these features have been used in recent years to create conjugates consisting of a membrane active peptide, called a "vector", attached to either a current or novel antibiotic, called a "cargo" or "payload". In addition, the review discusses what properties may contribute to an ideal peptide vector able to deliver cargoes across the bacterial outer membrane as the rising issue of antimicrobial resistance demands new strategies to be employed to combat this global public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hadjicharalambous
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- BicycleTx Limited, Portway Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Nikolaos Bournakas
- BicycleTx Limited, Portway Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Hector Newman
- BicycleTx Limited, Portway Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Michael J. Skynner
- BicycleTx Limited, Portway Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
| | - Paul Beswick
- BicycleTx Limited, Portway Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GS, UK
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7
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Pirhaghi M, Frank SA, Alam P, Nielsen J, Sereikaite V, Gupta A, Strømgaard K, Andreasen M, Sharma D, Saboury AA, Otzen DE. A penetratin-derived peptide reduces the membrane permeabilization and cell toxicity of α-synuclein oligomers. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102688. [PMID: 36370848 PMCID: PMC9791135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative movement disorder associated with the intracellular aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn). Cytotoxicity is mainly associated with the oligomeric species (αSOs) formed at early stages in α-syn aggregation. Consequently, there is an intense focus on the discovery of novel inhibitors such as peptides to inhibit oligomer formation and toxicity. Here, using peptide arrays, we identified nine peptides with high specificity and affinity for αSOs. Of these, peptides p194, p235, and p249 diverted α-syn aggregation from fibrils to amorphous aggregates with reduced β-structures and increased random coil content. However, they did not reduce αSO cytotoxicity and permeabilization of large anionic unilamellar vesicles. In parallel, we identified a non-self-aggregating peptide (p216), derived from the cell-penetrating peptide penetratin, which showed 12-fold higher binding affinity to αSOs than to α-syn monomers (Kdapp 2.7 and 31.2 μM, respectively). p216 reduced αSOs-induced large anionic unilamellar vesicle membrane permeability at 10-1 to 10-3 mg/ml by almost 100%, was not toxic to SH-SY5Y cells, and reduced αSOs cytotoxicity by about 20%. We conclude that p216 is a promising starting point from which to develop peptides targeting toxic αSOs in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Pirhaghi
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Signe Andrea Frank
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Parvez Alam
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Janni Nielsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vita Sereikaite
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Arpit Gupta
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Maria Andreasen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India; G.N. Ramachandran Protein Centre, Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, Chennai, India
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Daniel Erik Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Centre (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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8
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Hasannejad-Asl B, Pooresmaeil F, Takamoli S, Dabiri M, Bolhassani A. Cell penetrating peptide: A potent delivery system in vaccine development. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1072685. [PMID: 36425579 PMCID: PMC9679422 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1072685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main obstacles to most medication administrations (such as the vaccine constructs) is the cellular membrane's inadequate permeability, which reduces their efficiency. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) or protein transduction domains (PTDs) are well-known as potent biological nanocarriers to overcome this natural barrier, and to deliver membrane-impermeable substances into cells. The physicochemical properties of CPPs, the attached cargo, concentration, and cell type substantially influence the internalization mechanism. Although the exact mechanism of cellular uptake and the following processing of CPPs are still uncertain; but however, they can facilitate intracellular transfer through both endocytic and non-endocytic pathways. Improved endosomal escape efficiency, selective cell targeting, and improved uptake, processing, and presentation of antigen by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) have been reported by CPPs. Different in vitro and in vivo investigations using CPP conjugates show their potential as therapeutic agents in various medical areas such as infectious and non-infectious disorders. Effective treatments for a variety of diseases may be provided by vaccines that can cooperatively stimulate T cell-mediated immunity (T helper cell activity or cytotoxic T cell function), and immunologic memory. Delivery of antigen epitopes to APCs, and generation of a potent immune response is essential for an efficacious vaccine that can be facilitated by CPPs. The current review describes the delivery of numerous vaccine components by various CPPs and their immunostimulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Hasannejad-Asl
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farkhondeh Pooresmaeil
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahla Takamoli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mehran Dabiri
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Wang YF, Zhou Y, Sun J, Wang X, Jia Y, Ge K, Yan Y, Dawson KA, Guo S, Zhang J, Liang XJ. The Yin and Yang of the protein corona on the delivery journey of nanoparticles. NANO RESEARCH 2022; 16:715-734. [PMID: 36156906 PMCID: PMC9483491 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4849-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles-based drug delivery systems have attracted significant attention in biomedical fields because they can deliver loaded cargoes to the target site in a controlled manner. However, tremendous challenges must still be overcome to reach the expected targeting and therapeutic efficacy in vivo. These challenges mainly arise because the interaction between nanoparticles and biological systems is complex and dynamic and is influenced by the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles and the heterogeneity of biological systems. Importantly, once the nanoparticles are injected into the blood, a protein corona will inevitably form on the surface. The protein corona creates a new biological identity which plays a vital role in mediating the bio-nano interaction and determining the ultimate results. Thus, it is essential to understand how the protein corona affects the delivery journey of nanoparticles in vivo and what we can do to exploit the protein corona for better delivery efficiency. In this review, we first summarize the fundamental impact of the protein corona on the delivery journey of nanoparticles. Next, we emphasize the strategies that have been developed for tailoring and exploiting the protein corona to improve the transportation behavior of nanoparticles in vivo. Finally, we highlight what we need to do as a next step towards better understanding and exploitation of the protein corona. We hope these insights into the "Yin and Yang" effect of the protein corona will have profound implications for understanding the role of the protein corona in a wide range of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Feng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nano-Biomedical Technology for Diagnosis and Therapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260 China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Yaxin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - JiaBei Sun
- China National Institute of Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100061 China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002 China
| | - Yaru Jia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002 China
| | - Kun Ge
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002 China
| | - Yan Yan
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04V1W8 Ireland
| | - Kenneth A Dawson
- Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nano-Biomedical Technology for Diagnosis and Therapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260 China
- Centre for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, D04V1W8 Ireland
| | - Shutao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071 China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002 China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Education Department Key Laboratory of Nano-Immunoregulation Tumor Microenvironment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Nano-Biomedical Technology for Diagnosis and Therapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260 China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing, 100190 China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002 China
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10
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Tang X, Yu D, Wang H, Lei Z, Zhai Y, Sun M, Chen S, Wang Y, Liu Z, Hu W, Wang X. Synaptotagmin 1-mediated cell membrane penetration and dopamine release enhancement by latroeggtoxin-VI. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:906-915. [PMID: 35914553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Latroeggtoxin-VI (LETX-VI), a proteinaceous neurotoxin mined from the egg transcriptome of spider L. tredecimguttatus, was previously found to promote the release of dopamine from PC12 cells. However, the relevant molecular mechanism has not been fully clear. Here LETX-VI was demonstrated to rapidly penetrate the plasma membrane of PC12 cells via the vesicle exocytosis/endocytosis cycle, during which vesicular transmembrane protein synaptotagmin 1 (Syt1) functions as a receptor, with its vesicle luminal domain interacting with the C-terminal region of LETX-VI. The C-terminal sequence of LETX-VI is the functional region for both entering cells and promoting dopamine release. After gaining entry into the PC12 cells, LETX-VI down-regulated the phosphorylation levels of Syt1 at T201 and T195, thereby facilitating vesicle fusion with plasma membrane and thus promoting dopamine release. The relevant mechanism analysis indicated that LETX-VI has a protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activator activity. The present work has not only probed into the Syt1-mediated action mechanism of LETX-VI, but also revealed the structure-function relationship of the toxin, thus suggesting its potential applications in the drug transmembrane delivery and treatment of the diseases related to dopamine release and PP2A activity deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Dianmei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Zhixiang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Yiwen Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Minglu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Si Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Weijun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Xianchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China.
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11
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Wei W, Lu M, Xu W, Polyakov NE, Dushkin AV, Su WK. Preparation of protamine-hyaluronic acid coated core-shell nanoparticles for enhanced solubility, permeability, and oral bioavailability of decoquinate. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:346-355. [PMID: 35878671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Decoquinate (DQ) has low oral bioavailability owing to its poor water solubility. In this study, a DQ solid dispersion (DQ-SD) was fabricated using mechanochemical technology to encapsulate DQ and improve its oral bioavailability. DQ-SD is easily generated via self-assembly in the aqueous phase to form micelles consisting of disodium glycyrrhizinate (Na2GA) nanoparticles with a protamine (PRM) and anionic hyaluronic acid (HA) layers. The spherical DQ nanoparticles with an average diameter of 114.95 nm were obtained in an aqueous phase with a critical micelle concentration of 0.157 mg/mL, zeta potential of -38.38 mV, polydispersity index of 0.200, and drug loading of 5.66 %. The dissolution rate and cumulative release of DQ-SD were higher than those of pure DQ. Furthermore, the bioavailability of DQ-SD was approximately 6.3 times higher than that of pure DQ. Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies indicated that DQ-SD possessed a significantly higher concentration in the blood and preferential liver tissue accumulation, than that of pure DQ. The developed DQ-SD exhibited considerable potential for developing old DQ for a new application as a hematogenous parasite drug and provides a reference for developing more efficient delivery systems for hydrophobic bioactive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Min Lu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Wenhao Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Nikolay E Polyakov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexandr V Dushkin
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Wei-Ke Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China; Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
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12
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Mander S, Naffouje SA, Gao J, Li W, Christov K, Green A, Bongarzone ER, Das Gupta TK, Yamada T. Tumor-targeting cell-penetrating peptide, p28, for glioblastoma imaging and therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:940001. [PMID: 35936749 PMCID: PMC9353713 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.940001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in cancer research, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains a highly aggressive brain tumor as its treatment options are limited. The current standard treatment includes surgery followed by radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy. However, surgery without image guidance is often challenging to achieve maximal safe resection as it is difficult to precisely discern the lesion to be removed from surrounding brain tissue. In addition, the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy is limited by poor penetration of therapeutics through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) into brain tissues, and the lack of tumor targeting. In this regard, we utilized a tumor-targeting cell-penetration peptide, p28, as a therapeutic agent to improve the efficacy of a current chemotherapeutic agent for GBM, and as a carrier for a fluorescence imaging agent for a clear identification of GBM. Here, we show that a near-infrared (NIR) imaging agent, ICG-p28 (a chemical conjugate of an FDA-approved NIR dye, indocyanine green ICG, and tumor-targeting p28 peptide) can preferentially localize tumors in multiple GBM animal models. Moreover, xenograft studies show that p28, as a therapeutic agent, can enhance the cytotoxic activity of temozolomide (TMZ), one of the few effective drugs for brain tumors. Collectively, our findings highlight the important role of the tumor-targeting peptide, which has great potential for intraoperative image-guided surgery and the development of new therapeutic strategies for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunam Mander
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Samer A. Naffouje
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jin Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois College of Engineering, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Weiguo Li
- Richard & Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois College of Engineering, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Konstantin Christov
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Albert Green
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ernesto R. Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tapas K. Das Gupta
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Tohru Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Richard & Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois College of Engineering, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Tohru Yamada,
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13
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Chen D, Rocha-Mendoza D, Shan S, Smith Z, García-Cano I, Prost J, Jimenez-Flores R, Campanella O. Characterization and Cellular Uptake of Peptides Derived from In Vitro Digestion of Meat Analogues Produced by a Sustainable Extrusion Process. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8124-8133. [PMID: 35730749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Whether proteins in meat analogues (MAs) have the ability to provide equivalent nutrition as those in animal meat remains unknown. Herein, a MA was produced by high-moisture extrusion using soy and wheat proteins. The physicochemical properties, in vitro digestion, and cellular uptake of the released peptides were systematically compared between the MA and the chicken breast (CB). The MA showed a higher hardness but a lower degree of texturization than the CB. After simulated digestion, soluble peptides in the MA had a higher molecular weight and higher hydrophobicity. No observable cytotoxicity or inflammatory response to Caco-2 cells was found for both MA and CB digests. The former exhibited less permeability of peptides across Caco-2 cells. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry found that the identified peptides in MA and CB digests contained 7-30 and 7-20 amino acid residues, respectively, and they became shorter after cellular transportation. The amino acid composition showed fewer essential and non-essential amino acids in the MA permeate than in the CB permeate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Chen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Diana Rocha-Mendoza
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Shengyue Shan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zachary Smith
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Environmental Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Israel García-Cano
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Julie Prost
- Clextral Inc., Tampa, Florida 33626, United States
| | - Rafael Jimenez-Flores
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Osvaldo Campanella
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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14
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A Re-evaluation of the Free Energy Profiles for Cell-Penetrating Peptides Across DOPC Membranes. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Gaurav I, Wang X, Thakur A, Iyaswamy A, Thakur S, Chen X, Kumar G, Li M, Yang Z. Peptide-Conjugated Nano Delivery Systems for Therapy and Diagnosis of Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1433. [PMID: 34575511 PMCID: PMC8471603 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides are strings of approximately 2-50 amino acids, which have gained huge attention for theranostic applications in cancer research due to their various advantages including better biosafety, customizability, convenient process of synthesis, targeting ability via recognizing biological receptors on cancer cells, and better ability to penetrate cell membranes. The conjugation of peptides to the various nano delivery systems (NDS) has been found to provide an added benefit toward targeted delivery for cancer therapy. Moreover, the simultaneous delivery of peptide-conjugated NDS and nano probes has shown potential for the diagnosis of the malignant progression of cancer. In this review, various barriers hindering the targeting capacity of NDS are addressed, and various approaches for conjugating peptides and NDS have been discussed. Moreover, major peptide-based functionalized NDS targeting cancer-specific receptors have been considered, including the conjugation of peptides with extracellular vesicles, which are biological nanovesicles with promising ability for therapy and the diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Gaurav
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (I.G.); (X.W.); (A.I.); (X.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Xuehan Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (I.G.); (X.W.); (A.I.); (X.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Abhimanyu Thakur
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science and Innovation-CAS Limited, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Ashok Iyaswamy
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (I.G.); (X.W.); (A.I.); (X.C.); (M.L.)
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sudha Thakur
- National Institute for Locomotor Disabilities (Divyangjan), Kolkata 700090, India;
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (I.G.); (X.W.); (A.I.); (X.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- School of Basic and Applied Science, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 203201, India;
| | - Min Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (I.G.); (X.W.); (A.I.); (X.C.); (M.L.)
- Mr. & Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson’s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; (I.G.); (X.W.); (A.I.); (X.C.); (M.L.)
- Changshu Research Institute, Hong Kong Baptist University, Changshu Economic and Technological Development (CETD) Zone, Changshu 215500, China
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16
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Desale K, Kuche K, Jain S. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs): an overview of applications for improving the potential of nanotherapeutics. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:1153-1188. [PMID: 33355322 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01755h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the field of nanotherapeutics, gaining cellular entry into the cytoplasm of the target cell continues to be an ultimate challenge. There are many physicochemical factors such as charge, size and molecular weight of the molecules and delivery vehicles, which restrict their cellular entry. Hence, to dodge such situations, a class of short peptides called cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) was brought into use. CPPs can effectively interact with the cell membrane and can assist in achieving the desired intracellular entry. Such strategy is majorly employed in the field of cancer therapy and diagnosis, but now it is also used for other purposes such as evaluation of atherosclerotic plaques, determination of thrombin levels and HIV therapy. Thus, the current review expounds on each of these mentioned aspects. Further, the review briefly summarizes the basic know-how of CPPs, their utility as therapeutic molecules, their use in cancer therapy, tumor imaging and their assistance to nanocarriers in improving their membrane penetrability. The review also discusses the challenges faced with CPPs pertaining to their stability and also mentions the strategies to overcome them. Thus, in a nutshell, this review will assist in understanding how CPPs can present novel possibilities for resolving the conventional issues faced with the present-day nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Desale
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab-160062, India.
| | - Kaushik Kuche
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab-160062, India.
| | - Sanyog Jain
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab-160062, India.
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17
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Illa O, Ospina J, Sánchez-Aparicio JE, Pulido X, Abengozar MÁ, Gaztelumendi N, Carbajo D, Nogués C, Rivas L, Maréchal JD, Royo M, Ortuño RM. Hybrid Cyclobutane/Proline-Containing Peptidomimetics: The Conformational Constraint Influences Their Cell-Penetration Ability. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105092. [PMID: 34065025 PMCID: PMC8151717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A new family of hybrid β,γ-peptidomimetics consisting of a repetitive unit formed by a chiral cyclobutane-containing trans-β-amino acid plus a Nα-functionalized trans-γ-amino-l-proline joined in alternation were synthesized and evaluated as cell penetrating peptides (CPP). They lack toxicity on the human tumoral cell line HeLa, with an almost negligible cell uptake. The dodecapeptide showed a substantial microbicidal activity on Leishmania parasites at 50 µM but with a modest intracellular accumulation. Their previously published γ,γ-homologues, with a cyclobutane γ-amino acid, showed a well-defined secondary structure with an average inter-guanidinium distance of 8–10 Å, a higher leishmanicidal activity as well as a significant intracellular accumulation. The presence of a very rigid cyclobutane β-amino acid in the peptide backbone precludes the acquisition of a defined conformation suitable for their cell uptake ability. Our results unveiled the preorganized charge-display as a relevant parameter, additional to the separation among the charged groups as previously described. The data herein reinforce the relevance of these descriptors in the design of CPPs with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ona Illa
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.O.); (J.-E.S.-A.); (J.-D.M.)
- Correspondence: (O.I.); (M.R.); (R.M.O.)
| | - Jimena Ospina
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.O.); (J.-E.S.-A.); (J.-D.M.)
| | - José-Emilio Sánchez-Aparicio
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.O.); (J.-E.S.-A.); (J.-D.M.)
| | - Ximena Pulido
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica, c/Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), c/ Jordi Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Química, Universidad del Tolima, Santa Helena Parte Alta, Ibagué 730006299, Tolima, Colombia
| | - María Ángeles Abengozar
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, c/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.A.); (L.R.)
| | - Nerea Gaztelumendi
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (N.G.); (C.N.)
| | - Daniel Carbajo
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), c/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Carme Nogués
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (N.G.); (C.N.)
| | - Luis Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, c/ Ramiro de Maeztu 9, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.Á.A.); (L.R.)
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.O.); (J.-E.S.-A.); (J.-D.M.)
| | - Miriam Royo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), c/ Jordi Girona 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), c/ Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (O.I.); (M.R.); (R.M.O.)
| | - Rosa M. Ortuño
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (J.O.); (J.-E.S.-A.); (J.-D.M.)
- Correspondence: (O.I.); (M.R.); (R.M.O.)
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18
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Hsieh K, Hsu C, Hung I, Yeh C, Chen Y, Cheng C. Positively charged liposomes consisting of the
KTTKS
pentapeptide conjugated with rhodamine increase rhodamine toxicity in
E. coli
and zebrafish embryo. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai‐Hsuan Hsieh
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Chia‐Yi University Chia‐Yi City Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih‐Ying Hsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Chia‐Yi University Chia‐Yi City Taiwan, ROC
| | - I‐Ju Hung
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Chia‐Yi University Chia‐Yi City Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih‐Ling Yeh
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Chia‐Yi University Chia‐Yi City Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yau‐Hung Chen
- Department of Chemistry Tamkang University New Taipei City Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien‐Chung Cheng
- Department of Applied Chemistry National Chia‐Yi University Chia‐Yi City Taiwan, ROC
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19
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Illa O, Olivares JA, Gaztelumendi N, Martínez-Castro L, Ospina J, Abengozar MÁ, Sciortino G, Maréchal JD, Nogués C, Royo M, Rivas L, Ortuño RM. Chiral Cyclobutane-Containing Cell-Penetrating Peptides as Selective Vectors for Anti- Leishmania Drug Delivery Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7502. [PMID: 33053805 PMCID: PMC7590151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two series of new hybrid γ/γ-peptides, γ-CC and γ-CT, formed by (1S,2R)-3-amino-2,2,dimethylcyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid joined in alternation to a Nα-functionalized cis- or trans-γ-amino-l-proline derivative, respectively, have been synthesized and evaluated as cell penetrating peptides (CPP) and as selective vectors for anti-Leishmania drug delivery systems (DDS). They lacked cytotoxicity on the tumoral human cell line HeLa with a moderate cell-uptake on these cells. In contrast, both γ-CC and γ-CT tetradecamers were microbicidal on the protozoan parasite Leishmania beyond 25 μM, with significant intracellular accumulation. They were conjugated to fluorescent doxorubicin (Dox) as a standard drug showing toxicity beyond 1 μM, while free Dox was not toxic. Intracellular accumulation was 2.5 higher than with Dox-TAT conjugate (TAT = transactivator of transcription, taken as a standard CPP). The conformational structure of the conjugates was approached both by circular dichroism spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. Altogether, computational calculations predict that the drug-γ-peptide conjugates adopt conformations that bury the Dox moiety into a cavity of the folded peptide, while the positively charged guanidinium groups face the solvent. The favorable charge/hydrophobicity balance in these CPP improves the solubility of Dox in aqueous media, as well as translocation across cell membranes, making them promising candidates for DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ona Illa
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (O.I.); (J.-A.O.); (L.M.-C.); (J.O.); (G.S.); (J.-D.M.)
| | - José-Antonio Olivares
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (O.I.); (J.-A.O.); (L.M.-C.); (J.O.); (G.S.); (J.-D.M.)
| | - Nerea Gaztelumendi
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
| | - Laura Martínez-Castro
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (O.I.); (J.-A.O.); (L.M.-C.); (J.O.); (G.S.); (J.-D.M.)
| | - Jimena Ospina
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (O.I.); (J.-A.O.); (L.M.-C.); (J.O.); (G.S.); (J.-D.M.)
| | - María-Ángeles Abengozar
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, c/Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Giuseppe Sciortino
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (O.I.); (J.-A.O.); (L.M.-C.); (J.O.); (G.S.); (J.-D.M.)
| | - Jean-Didier Maréchal
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (O.I.); (J.-A.O.); (L.M.-C.); (J.O.); (G.S.); (J.-D.M.)
| | - Carme Nogués
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain;
| | - Míriam Royo
- Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC-CSIC), c/Jordi Girona, 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), c/Jordi Girona, 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, c/Ramiro de Maeztu, 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rosa M. Ortuño
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; (O.I.); (J.-A.O.); (L.M.-C.); (J.O.); (G.S.); (J.-D.M.)
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20
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Goyal R, Jerath G, Chandrasekharan A, Kumar TRS, Ramakrishnan V. Peptide-based delivery vectors with pre-defined geometrical locks. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1303-1313. [PMID: 34095842 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Design of peptide-based targeted delivery vectors with attributes of specificity and selective cellular targeting by fixing their topology and resulting electrostatic fingerprint is the objective of this study. We formulated our peptide design platform by utilizing the possibilities of side-chain induced geometric restrictions in a typical peptide molecule. Conceptually, we locked the conformation of the RGD/NGR motif of tumor homing peptides (THPs) by mutating glycine in these motifs with d-proline and tailed the peptides with a syndiotactic amphipathic segment for cellular penetration. The designed peptides were synthesized, characterized, and tested in vitro on various cell lines, including breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), cervical cancer (HeLa), osteosarcoma (U2-OS) and non-cancer mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A), by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The results showed differential cellular uptake in different cell types, as a result of the distinct electrostatic fingerprint encoded in their design. The uptake of serum pre-treated peptides by cells reveals the retention of peptide activity even after the incubation with serum. In addition, peptide-methotrexate (MTX) conjugates compared to the methotrexate drug showed enhanced apoptotic cell death in MTX-resistant MDA-MB-231 cells, indicating the increase in MTX bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Goyal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati-781039 Assam India
| | - Gaurav Jerath
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati-781039 Assam India
| | - Aneesh Chandrasekharan
- Cancer Research Program-1, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology Thiruvananthapuram-695014 Kerala India
| | - T R Santhosh Kumar
- Cancer Research Program-1, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology Thiruvananthapuram-695014 Kerala India
| | - Vibin Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati-781039 Assam India
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Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides present huge biomedical applications in a variety of pathologies, thanks to their ability to penetrate membranes and carry a variety of cargoes inside cells. Progress in peptide synthesis has produced a greater availability of virtually any synthetic peptide, increasing their attractiveness. Most molecules when associated to a cell-penetrating peptides can be delivered into a cell, however, understanding of the critical factors influencing the uptake mechanism is of paramount importance to construct nanoplatforms for effective delivery in vitro and in vivo in medical applications. Focus is now on the state-of-art of the mechanisms enabling therapeutics/diagnostics to reach the site target of their activities, and in support of scientists developing platforms for drug delivery and personalized therapies.
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Design and in vitro delivery of HIV-1 multi-epitope DNA and peptide constructs using novel cell-penetrating peptides. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:1283-1298. [PMID: 31531750 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Developing an effective HIV vaccine that stimulates the humoral and cellular immune responses is still challenging because of the diversity of HIV-1 virus, polymorphism of human HLA and lack of a suitable delivery system. RESULTS Using bioinformatics tools, we designed a DNA construct encoding multiple epitopes. These epitopes were highly conserved within prevalent HIV-1 subtypes and interacted with prevalent class I and II HLAs in Iran and the world. The designed DNA construct included Nef60-84, Nef126-144, Vpr34-47, Vpr60-75, Gp16030-53, Gp160308-323 and P248-151 epitopes (i.e., nef-vpr-gp160-p24 DNA) which was cloned into pET-24a(+) and pEGFP-N1 vectors. The recombinant polyepitope peptide (rNef-Vpr-Gp160-P24; ~ 32 kDa) was successfully generated in E. coli expression system. The pEGFP-nef-vpr-gp160-p24 and rNef-Vpr-Gp160-P24 polyepitope peptide were delivered into HEK-293 T cells using cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs). The MPG and HR9 CPPs, as well as the novel LDP-NLS and CyLoP-1 CPPs, were utilized for DNA and peptide delivery into the cells, respectively. SEM results confirmed the formation of stable MPG/pEGFP-N1-nef-vpr-gp160-p24, HR9/pEGFP-N1-nef-vpr-gp160-p24, LDP-NLS/rNef-Vpr-Gp160-P24 and CyLoP-1/rNef-Vpr-Gp160-P24 nanoparticles with a diameter of < 200 nm through non-covalent bonds. MTT assay results indicated that these nanoparticles did not have any major toxicity in vitro. Fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and western blot data demonstrated that these CPPs could significantly deliver the DNA and peptide constructs into HEK-293 T cells. CONCLUSION The use of these CPPs can be considered as an approach in HIV vaccine development for in vitro and in vivo delivery of DNA and peptide constructs into mammalian cells.
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23
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Temperature imaging using a cationic linear fluorescent polymeric thermometer and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1293-1321. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Combination of Cell-Penetrating Peptides with Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Application: A Review. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9010022. [PMID: 30634689 PMCID: PMC6359287 DOI: 10.3390/biom9010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), also known as protein translocation domains, membrane translocating sequences or Trojan peptides, are small molecules of 6 to 30 amino acid residues capable of penetrating biological barriers and cellular membranes. Furthermore, CPP have become an alternative strategy to overcome some of the current drug limitations and combat resistant strains since CPPs are capable of delivering different therapeutic molecules against a wide range of diseases. In this review, we address the recent conjugation of CPPs with nanoparticles, which constitutes a new class of delivery vectors with high pharmaceutical potential in a variety of diseases.
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25
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Cell penetrating peptides: A concise review with emphasis on biomedical applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:1090-1096. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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26
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Phan NN, Li C, Alabi CA. Intracellular Delivery via Noncharged Sequence-Defined Cell-Penetrating Oligomers. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:2628-2635. [PMID: 29953207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular drug delivery systems are often limited by their poor serum stability and delivery efficiency. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), particularly those derived from basic protein subunits, have been studied extensively in this regard and used for the delivery of a variety of cargoes in vitro. Although promising, traditional cationic CPPs have some drawbacks that hinder their therapeutic application such as rapid proteolytic degradation and undesired interactions with the biological milieu. To overcome these limitations, this article details the discovery of a new class of noncharged cell-penetrating oligoTEAs (CPOTs) that undergo extensive and rapid cellular entry across different cell lines with low cytotoxicity. CPOTs outperform a widely used CPP, R9 peptide. This new class of highly efficient noncharged macromolecular transporters are distinct from their cationic counterparts and show strong promise for the intracellular delivery of hydrophilic small-molecule therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc N Phan
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Cornell University , 120 Olin Hall , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Connie Li
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Cornell University , 120 Olin Hall , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Christopher A Alabi
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Cornell University , 120 Olin Hall , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
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Burns KE, Delehanty JB. Cellular delivery of doxorubicin mediated by disulfide reduction of a peptide-dendrimer bioconjugate. Int J Pharm 2018; 545:64-73. [PMID: 29709616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a peptide-dendrimer-drug conjugate system for the pH-triggered direct cytosolic delivery of the cancer chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (DOX) using the pH Low Insertion Peptide (pHLIP). We synthesized a pHLIP-dendrimer-DOX conjugate in which a single copy of pHLIP displayed a generation three dendrimer bearing multiple copies of DOX via disulfide linkages. Biophysical analysis showed that both the dendrimer and a single DOX conjugate inserted into membrane bilayers in a pH-dependent manner. Time-resolved confocal microscopy indicate the single DOX conjugate may undergo a faster rate of membrane translocation, due to greater nuclear localization of DOX at 24 h and 48 h post delivery. At 72 h, however, the levels of DOX nuclear accumulation for both constructs were identical. Cytotoxicity assays revealed that both constructs mediated ∼80% inhibition of cellular proliferation at 10 µM, the dendrimer complex exhibited a 17% greater cytotoxic effect at lower concentrations and greater than three-fold improvement in IC50 over free DOX. Our findings show proof of concept that the dendrimeric display of DOX on the pHLIP carrier (1) facilitates the pH-dependent and temporally-controlled release of DOX to the cytosol, (2) eliminates the endosomal sequestration of the drug cargo, and (3) augments DOX cytotoxicity relative to the free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Burns
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6900, Washington DC 20375, United States; National Research Council, Washington DC 20001, United States
| | - James B Delehanty
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6900, Washington DC 20375, United States.
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Poynton FE, Bright SA, Blasco S, Williams DC, Kelly JM, Gunnlaugsson T. The development of ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes and conjugates for in vitro cellular and in vivo applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:7706-7756. [PMID: 29177281 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00680b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(ii) [Ru(ii)] polypyridyl complexes have been the focus of intense investigations since work began exploring their supramolecular interactions with DNA. In recent years, there have been considerable efforts to translate this solution-based research into a biological environment with the intention of developing new classes of probes, luminescent imaging agents, therapeutics and theranostics. In only 10 years the field has expanded with diverse applications for these complexes as imaging agents and promising candidates for therapeutics. In light of these efforts this review exclusively focuses on the developments of these complexes in biological systems, both in cells and in vivo, and hopes to communicate to readers the diversity of applications within which these complexes have found use, as well as new insights gained along the way and challenges that researchers in this field still face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus E Poynton
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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29
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Gao W, Yang X, Lin Z, He B, Mei D, Wang D, Zhang H, Zhang H, Dai W, Wang X, Zhang Q. The use of electronic-neutral penetrating peptides cyclosporin A to deliver pro-apoptotic peptide: A possibly better choice than positively charged TAT. J Control Release 2017; 261:174-186. [PMID: 28662902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are increasingly important in transporting macromolecules across cell membranes, but their use remains confined to narrow clinical applications due to the systemic toxicity induced by their positive charges. Several newly discovered electronic neutral penetrating peptides are not attracting much attention because their penetrating capacity is normally far less powerful than cationic or amphiphilic CPPs. In this study, we found the electronic neutral cyclic peptide cyclosporin A (CsA) exhibited 5.6-fold and 19.1-fold stronger penetrating capacity, respectively, than two reported electronic neutral peptides PFVYLI (PFV) and pentapeptide VPTLQ (VPT) in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. To systematically evaluate the efficiency and toxicity of CsA, we utilized CsA to deliver a membrane-impenetrable pro-apoptotic peptide (PAD) and compared this to the well-established cationic penetrating peptide TAT (RKKRRQRRR). By conjugating CsA to PAD, the internalization of PAD increased 2.2- to 4.7-fold in four different tumor cell lines, and that of CsA-PAD conjugate was significantly higher than TAT-PAD conjugate in MCF-7 and HeLa human cervical cancer cells. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that CsA-PAD exhibited a large increase in cell cytotoxicity compared to PAD in four different tumor cell lines, with the effect being similar or greater than the effect of TAT-PAD, depending upon the cell type. The mechanistic studies demonstrated that modifying CsA or TAT did not change the cytotoxicity mechanism of PAD, which occurred via mitochondrial membrane damage related to apoptosis. In vivo studies showed that CsA-PAD could achieve similar anti-tumor efficacy to TAT-PAD but with much lower systemic toxicity, especially to the heart and liver. In conclusion, our study demonstrates for the first time that the electronic-neutral penetrating peptide CsA can be used as a powerful tool to deliver peptide drugs with similar efficiency and less toxicity than the positively charged TAT peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics (Theranostics), School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiucong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bing He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dong Mei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenbing Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
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Mohammed Y, Teixidó M, Namjoshi S, Giralt E, Benson H. Cyclic Dipeptide Shuttles as a Novel Skin Penetration Enhancement Approach: Preliminary Evaluation with Diclofenac. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160973. [PMID: 27548780 PMCID: PMC4993479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a peptide shuttle in delivering diclofenac into and through human epidermis. Diclofenac was conjugated to a novel phenylalanyl-N-methyl-naphthalenylalanine-derived diketopiperazine (DKP) shuttle and to TAT (a classical cell penetrating peptide), and topically applied to human epidermis in vitro. DKP and TAT effectively permeated into and through human epidermis. When conjugated to diclofenac, both DKP and TAT enhanced delivery into and through human epidermis, though DKP was significantly more effective. Penetration of diclofenac through human epidermis (to receptor) was increased by conjugation to the peptide shuttle and cell penetrating peptide with enhancement of 6x by DKP-diclofenac and 3x by TAT-diclofenac. In addition, the amount of diclofenac retained within the epidermis was significantly increased by peptide conjugation. COX-2 inhibition activity of diclofenac was retained when conjugated to DKP. Our study suggests that the peptide shuttle approach may offer a new strategy for targeted delivery of small therapeutic and diagnostic molecules to the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuf Mohammed
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Therapeutics Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meritxell Teixidó
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Science and Technology Institute (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarika Namjoshi
- Therapeutics Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ernest Giralt
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Science and Technology Institute (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (HB); (EG)
| | - Heather Benson
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail: (HB); (EG)
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Cell Penetrating Peptide Conjugated Chitosan for Enhanced Delivery of Nucleic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28912-30. [PMID: 26690119 PMCID: PMC4691089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is an emerging therapeutic strategy for the cure or treatment of a spectrum of genetic disorders. Nevertheless, advances in gene therapy are immensely reliant upon design of an efficient gene carrier that can deliver genetic cargoes into the desired cell populations. Among various nonviral gene delivery systems, chitosan-based carriers have gained increasing attention because of their high cationic charge density, excellent biocompatibility, nearly nonexistent cytotoxicity, negligible immune response, and ideal ability to undergo chemical conjugation. However, a major shortcoming of chitosan-based carriers is their poor cellular uptake, leading to inadequate transfection efficiency. The intrinsic feature of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) for transporting diverse cargoes into multiple cell and tissue types in a safe manner suggests that they can be conjugated to chitosan for improving its transfection efficiency. In this review, we briefly discuss CPPs and their classification, and also the major mechanisms contributing to the cellular uptake of CPPs and cargo conjugates. We also discuss immense improvements for the delivery of nucleic acids using CPP-conjugated chitosan-based carriers with special emphasis on plasmid DNA and small interfering RNA.
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Cell-penetrating compounds preferentially bind glycosaminoglycans over plasma membrane lipids in a charge density- and stereochemistry-dependent manner. Biophys Chem 2015; 207:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Falanga A, Galdiero M, Galdiero S. Membranotropic Cell Penetrating Peptides: The Outstanding Journey. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25323-37. [PMID: 26512649 PMCID: PMC4632803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane bilayer delimits the interior of individual cells and provides them with the ability to survive and function properly. However, the crossing of cellular membranes constitutes the principal impediment to gaining entry into cells, and the potential therapeutic application of many drugs is predominantly dependent on the development of delivery tools that should take the drug to target cells selectively and efficiently with only minimal toxicity. Cell-penetrating peptides are short and basic peptides are widely used due to their ability to deliver a cargo across the membrane both in vitro and in vivo. It is widely accepted that their uptake mechanism involves mainly the endocytic pathway, the drug is catched inside endosomes and lysosomes, and only a small quantity is able to reach the intracellular target. In this wide-ranging scenario, a fascinating novel hypothesis is that membranotropic peptides that efficiently cross biological membranes, promote lipid-membrane reorganizing processes and cause a local and temporary destabilization and reorganization of the membrane bilayer, may also be able to enter cells circumventing the endosomal entrapment; in particular, by either favoring the escape from the endosome or by direct translocation. This review summarizes current data on membranotropic peptides for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Falanga
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- CiRPEB, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Experimental Medicine, II University of Naples, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Stefania Galdiero
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy.
- CiRPEB, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy.
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Ma S, Schroeder B, Sun C, Loufakis DN, Cao Z, Sriranganathan N, Lu C. Electroporation-based delivery of cell-penetrating peptide conjugates of peptide nucleic acids for antisense inhibition of intracellular bacteria. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 6:973-8. [PMID: 25160797 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00172a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been used for a myriad of cellular delivery applications and were recently explored for delivery of antisense agents such as peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) for bacterial inhibition. Although these molecular systems (i.e. CPP-PNAs) have shown ability to inhibit growth of bacterial cultures in vitro, they show limited effectiveness in killing encapsulated intracellular bacteria in mammalian cells such as macrophages, presumably due to difficulty involved in the endosomal escape of the reagents. In this report, we show that electroporation delivery dramatically increases the bioavailability of CPP-PNAs to kill Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 inside macrophages. Electroporation delivers the molecules without involving endocytosis and greatly increases the antisense effect. The decrease in the average number of Salmonella per macrophage under a 1200 V cm(-1) and 5 ms pulse was a factor of 9 higher than that without electroporation (in an experiment with a multiplicity of infection of 2 : 1). Our results suggest that electroporation is an effective approach for a wide range of applications involving CPP-based delivery. The microfluidic format will allow convenient functional screening and testing of PNA-based reagents for antisense applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Ma
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Kristensen M, Franzyk H, Klausen MT, Iversen A, Bahnsen JS, Skyggebjerg RB, Foderà V, Nielsen HM. Penetratin-Mediated Transepithelial Insulin Permeation: Importance of Cationic Residues and pH for Complexation and Permeation. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:1200-9. [PMID: 25990963 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-015-9747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Penetratin is a widely used carrier peptide showing promising potential for mucosal delivery of therapeutic proteins. In the present study, the importance of specific penetratin residues and pH was investigated with respect to complexation with insulin and subsequent transepithelial insulin permeation. Besides penetratin, three analogues were studied. The carrier peptide-insulin complexes were characterized in terms of size and morphology at pH 5, 6.5, and 7.4 by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), respectively. At pH 7.4 mainly very large complexes were present, while much smaller complexes dominated at pH 5. Presence of arginine residues in the carrier peptide proved to be a prerequisite for complexation with insulin as well as for enhanced transepithelial insulin permeation in vitro. Rearrangement of tryptophan residues resulted in significantly increased insulin permeation as compared to that of the parent penetratin. In general, pre-complexation with penetratin and its analogues at pH 5 gave rise to increased insulin permeation as compared to that observed at pH 7.4; this finding was further supported by a preliminary in vivo study using the parent penetratin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Kristensen
- Section for Biologics, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bello I, Salerno M. Evidence against a role of P-glycoprotein in the clearance of the Alzheimer's disease Aβ1-42 peptides. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:421-30. [PMID: 25591827 PMCID: PMC4406933 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that the amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) cause the neuronal degeneration in the Alzheimer's disease brain. An imbalance between peptide production at the neuronal level and their elimination across the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) results in peptide accumulation inside the brain. The identification and functional characterization of the transport systems in the BBB with the capacity to transport Aβ is crucial for the understanding of Aβ peptide traffic from the brain to the blood. In this context, it has been suggested that the P-glycoprotein (P-gp), expressed in endothelial cells of the BBB, plays a role in the elimination of Aβ. However, there is little, if any, experimental evidence to support this; therefore, the aim of this investigation was to determine whether P-gp is capable of transporting Aβ peptides. Our results show that ATPase activity measured in plasma membrane vesicles of K562 cells overexpressing P-gp is not increased by the presence of Aβ42, suggesting that Aβ42 is not a P-gp substrate. Similarly, P-gp of pirarubicin was unaffected by Aβ42. Moreover, the overexpression of P-gp does not protect cells against Aβ42 toxicity. Taken together, our results support the conclusion that Aβ42 is not transported by P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bello
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), UFR-SMBH, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France
| | - Milena Salerno
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire CSPBAT, CNRS (UMR 7244), UFR-SMBH, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France
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Egusquiaguirre SP, Manguán-García C, Pintado-Berninches L, Iarriccio L, Carbajo D, Albericio F, Royo M, Pedraz JL, Hernández RM, Perona R, Igartua M. Development of surface modified biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles to deliver GSE24.2 peptide to cells: A promising approach for the treatment of defective telomerase disorders. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 91:91-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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siRNA suppression of hTERT using activatable cell-penetrating peptides in hepatoma cells. Biosci Rep 2015; 35:BSR20140145. [PMID: 25671640 PMCID: PMC4370094 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20140145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activatable cell-penetrating peptides (aCPPs) allow non-viral, low cytotoxic and selective delivery of compounds into target cells for cancer therapy. In tumour cells, up-regulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) frequently occurs and is being considered as a target in cancer diagnosis and treatment. siRNA sequence that target hTERT mRNA can silence the gene and reduce hTERT protein expression to reduce cell proliferation and inhibit cell growth. In our study, we tested a matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MPP2) aCPP in delivering hTERT siRNA into hepatocellular carcinoma cells (SMMC-7721) to silence the hTERT gene. Cultured SMMC-7721 cells were transfected with a complex of aCPPs and hTERT-specific siRNA-encoding or control plasmids. Compared with cells treated with the complex of control plasmid–CPPs, cells treated with the hTERT-specific siRNA-encoding plasmid–CPP complex had a prolonged G1-phase, but a shorter G2/S-phase, indicating a G1-arrest. Treatment with the hTERT-specific siRNA resulted in a significant decrease (by 26%; P<0.05) in hTERT mRNA levels. The aCPPs tested in this study provides a non-viral delivery of siRNA into cancer cells to silence target genes in cancer therapy. In the present study, we delivered human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) siRNA into SMMC-7721 hepatoma cells using a matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2)-activatable cell-penetrating peptide (aCPP). The siRNA subsequently induced down-regulation of the hTERT gene and G1-arrest, implicating the utility of this delivery system in cancer therapy.
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Kwon SS, Kim SY, Kong BJ, Kim KJ, Noh GY, Im NR, Lim JW, Ha JH, Kim J, Park SN. Cell penetrating peptide conjugated liposomes as transdermal delivery system of Polygonum aviculare L. extract. Int J Pharm 2015; 483:26-37. [PMID: 25623491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Polygonum aviculare L. extract, which has superior antioxidative and cellular membrane protective activity, was loaded onto cell penetrating peptide (CPP) conjugated liposomes to enhance transdermal delivery. The physical characteristics of typical liposomes and CPP-conjugated liposomes containing P. aviculare extract were evaluated. The particle sizes of both liposomes were approximately 150 nm. Whereas the zeta potential of typical liposomes was -45 mV, that of CPP-conjugated liposomes was +42 mV. The loading efficiency of P. aviculare extract in both liposomes was calculated to be about 83%. Fluorescent-labeled liposomes were prepared to evaluate cellular uptake and skin permeation efficiency. Using flow cytometry, we found that CPP-conjugated liposomes improved cellular uptake of the fluorescent dye as compared with the typical liposomes. In addition, the skin permeation of CPP-conjugated liposomes was proved higher than that of typical liposomes by confocal laser scanning microscopy studies and Franz diffusion cell experiments. The improved cellular uptake and skin permeation of the CPP-conjugated liposomes were due to the cationic arginine-rich peptide. In vivo studies also determined that the CPP-conjugated liposomes were more effective in depigmentation and anti-wrinkle studies than typical liposomes. These results indicate that the CPP-conjugated liposomes could be effective for transdermal drug delivery of antioxidant and anti-aging therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Sik Kwon
- Department of Fine Chemistry, College of Nature and Life Science & Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongreung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-743, South Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Fine Chemistry, College of Nature and Life Science & Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongreung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-743, South Korea
| | - Bong Ju Kong
- Department of Fine Chemistry, College of Nature and Life Science & Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongreung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-743, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Jin Kim
- Department of Fine Chemistry, College of Nature and Life Science & Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongreung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-743, South Korea
| | - Geun Young Noh
- Department of Fine Chemistry, College of Nature and Life Science & Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongreung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-743, South Korea
| | - Na Ri Im
- Department of Fine Chemistry, College of Nature and Life Science & Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongreung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-743, South Korea
| | - Ji Won Lim
- Department of Fine Chemistry, College of Nature and Life Science & Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongreung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-743, South Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Ha
- Department of Fine Chemistry, College of Nature and Life Science & Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongreung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-743, South Korea
| | - Junoh Kim
- R&D Unit, AMOREPACIFIC Co., Yongin-Si, Gyeonggi-Do 446-729, South Korea.
| | - Soo Nam Park
- Department of Fine Chemistry, College of Nature and Life Science & Convergence Institute of Biomedical Engineering & Biomaterials, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongreung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-743, South Korea.
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Rodríguez V, Lascani J, Asenjo JA, Andrews BA. Production of Cell-Penetrating Peptides in Escherichia coli Using an Intein-Mediated System. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:3025-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hu Y, Sinha SK, Patel S. Reconciling structural and thermodynamic predictions using all-atom and coarse-grain force fields: the case of charged oligo-arginine translocation into DMPC bilayers. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11973-92. [PMID: 25290376 PMCID: PMC4199542 DOI: 10.1021/jp504853t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Using the translocation of short, charged cationic oligo-arginine peptides (mono-, di-, and triarginine) from bulk aqueous solution into model DMPC bilayers, we explore the question of the similarity of thermodynamic and structural predictions obtained from molecular dynamics simulations using all-atom and Martini coarse-grain force fields. Specifically, we estimate potentials of mean force associated with translocation using standard all-atom (CHARMM36 lipid) and polarizable and nonpolarizable Martini force fields, as well as a series of modified Martini-based parameter sets. We find that we are able to reproduce qualitative features of potentials of mean force of single amino acid side chain analogues into model bilayers. In particular, modifications of peptide-water and peptide-membrane interactions allow prediction of free energy minima at the bilayer-water interface as obtained with all-atom force fields. In the case of oligo-arginine peptides, the modified parameter sets predict interfacial free energy minima as well as free energy barriers in almost quantitative agreement with all-atom force field based simulations. Interfacial free energy minima predicted by a modified coarse-grained parameter set are -2.51, -4.28, and -5.42 for mono-, di-, and triarginine; corresponding values from all-atom simulations are -0.83, -3.33, and -3.29, respectively, all in units of kcal/mol. We found that a stronger interaction between oligo-arginine and the membrane components and a weaker interaction between oligo-arginine and water are crucial for producing such minima in PMFs using the polarizable CG model. The difference between bulk aqueous and bilayer center states predicted by the modified coarse-grain force field are 11.71, 14.14, and 16.53 kcal/mol, and those by the all-atom model are 6.94, 8.64, and 12.80 kcal/mol; those are of almost the same order of magnitude. Our simulations also demonstrate a remarkable similarity in the structural aspects of the ensemble of configurations generated using the all-atom and coarse-grain force fields. Both resolutions show that oligo-arginine peptides adopt preferential orientations as they translocate into the bilayer. The guiding theme centers on charged groups maintaining coordination with polar and charged bilayer components as well as local water. We also observe similar behaviors related with membrane deformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Soler M, González-Bártulos M, Soriano-Castell D, Ribas X, Costas M, Tebar F, Massaguer A, Feliu L, Planas M. Identification of BP16 as a non-toxic cell-penetrating peptide with highly efficient drug delivery properties. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1652-63. [PMID: 24480922 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42422g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are an interesting source of non-cytotoxic drug delivery vectors. Herein, we report on the identification of a new cell-penetrating peptide (KKLFKKILKKL-NH2, BP16) from a set of antimicrobial peptides selected from a library of cecropin-melittin hybrids (CECMEL11) previously designed to be used in plant protection. This set of peptides was screened for their cytotoxicity against breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7, pancreas adenocarcinoma CAPAN-1 and mouse embryonic fibroblast 3T3 cell lines. BP16 resulted to be non-toxic against both malignant and non-malignant cells at concentrations up to 200 μM. We demonstrated by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy that BP16 is mainly internalized in the cells through a clathrin dependent endocytosis and that it efficiently accumulates in the cell cytoplasm. We confirmed that the cell-penetrating properties of BP16 are retained after conjugating it to the breast tumor homing peptide CREKA. Furthermore, we assessed the potential of BP16 as a drug delivery vector by conjugating the anticancer drug chlorambucil to BP16 and to a CREKA-BP16 conjugate. The efficacy of the drug increased between 6 and 9 times when conjugated to BP16 and between 2 and 4.5 times when attached to the CREKA-BP16 derivative. The low toxicity and the excellent cell-penetrating properties clearly suggest that BP16 is a suitable vector for the delivery of therapeutic agents into cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Soler
- QBIS-CAT Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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Structural and Thermodynamic Insight into Spontaneous Membrane-Translocating Peptides Across Model PC/PG Lipid Bilayers. J Membr Biol 2014; 248:505-15. [PMID: 25008278 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9702-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present results of Martini coarse-grained force field simulations to estimate the potentials of mean force for a series of recently screened spontaneous membrane-translocating peptides, SMTPs. We consider model bilayer composed of POPC and POPG, the latter providing the anionic component as used in experimental studies. We observe a significant barrier for translocation in the case of the canonical cationic cell-penetrating peptide nona-arginine, ARG9. In the case of the TP1, TP2, and TP3 peptides, potentials of mean force are systematically lower relative to the ARG9 case. Though the barriers predicted by the simulations, on the order of 20 kcal/mol, are still rather large to recapitulate the experimental kinetics of internalization, we emphasize that the qualitative trend of reduction of barrier heights is a significant result. Decomposition of the PMFs indicates that though there is a substantial entropic stability when the peptides reside at bilayer center, barriers as predicted from these force field-based studies are largely determined by enthalpic (potential energy) interactions. We note that the binding of the SMTPs is critically dependent on the mix of hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues that constitute the amino acid motif/sequence of these peptides. For the cationic ARG9 which only contains hydrophilic residues, there is no tight binding observed. The specific motif [Formula: see text] (where [Formula: see text] is a general residue) is a potential sequence in drug/peptide design. The SMTPs with this motif are able to translocate into membrane at a significantly lower free energy cost, compared to the negative control peptides. Finally, we compare the different membrane perturbations induced by the presence of the different peptides in the bilayer center. In some cases, hydrophilic pores are observed to form, thus conferring stability to the internalized state. In other cases, SMTPs are associated only with membrane defects such as induced membrane curvature. These latter observations suggest some influence of membrane rigidity as embodied in the full range of membrane undulatory modes in defining pore-forming propensities in bilayers.
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Hu Y, Liu X, Sinha SK, Patel S. Translocation thermodynamics of linear and cyclic nonaarginine into model DPPC bilayer via coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation: implications of pore formation and nonadditivity. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:2670-82. [PMID: 24506488 PMCID: PMC3983342 DOI: 10.1021/jp412600e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
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Structural mechanisms
and underlying thermodynamic determinants
of efficient internalization of charged cationic peptides (cell-penetrating
peptides, CPPs) such as TAT, polyarginine, and their variants, into
cells, cellular constructs, and model membrane/lipid bilayers (large
and giant unilamellar or multilamelar vesicles) continue to garner
significant attention. Two widely held views on the translocation
mechanism center on endocytotic and nonendocytotic (diffusive) processes.
Espousing the view of a purely diffusive internalization process (supported
by recent experimental evidence, [Säälik, P.; et al. J. Controlled Release2011, 153, 117–125]), we consider the underlying free energetics of
the translocation of a nonaarginine peptide (Arg9) into
a model DPPC bilayer. In the case of the Arg9 cationic
peptide, recent experiments indicate a higher internalization efficiency
of the cyclic structure (cyclic Arg9) relative to the linear
conformer. Furthermore, recent all-atom resolution molecular dynamics
simulations of cyclic Arg9 [Huang, K.; et al. Biophys.
J., 2013, 104, 412–420]
suggested a critical stabilizing role of water- and lipid-constituted
pores that form within the bilayer as the charged Arg9 translocates
deep into the bilayer center. Herein, we use umbrella sampling molecular
dynamics simulations with coarse-grained Martini lipids, polarizable
coarse-grained water, and peptide to explore the dependence of translocation
free energetics on peptide structure and conformation via calculation
of potentials of mean force along preselected reaction paths allowing
and preventing membrane deformations that lead to pore formation.
Within the context of the coarse-grained force fields we employ, we
observe significant barriers for Arg9 translocation from
bulk aqueous solution to bilayer center. Moreover, we do not find
free-energy minima in the headgroup–water interfacial region,
as observed in simulations using all-atom force fields. The pore-forming
paths systematically predict lower free-energy barriers (ca. 90 kJ/mol
lower) than the non pore-forming paths, again consistent with all-atom
force field simulations. The current force field suggests no preference
for the more compact or covalently cyclic structures upon entering
the bilayer. Decomposition of the PMF into the system’s components
indicates that the dominant stabilizing contribution along the pore-forming
path originates from the membrane as both layers of it deformed due
to the formation of pore. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that
although there is significant entropic stabilization arising from
the enhanced configurational entropy exposing more states as the peptide
moves through the bilayer, the enthalpic loss (as predicted by the
interactions of this coarse-grained model) far outweighs any former
stabilization, thus leading to significant barrier to translocation.
Finally, we observe reduction in the translocation free-energy barrier
for a second Arg9 entering the bilayer in the presence
of an initial peptide restrained at the center, again, in qualitative
agreement with all-atom force fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware , 238 Brown Laboratory, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Lin J, Alexander-Katz A. Cell membranes open "doors" for cationic nanoparticles/biomolecules: insights into uptake kinetics. ACS NANO 2013; 7:10799-808. [PMID: 24251827 DOI: 10.1021/nn4040553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cationic nanoparticles (NPs) and cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can enter cells in an energy-independent fashion, escaping the traditional endocytosis route, which is known as direct translocation. This unconventional entry, usually complementary to endocytosis, features rapid uptake and thus makes both cationic NPs and CPPs fascinating intracellular delivery agents. However, the mechanisms of the direct translocation of both cationic NPs and CPPs across cell membranes into the cytosol are not understood. Moreover, the relationship between direct translocation and endocytosis is also unclear. Here, using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations we show that a model cell membrane generates a nanoscale hole to assist the spontaneous translocation of cationic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as well as HIV-1 Tat peptides to the cytoplasm side under a transmembrane (TM) potential. After translocation, the AuNPs/Tat peptides move freely in the "cytoplasm" region and the membrane reseals itself within a microsecond, while the TM potential is strongly diminished. Furthermore, we show that the shape of the cationic object is crucial in determining if it can translocate or not across. The results provide insights into the uptake kinetics of cationic NPs/CPPs, which features the relationship between direction translocation and endocytosis. The mechanism put forward here establishes fundamental principles of the intracellular delivery of cationic nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Lin
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Wu X, Gehring W. Cellular uptake of the Antennapedia homeodomain polypeptide by macropinocytosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:1136-40. [PMID: 24361959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antennapedia homeodomain has been shown to be able to translocate from extracellular space into the cytoplasm of cells in a receptor-independent manner. Its third α-helix domain, designated as "Penetratin", was proposed to be the functional transduction domain that is responsible for the translocation, and it is widely used for intracellular delivery of various exogenous proteins. Although Penetratin has been regarded to be the only element conferring the capacity on its parent polypeptide to penetrate through the plasma membrane, we found that the complete Antennapedia homeodomain exhibits an appreciably higher level of translocation efficiency as compared to Penetratin. Pharmacological analysis demonstrated that macropinocytic endocytosis plays a significant role underlying the process of the homeodomain internalization, and this is consistent with the observation that internalized polypeptide co-localizes with a fluid phase dye. Our results identify macropinocytosis as a major mechanism by which Antennapedia homeodomain obtains the access to the interior of cells, providing a novel perspective in the field of protein translocation and transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomo Wu
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Growth and Development, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Walter Gehring
- Biozentrum der Universität Basel, Growth and Development, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Wu CH, Chen YP, Wu SH, Hung Y, Mou CY, Cheng RP. Enhanced non-endocytotic uptake of mesoporous silica nanoparticles by shortening the peptide transporter arginine side chain. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:12244-12248. [PMID: 24261815 DOI: 10.1021/am4039882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are multifunctional nanocarriers with potential biomedical applications. However, MSNs are frequently trapped in endosomes upon cellular uptake through endocytosis, requiring endosomal escape. Herein, enhanced nonendocytosis was observed for 300 nm MSNs by conjugating peptides with noncanonical arginine analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsun Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Brown DA, Sabbah HN, Shaikh SR. Mitochondrial inner membrane lipids and proteins as targets for decreasing cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:258-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Góngora-Benítez M, Tulla-Puche J, Albericio F. Multifaceted Roles of Disulfide Bonds. Peptides as Therapeutics. Chem Rev 2013; 114:901-26. [DOI: 10.1021/cr400031z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Góngora-Benítez
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science
Park, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Judit Tulla-Puche
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science
Park, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute
for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science
Park, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028 Spain
- School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 4001 Durban, South Africa
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