1
|
Giraudo C, Evangelista L, Fraia AS, Lupi A, Quaia E, Cecchin D, Casali M. Molecular Imaging of Pulmonary Inflammation and Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030894. [PMID: 32019142 PMCID: PMC7037834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious and inflammatory pulmonary diseases are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although infrequently used in this setting, molecular imaging may significantly contribute to their diagnosis using techniques like single photon emission tomography (SPET), positron emission tomography (PET) with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with the support of specific or unspecific radiopharmaceutical agents. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), mostly applied in oncological imaging, can also detect cells actively involved in infectious and inflammatory conditions, even if with a low specificity. SPET with nonspecific (e.g., 67Gallium-citrate (67Ga citrate)) and specific tracers (e.g., white blood cells radiolabeled with 111Indium-oxine (111In) or 99mTechnetium (99mTc)) showed interesting results for many inflammatory lung diseases. However, 67Ga citrate is unfavorable by a radioprotection point of view while radiolabeled white blood cells scan implies complex laboratory settings and labeling procedures. Radiolabeled antibiotics (e.g., ciprofloxacin) have been recently tested, although they seem to be quite unspecific and cause antibiotic resistance. New radiolabeled agents like antimicrobic peptides, binding to bacterial cell membranes, seem very promising. Thus, the aim of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive overview about techniques, including PET/MRI, and tracers that can guide the clinicians in the appropriate diagnostic pathway of infectious and inflammatory pulmonary diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giraudo
- Department of Medicine-DIMED,Institute of Radiology, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; (A.S.F.); (A.L.); (E.Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-821-2357; Fax: +39-049-821-1878
| | - Laura Evangelista
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.E.); (D.C.)
| | - Anna Sara Fraia
- Department of Medicine-DIMED,Institute of Radiology, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; (A.S.F.); (A.L.); (E.Q.)
| | - Amalia Lupi
- Department of Medicine-DIMED,Institute of Radiology, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; (A.S.F.); (A.L.); (E.Q.)
| | - Emilio Quaia
- Department of Medicine-DIMED,Institute of Radiology, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy; (A.S.F.); (A.L.); (E.Q.)
| | - Diego Cecchin
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (L.E.); (D.C.)
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Casali
- Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale–IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pulmonary Infections: Pneumonia. MRI OF THE LUNG 2017. [PMCID: PMC7176241 DOI: 10.1007/174_2017_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The different appearances of pneumonia such as ill-defined nodules, ground-glass opacities, and consolidations can be easily detected and differentiated with MRI. Since very small nodules and calcifications are extremely challenging due to rather thick slices and loss of signal, MRI is highly recommended as a follow-up tool, to avoid repetitive investigations using ionizing radiation. With the sensitivity of T2-weighted sequences and the potential of contrast-enhanced T1-weighted sequences, important differential diagnostic considerations can be provided. Additionally, developing complications, such as pericardial or pleural effusions, empyema or lung abscess, are easily recognized. Current and future studies are to demonstrate that MRI is well suited as a monitoring and follow-up tool during and after therapy and compares favorably with CT or other imaging methods regarding sensitivity and specificity.
Collapse
|
3
|
Hoerr V, Faber C. Magnetic resonance imaging characterization of microbial infections. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 93:136-46. [PMID: 24257444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of microbial infections relies to a large part on animal models of infection, if host pathogen interactions or the host response are considered. Especially for the assessment of novel therapeutic agents, animal models are required. Non-invasive imaging methods to study such models have gained increasing importance over the recent years. In particular, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) affords a variety of diagnostic options, and can be used for longitudinal studies. In this review, we introduce the most important MRI modalities that show how MRI has been used for the investigation of animal models of infection previously and how it may be applied in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hoerr
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hoerr V, Tuchscherr L, Hüve J, Nippe N, Loser K, Glyvuk N, Tsytsyura Y, Holtkamp M, Sunderkötter C, Karst U, Klingauf J, Peters G, Löffler B, Faber C. Bacteria tracking by in vivo magnetic resonance imaging. BMC Biol 2013; 11:63. [PMID: 23714179 PMCID: PMC3686665 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Different non-invasive real-time imaging techniques have been developed over the last decades to study bacterial pathogenic mechanisms in mouse models by following infections over a time course. In vivo investigations of bacterial infections previously relied mostly on bioluminescence imaging (BLI), which is able to localize metabolically active bacteria, but provides no data on the status of the involved organs in the infected host organism. In this study we established an in vivo imaging platform by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for tracking bacteria in mouse models of infection to study infection biology of clinically relevant bacteria. Results We have developed a method to label Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with iron oxide nano particles and detected and pursued these with MRI. The key step for successful labeling was to manipulate the bacterial surface charge by producing electro-competent cells enabling charge interactions between the iron particles and the cell wall. Different particle sizes and coatings were tested for their ability to attach to the cell wall and possible labeling mechanisms were elaborated by comparing Gram-positive and -negative bacterial characteristics. With 5-nm citrate-coated particles an iron load of 0.015 ± 0.002 pg Fe/bacterial cell was achieved for Staphylococcus aureus. In both a subcutaneous and a systemic infection model induced by iron-labeled S. aureus bacteria, high resolution MR images allowed for bacterial tracking and provided information on the morphology of organs and the inflammatory response. Conclusion Labeled with iron oxide particles, in vivo detection of small S. aureus colonies in infection models is feasible by MRI and provides a versatile tool to follow bacterial infections in vivo. The established cell labeling strategy can easily be transferred to other bacterial species and thus provides a conceptual advance in the field of molecular MRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hoerr
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Strobel K, Hoerr V, Schmid F, Wachsmuth L, Löffler B, Faber C. Early detection of lung inflammation: Exploiting T
1
-effects of iron oxide particles using UTE MRI. Magn Reson Med 2012; 68:1924-31. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
6
|
Bray M, Lawler J, Paragas J, Jahrling PB, Mollura DJ. Molecular imaging of influenza and other emerging respiratory viral infections. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1348-59. [PMID: 21422476 PMCID: PMC3080905 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on the pathogenesis and therapy of influenza and other emerging respiratory viral infections would be aided by methods that directly visualize pathophysiologic processes in patients and laboratory animals. At present, imaging of diseases, such as swine-origin H1N1 influenza, is largely restricted to chest radiograph and computed tomography (CT), which can detect pulmonary structural changes in severely ill patients but are more limited in characterizing the early stages of illness, differentiating inflammation from infection or tracking immune responses. In contrast, imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography, single photon emission CT, magnetic resonance imaging, and bioluminescence imaging, which have become useful tools for investigating the pathogenesis of a range of disease processes, could be used to advance in vivo studies of respiratory viral infections in patients and animals. Molecular techniques might also be used to identify novel biomarkers of disease progression and to evaluate new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Bray
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Evaluation of lung inflammation induced by intratracheal administration of LPS in mice: comparison between MRI and histology. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2010; 23:93-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s10334-010-0203-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
8
|
Ebner B, Behm P, Jacoby C, Burghoff S, French BA, Schrader J, Flögel U. Early assessment of pulmonary inflammation by 19F MRI in vivo. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 3:202-10. [PMID: 20061515 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.109.902312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emulsified perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are preferentially phagocytized by monocytes/macrophages and are readily detected by (19)F MRI. This study tests the hypothesis that (19)F MRI can be used to quantitate pulmonary inflammation by tracking of infiltrating PFC-loaded monocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS Pneumonia was induced in mice by intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) followed by intravenous injection of PFCs. Whereas regular (1)H MRI provided no evidence of lung injury 24 hours after LPS, the concurrent (19)F images clearly show PFC accumulation in both pulmonary lobes. Imaging at 48 hours after LPS revealed signals in (1)H images at the same location as the 24-hour (19)F signals. Thus, progressive pneumonia was first predicted by (19)F MRI early after PFC administration. Without LPS, at no time were (19)F signals observed within the lung. Histology and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) combined with (19)F MRI confirmed the presence of infiltrating PFC-loaded monocytes/macrophages after LPS challenge. Additional experiments with graded doses of LPS demonstrated that (19)F signal intensity strongly correlated with both LPS dose and pathological markers of lung inflammation. In separate studies, dexamethasone and CGS21680 (adenosine 2A receptor agonist) were used to demonstrate the ability of (19)F MRI to monitor anti-inflammatory therapies. CONCLUSIONS PFCs serve as a contrast agent for the prognostic and quantitative assessment of pulmonary inflammation by in vivo (19)F MRI, which is characterized by a high degree of specificity due to the lack of any (19)F background. Because PFCs are biochemically inert, this approach may also be suitable for human applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Ebner
- Institut für Herz- und Kreislaufphysiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pulmonary Infections – Pneumonia. MRI OF THE LUNG 2009. [PMCID: PMC7120560 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-34619-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The different appearances of pneumonia such as ill-defined nodules, ground-glass opacities, and consolidations can be easily detected and differentiated with MRI. Since very small nodules and calcifications are extremely challenging due to rather thick slices and loss of signal, MRI is highly recommended as a follow-up tool, to avoid repetitive investigations using ionizing radiation. With the sensitivity of T2-weighted sequences and the potential of contrast-enhanced T1-weighted sequences important differential diagnostic considerations can be provided. Additionally, developing complications, such as pericardial or pleural effusions, empyema or lung abscess, are easily recognized. Current and future studies are to demonstrate that MRI is well suited as a monitoring and follow-up tool during and after therapy and compares favorably with CT or other imaging methods regarding sensitivity and specificity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Blé FX, Cannet C, Zurbruegg S, Karmouty-Quintana H, Bergmann R, Frossard N, Trifilieff A, Beckmann N. Allergen-induced Lung Inflammation in Actively Sensitized Mice Assessed with MR Imaging. Radiology 2008; 248:834-43. [PMID: 18647843 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2482071452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Blé
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Forum 1, Novartis Campus, WSJ-386.2.09, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Serkova NJ, Van Rheen Z, Tobias M, Pitzer JE, Wilkinson JE, Stringer KA. Utility of magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics for quantification of inflammatory lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 295:L152-61. [PMID: 18441091 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00515.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and metabolic nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are clinically available but have had little application in the quantification of experimental lung injury. There is a growing and unfulfilled need for predictive animal models that can improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention. Integration of MRI and NMR could extend the application of experimental data into the clinical setting. This study investigated the ability of MRI and metabolic NMR to detect and quantify inflammation-mediated lung injury. Pulmonary inflammation was induced in male B6C3F1 mice by intratracheal administration of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha under isoflurane anesthesia. Mice underwent MRI at 2, 4, 6, and 24 h after dosing. At 6 and 24 h lungs were harvested for metabolic NMR analysis. Data acquired from IL-1beta+TNF-alpha-treated animals were compared with saline-treated control mice. The hyperintense-to-total lung volume (HTLV) ratio derived from MRI was higher in IL-1beta+TNF-alpha-treated mice compared with control at 2, 4, and 6 h but returned to control levels by 24 h. The ability of MRI to detect pulmonary inflammation was confirmed by the association between HTLV ratio and histological and pathological end points. Principal component analysis of NMR-detectable metabolites also showed a temporal pattern for which energy metabolism-based biomarkers were identified. These data demonstrate that both MRI and metabolic NMR have utility in the detection and quantification of inflammation-mediated lung injury. Integration of these clinically available techniques into experimental models of lung injury could improve the translation of basic science knowledge and information to the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Serkova
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Watt K, Bishop J, Nieman B, Henkelman R, Chen X. Oxygen-enhanced MR imaging of mice lungs. Magn Reson Med 2008; 59:1412-21. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
13
|
Takahashi M, Kubo S, Kiryu S, Gee J, Hatabu H. MR microscopy of the lung in small rodents. Eur J Radiol 2007; 64:367-74. [PMID: 17904321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how the mammalian respiratory system works and how it changes in disease states and under the influence of drugs is frequently pursued in model systems such as small rodents. These have many advantages, including being easily obtained in large numbers as purebred strains. Studies in small rodents are valuable for proof of concept studies and for increasing our knowledge about disease mechanisms. Since the recent developments in the generation of genetically designed animal models of disease, one needs the ability to assess morphology and function in in vivo systems. In this article, we first review previous reports regarding thoracic imaging. We then discuss approaches to take in making use of small rodents to increase MR microscopic sensitivity for these studies and to establish MR methods for clinically relevant lung imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Takahashi
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Enninga J, Sansonetti P, Tournebize R. Roundtrip explorations of bacterial infection: from single cells to the entire host and back. Trends Microbiol 2007; 15:483-90. [PMID: 17983749 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions are highly regulated, dynamic processes that take place at the molecular, cellular and organ level. Innovative imaging technologies have emerged recently to investigate the underlying mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions. Innovations in fluorescence microscopy enable functional studies on the single-cell level. New light microscopes have been developed that improve the resolution to less than 100 nm. At the other extreme, intravital microscopy enables the correlation of cellular events on the organ level. This is also achieved by alternatives to microscopy such as bioluminescence, positron-emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The methodologies described here will have a tremendous effect on our understanding of host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jost Enninga
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Beckmann N, Kneuer R, Gremlich HU, Karmouty-Quintana H, Blé FX, Müller M. In vivo mouse imaging and spectroscopy in drug discovery. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2007; 20:154-85. [PMID: 17451175 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Imaging modalities such as micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), micro-positron emission tomography (micro-PET), high-resolution MRI, optical imaging, and high-resolution ultrasound have become invaluable tools in preclinical pharmaceutical research. They can be used to non-invasively investigate, in vivo, rodent biology and metabolism, disease models, and pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. The advantages and limitations of each approach usually determine its application, and therefore a small-rodent imaging laboratory in a pharmaceutical environment should ideally provide access to several techniques. In this paper we aim to illustrate how these techniques may be used to obtain meaningful information for the phenotyping of transgenic mice and for the analysis of compounds in murine models of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolau Beckmann
- Discovery Technologies, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|