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Zhang Y, Numata K, Du Y, Maeda S. Contrast Agents for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Imaging: Value and Progression. Front Oncol 2022; 12:921667. [PMID: 35720001 PMCID: PMC9200965 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.921667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has the third-highest incidence in cancers and has become one of the leading threats to cancer death. With the research on the etiological reasons for cirrhosis and HCC, early diagnosis has been placed great hope to form a favorable prognosis. Non-invasive medical imaging, including the associated contrast media (CM)-based enhancement scan, is taking charge of early diagnosis as mainstream. Meanwhile, it is notable that various CM with different advantages are playing an important role in the different imaging modalities, or even combined modalities. For both physicians and radiologists, it is necessary to know more about the proper imaging approach, along with the characteristic CM, for HCC diagnosis and treatment. Therefore, a summarized navigating map of CM commonly used in the clinic, along with ongoing work of agent research and potential seeded agents in the future, could be a needed practicable aid for HCC diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Ningbo Medical Centre Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo, China.,Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kazushi Numata
- Gastroenterological Center, Yokohama City University Medical Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuewu Du
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, Ningbo Medical Centre Li Huili Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Shin Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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Development of Focal Nodular Hyperplasia after Cyclophosphamide-Based Chemotherapy in a Patient with Breast Cancer. Case Reports Hepatol 2018; 2018:5409316. [PMID: 30425864 PMCID: PMC6217880 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5409316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) is the second most common liver cell-derived benign tumor. It is postulated that chemotherapy-induced hepatic circulatory abnormalities, like sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS), could lead to the development of FNH. Cyclophosphamide was also reported to induce SOS in a synergistic effect with total body irradiation. However, none of cyclophosphamide-related FNH had ever been reported before. In this case report, we present a female patient who was treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy of cyclophosphamide (500mg/m2)-docetaxel (75mg/m2)-pharmorubicin (90mg/m2) regimen every 3 weeks for breast cancer developed FNH after 4 courses of treatment. The patient had no chronic liver disease, no history of smoking, drinking, or medication use. The chronological correlation between the chemotherapy and the appearance of the FNH suggested a cause-effect association. Therefore, this is the first case report about development of FNH after cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy. Taking into account the frequency of breast cancer, it is instructive to recognize such observation of FNH in the context to make the differential diagnosis with hepatic metastasis.
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Vanhooymissen IJ, Thomeer MG, Braun LM, Gest B, van Koeverden S, Willemssen FE, Hunink M, De Man RA, Ijzermans JN, Dwarkasing RS. Intrapatient Comparison of the Hepatobiliary Phase of Gd-BOPTA and Gd-EOB-DTPA in the Differentiation of Hepatocellular Adenoma From Focal Nodular Hyperplasia. J Magn Reson Imaging 2018; 49:700-710. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.26227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maarten G. Thomeer
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Loes M.M. Braun
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bibiche Gest
- Department of Radiology; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne; Australia
| | | | - Francois E. Willemssen
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Myriam Hunink
- Department of Epidemiology and Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Robert A. De Man
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jan N. Ijzermans
- Department of Surgery; Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Roy S. Dwarkasing
- Department of Radiology; Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
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Hu HJ, Qu YJ, Tian ZX, Zhang ZP. Clinical and radiographic observations from four patients with primary hepatic lymphoma. Exp Ther Med 2015; 11:381-386. [PMID: 26893619 PMCID: PMC4734166 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to delineate the radiographic and clinical features of primary hepatic lymphoma (PHL). Four histopathologically confirmed cases of PHL were analyzed with respect to the radiological, clinical and pathological characteristics. The main clinical manifestations included upper right quadrant pain and lymphoma-associated B symptoms, such as fever, night sweating and weight loss. All the patients had elevated serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase. Furthermore, all the patients underwent plain and enhanced computed tomography examinations, which identified low-density lesions without marked enhancement. Solitary masses were observed in two cases, while multiple focal lesions were noted in one case and diffuse multi-speckled nodules were observed in one case. Two patients underwent abdominal magnetic resonance imaging, which revealed lesions that were hyperintense on T1-weighted imaging (WI) scans and hypointense on T2WI scans, and exhibited slight to moderate enhancement with a dynamic contrast-enhanced protocol. In one case, vessels were visible within the lesion. Therefore, the present study concluded that PHL is a rare condition that exhibits non-specific clinical and radiological features. A combination of imaging results and clinical manifestations can be used to facilitate a diagnosis of PHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Juan Hu
- Department of Computed Tomography, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Juan Qu
- Department of Computed Tomography, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Tian
- Department of Computed Tomography, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zai-Peng Zhang
- Department of Computed Tomography, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Immunostaining of glutamine synthetase is a sensitive and specific marker for diagnosing focal nodular hyperplasia in needle biopsy. Pathology 2014; 44:605-10. [PMID: 22990279 DOI: 10.1097/pat.0b013e32835817c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) has characteristic histological features which may not be seen in needle biopsy specimens. We investigate the diagnostic role of glutamine synthetase (GS) in needle biopsy specimens. METHODS Sixty-one hepatic tumours were categorised into 20 'definite' FNHs, 13 'probable' FNHs, and 28 cases without specific diagnosis. Needle biopsy specimens of 92 non-tumourous lesions, 25 well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas (WDHCCs), and 4 high-grade dysplastic nodules (HGDNs) and resection specimens of 10 macroregenerative nodules were also selected for immunohistochemical stain of GS for comparison. RESULTS All 20 'definite' FNHs, nine 'probable' FNHs, and five cases without specific diagnosis expressed typical map-like staining pattern of GS. The demographic data of these five cases were similar to those of FNH. All cases of chronic hepatitis B and C, cirrhosis, macroregenerative nodule and peritumourous liver tissue showed normal pericentral/periseptal pattern. Fifteen of 25 WDHCCs and one HGDN showed diffuse pattern. Ten WDHCCs and two HGDNs showed negative staining. One HGDN showed mosaic pattern. CONCLUSIONS Immunohistochemical staining of GS increases the diagnostic sensitivity of FNH in needle biopsy, especially in those without typical morphology. It also helps in differentiating FNH from other tumourous and non-tumourous lesions.
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Lamba R, Fananazapir G, Corwin MT, Khatri VP. Diagnostic Imaging of Hepatic Lesions in Adults. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2014; 23:789-820. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Liver masses: a clinical, radiologic, and pathologic perspective. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12:1414-29. [PMID: 24055987 PMCID: PMC3959647 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver masses present a relatively common clinical dilemma, particularly with the increasing use of various imaging modalities in the diagnosis of abdominal and other symptoms. The accurate and reliable determination of the nature of the liver mass is critical, not only to reassure individuals with benign lesions but also, and perhaps more importantly, to ensure that malignant lesions are diagnosed correctly. This avoids the devastating consequences of missed diagnosis and the delayed treatment of malignancy or the unnecessary treatment of benign lesions. With appropriate interpretation of the clinical history and physical examination, and the judicious use of laboratory and imaging studies, the majority of liver masses can be characterized noninvasively. Accurate characterization of liver masses by cross-sectional imaging is particularly dependent on an understanding of the unique phasic vascular perfusion of the liver and the characteristic behaviors of different lesions during multiphasic contrast imaging. When noninvasive characterization is indeterminate, a liver biopsy may be necessary for definitive diagnosis. Standard histologic examination usually is complemented by immunohistochemical analysis of protein biomarkers. Accurate diagnosis allows the appropriate selection of optimal management, which is frequently reassurance or intermittent follow-up evaluations for benign masses. For malignant lesions or those at risk of malignant transformation, management depends on the tumor staging, the functional status of the uninvolved liver, and technical surgical considerations. Unresectable metastatic masses require oncologic consultation and therapy. The efficient characterization and management of liver masses therefore requires a multidisciplinary collaboration between the gastroenterologist/hepatologist, radiologist, pathologist, hepatobiliary or transplant surgeon, and medical oncologist.
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Mungai F, Morone M, Villanacci A, Bondioni MP, Mazzoni LN, Grazioli L, Colagrande S. Diffusion weighted MR and apparent diffusion coefficient measurement in classification and characterization of noncystic focal liver lesions: does a clinical role exist? Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e40. [PMID: 25058143 PMCID: PMC4602426 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the clinical role of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) analysis in noncystic focal liver lesion (FLL) classification/characterization.Six hundred liver magnetic resonances with multi-b (b = 50, 400, 800 s/mm) diffusion-weighted imaging (DwI) were retrospectively reviewed. Mean ADC was measured in 388 lesions (195 benign and 193 malignant) excluding internal necrotic areas. Cystic benign lesions were excluded from analysis. Sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing benign from malignant lesions were calculated. Analysis of variance was performed to detect differences among subgroups of solid lesions.Mean ADC of malignant lesions was 0.980 × 10 mm/s, significantly (P < 0.05) lower than mean ADC of benign lesions (1.433 × 10 mm/s). Applying an ADC cutoff of 1.066 × 10 mm/s, specificity and sensitivity for malignancy were respectively 86.6% and 73.6%. Of all lesions, >1/3 (39.5%) presented values lower than 1 × 10 mm/s, with 90.0% chance of malignancy. Above 1.5 × 10 mm/s (about 20% of all lesions) chance of malignancy was 9.5%.DwI cannot assist in noncystic FLL characterization, but can help in FLL classification in about half the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mungai
- Department of Radiology (MM, MPB, LG), Institute of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili di Brescia, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, Brescia, Department of Radiology (AV), Ospedale S. Cuore di Gesù, Viale Principe di Napoli, 14/A, Benevento, and Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences (FM, SC), Radiodiagnostic Unit no. 2 and Department of Physics (LNM), University of Florence, Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Careggi, Largo Brambilla 3, Florence, Italy
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HU HUIJUAN, LIAO MEIYAN, QU YANJUAN. Primary hepatic peripheral T-cell lymphoma: A case report. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:258-262. [PMID: 24959257 PMCID: PMC4063635 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary hepatic peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PHL) is extremely rare. A case of primary hepatic peripheral T-cell lymphoma of a 59-year-old male is presented in the current study. PHL lesions are diagnosed by the existence of a hepatic mass, in the absence of lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly or bone marrow involvement associated with normal tumor markers. Treatment options are surgical resection and subsequent chemotherapy. Histopathological examination by immunohistochemical staining of the tissue biopsies at laparotomy confirmed a diagnosis of PHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- HUI-JUAN HU
- Department of Computed Tomography, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - MEI-YAN LIAO
- Department of Computed Tomography, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - YAN-JUAN QU
- Department of Computed Tomography, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Geller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine - David Geffen School of Medicine - University of California, Los Angeles/CA - USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine - Weill Cornell Medical College, New York/NY - USA
| | - Fernando P F de Campos
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hospital Universitário - Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP - Brazil
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11
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Sutherland T, Seale M, Yap K. Part 1: MRI features of focal nodular hyperplasia with an emphasis on hepatobiliary contrast agents. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2013; 58:50-5. [DOI: 10.1111/1754-9485.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Sutherland
- Medical Imaging Department; St. Vincent's Hospital; Fitzroy Victoria Australia
| | - Melanie Seale
- Medical Imaging Department; St. Vincent's Hospital; Fitzroy Victoria Australia
| | - Kelvin Yap
- Medical Imaging Department; St. Vincent's Hospital; Fitzroy Victoria Australia
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12
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Hope TA, Saranathan M, Petkovska I, Hargreaves BA, Herfkens RJ, Vasanawala SS. Improvement of gadoxetate arterial phase capture with a high spatio-temporal resolution multiphase three-dimensional SPGR-dixon sequence. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 38:938-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Hope
- Department of Radiology; Stanford University Medical Center; Stanford California USA
| | - Manojkumar Saranathan
- Department of Radiology; Stanford University Medical Center; Stanford California USA
| | - Iva Petkovska
- Department of Radiology; Stanford University Medical Center; Stanford California USA
| | - Brian A. Hargreaves
- Department of Radiology; Stanford University Medical Center; Stanford California USA
| | - Robert J. Herfkens
- Department of Radiology; Stanford University Medical Center; Stanford California USA
| | - Shreyas S. Vasanawala
- Department of Radiology; Stanford University Medical Center; Stanford California USA
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13
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Arterialised hepatic nodules in the Fontan circulation: Hepatico-cardiac interactions. Int J Cardiol 2011; 151:268-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lautz T, Tantemsapya N, Dzakovic A, Superina R. Focal nodular hyperplasia in children: clinical features and current management practice. J Pediatr Surg 2010; 45:1797-803. [PMID: 20850623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although nonoperative management is an accepted practice for most adults with focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), questions remain about the safety and feasibility of this strategy in children. Our aim was to review the clinical features of children with FNH and determine current management patterns. METHODS We reviewed records of all children and adolescents with FNH managed at our institution from 1999 to 2009 and performed a MEDLINE search to identify all published cases of FNH in the pediatric population. RESULTS A total of 172 patients with FNH were identified, including 11 at our institution. The median age at diagnosis was 8.7 years and 66% were female. Median tumor size was 6 cm, and 25% had multiple lesions. Thirty-six percent were symptomatic at presentation. Twenty-four percent had a history of malignancy. Management included resection (61%), biopsy followed by observation (21%), and observation alone (18%). Indications for resection included symptoms (48%), inability to rule out malignancy (24%), tumor growth (15%), and biopsy-proven concurrent malignancy (9%). CONCLUSIONS Although FNH is a benign lesion that is typically managed nonoperatively in adults, most children with FNH currently undergo resection because of symptoms, increasing size, or inability to confidently rule out malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Lautz
- Department of Surgery, Children's Memorial Hospital, Feinberg School of Medicine of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
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16
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Hussain SM, Reinhold C, Mitchell DG. Cirrhosis and lesion characterization at MR imaging. Radiographics 2010; 29:1637-52. [PMID: 19959512 DOI: 10.1148/rg.296095508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has emerged as an important imaging modality for the assessment of cirrhosis and its complications. Faster sequences now allow high-quality liver imaging with high intrinsic soft-tissue contrast. Automated contrast detection methods in combination with faster sequences allow reproducible capture of the arterial phase, which is essential for the detection and characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma. The lack of ionizing radiation permits routine use of gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) fat-suppressed multiphasic imaging with high temporal and spatial resolution. In addition, MR imaging allows simultaneous evaluation of the background liver parenchyma and the liver lesions with the combined use of sequences that include T2-weighted sequences, T1-weighted sequences (including chemical shift imaging), echoplanar diffusion-weighted sequences, dynamic gadolinium-enhanced 3D multiphasic imaging, and liver-specific delayed phase sequences (if contrast agents with hepatobiliary excretion are used). The combination of findings from different sequences often helps pinpoint the nature of the liver abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid M Hussain
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 981045 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-1045, USA.
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Terkivatan T, Ijzermans JNM. Hepatocellular adenoma: Should phenotypic classification direct management? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 6:697-8. [PMID: 19946304 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2009.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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van den Bos IC, Hussain SM, de Man RA, Zondervan PE, Ijzermans JNM, Preda A, Krestin GP. Magnetic resonance imaging of liver lesions: exceptions and atypical lesions. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2008; 37:95-103. [PMID: 18436109 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
On state-of-the-art magnetic resonance imaging, most lesions can be detected and characterized with confidence according to well-known criteria. However, atypical characteristics in some common lesions and the incidental encounter with rare lesions may pose diagnostic difficulties. In this article, six challenging hepatic lesions will be discussed and evaluated on the most important magnetic resonance imaging sequences, with histological correlation when available. In addition, the background information concerning these lesions will be described based on the most recent available literature. By reading this article, the reader will be able to (1) categorize the lesion in solid and fluid-containing lesions, based on the T2 signal intensity; and (2) define the benign or malignant nature of the lesion, in relation to the signal intensity and dynamic enhancement pattern, despite the presence of atypical characteristics of some lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra C van den Bos
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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van den Bos IC, Hussain SM, de Man RA, Zondervan PE, Ijzermans JNM, Krestin GP. Primary hepatocellular lesions: imaging findings on state-of-the-art magnetic resonance imaging, with pathologic correlation. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2008; 37:104-14. [PMID: 18436110 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging is routinely used for the workup of patients with focal or diffuse liver disease, including primary hepatocellular lesions, storage diseases, metastatic liver disease, and diseases of the hepatobiliary tree. The most important magnetic resonance imaging sequences used for diagnostic imaging of the liver consist of T1-weighted sequences, T2-weighted sequences, and at least the arterial and delayed phases of dynamic gadolinium-enhanced imaging. This article provides an overview of magnetic resonance imaging of primary hepatocellular lesions and will describe the following: (1) the classification and etiology of primary hepatocellular lesions, including focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatocellular adenoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma; (2) the stepwise carcinogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis on magnetic resonance imaging; and (3) the typical imaging findings of primary hepatocellular lesions on magnetic resonance imaging, with differential diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra C van den Bos
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Liver Metastases: Experimental Comparison of Anionic and Conventional Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles With a Hepatobiliary Contrast Medium During Dynamic and Uptake Phases. Invest Radiol 2008; 43:496-503. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e31816f1be1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Menu Y, Bessoud B, Rocher L, Lesavre A, Phan C, Rangheard AS. Lésions hépatiques en cancérologie générale. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 88:1091-103. [PMID: 17762837 DOI: 10.1016/s0221-0363(07)89921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve management of oncologic patients, a standardized 5-step approach should be considered: detection, characterization, locoregional and systemic staging, and post treatment follow up. The use of imaging techniques will be adapted to the clinical question at hand during multi-disciplinary review of cases. The role of the radiologist is to review the indications for each imaging modality and incorporate the results in the clinical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Menu
- Service de Radiologie Broca, Hôpital de Bicêtre, 78, rue du Général Leclerc, 94275 Le Kremlin Bicêtre Cedex.
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