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Abstract
Osteoarthritis, characterized by the breakdown of articular cartilage and other joint structures, is one of the most prevalent and disabling chronic diseases in the United States. Magnetic resonance imaging is a commonly used imaging modality to evaluate patients with joint pain. Both two-dimensional fast spin-echo sequences (2D-FSE) and three-dimensional (3D) sequences are used in clinical practice to evaluate articular cartilage. The 3D sequences have many advantages compared with 2D-FSE sequences, such as their high in-plane spatial resolution, thin continuous slices that reduce the effects of partial volume averaging, and ability to create multiplanar reformat images following a single acquisition. This article reviews the different 3D imaging techniques available for evaluating cartilage morphology, illustrates the strengths and weaknesses of 3D approaches compared with 2D-FSE approaches for cartilage imaging, and summarizes the diagnostic performance of 2D-FSE and 3D sequences for detecting cartilage lesions within the knee and hip joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kijowski
- Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
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2
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Lins CF, Salmon CEG, Nogueira-Barbosa MH. Applications of the Dixon technique in the evaluation of the musculoskeletal system. Radiol Bras 2021; 54:33-42. [PMID: 33583975 PMCID: PMC7869722 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2019.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of images with suppression of the fat signal is very useful in clinical practice and can be achieved in a variety of sequences. The Dixon technique, unlike other fat suppression techniques, allows the signal of fat to be suppressed in the postprocessing rather than during acquisition, as well as allowing the visualization of maps showing the distribution of water and fat. This review of the Dixon technique aims to illustrate the basic physical principles, to compare the technique with other magnetic resonance imaging sequences for fat suppression or fat quantification, and to describe its applications in the study of diseases of the musculoskeletal system. Many variants of the Dixon technique have been developed, providing more consistent separation of the fat and water signals, as well as allowing correction for many confounding factors. It allows homogeneous fat suppression, being able to be acquired in combination with several other sequences, as well as with different weightings. The technique also makes it possible to obtain images with and without fat suppression from a single acquisition. In addition, the Dixon technique can be used as a quantitative method, allowing the proportion of tissue fat to be determined, and, in more updated versions, can quantify tissue iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Freitas Lins
- Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Delfin Inteligência Diagnóstica, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ernesto Garrido Salmon
- Departamento de Física, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FFCLRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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3
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Chan C, Richmond C, Shea KG, Frick SL. Management of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Femoral Condyle. JBJS Rev 2018; 6:e5. [DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.rvw.17.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Han CH, Park HJ, Lee SY, Chung EC, Choi SH, Yun JS, Rho MH. IDEAL 3D spoiled gradient echo of the articular cartilage of the knee on 3.0 T MRI: a comparison with conventional 3.0 T fast spin-echo T2 fat saturation image. Acta Radiol 2015; 56:1479-86. [PMID: 25348476 DOI: 10.1177/0284185114556097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many two-dimensional (2D) morphologic cartilage imaging sequences have disadvantages such as long acquisition time, inadequate spatial resolution, suboptimal tissue contrast, and image degradation secondary to artifacts. IDEAL imaging can overcome these disadvantages. PURPOSE To compare sound-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and quality of two different methods of imaging that include IDEAL 3D SPGR and 3.0-T FSE T2 fat saturation (FS) imaging and to evaluate the utility of IDEAL 3D SPGR for knee joint imaging. MATERIAL AND METHODS SNR and CNR of the patellar and femoral cartilages were measured and calculated. Two radiologists performed subjective scoring of all images for three measures: general image quality, FS, and cartilage evaluation. SNR and CNR values were compared by paired Student's t-tests. RESULTS Mean SNRs of patellar and femoral cartilages were 90% and 66% higher, respectively, for IDEAL 3D SPGR. CNRs of patellar cartilages and joint fluids were 2.4 times higher for FSE T2 FS, and CNR between the femoral cartilage and joint fluid was 2.2 times higher for FSE T2 FS. General image quality and FS were superior using FSE T2 FS compared to those of IDEAL 3D SPGR imaging according to both readers, while cartilage evaluation was superior using IDEAL 3D SPGR. Additionally, cartilage injuries were more prominent in IDEAL 3D SPGR than in FSE T2FS according to both readers. CONCLUSION IDEAL 3D SPGR images show excellent visualization of patellar and femoral cartilages in 3.0 T and can compensate for the weaknesses of FSE T2 FS in the evaluation of cartilage injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Hee Han
- Department of Radiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Park
- Department of Radiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Lee
- Department of Radiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Chul Chung
- Department of Radiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Hyeong Choi
- Department of Radiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Sup Yun
- Department of Surgery, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ho Rho
- Department of Radiology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Henze Bancroft LC, Strigel RM, Hernando D, Johnson KM, Kelcz F, Kijowski R, Block WF. Utilization of a balanced steady state free precession signal model for improved fat/water decomposition. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:1269-77. [PMID: 25946145 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemical shift based fat/water decomposition methods such as IDEAL are frequently used in challenging imaging environments with large B0 inhomogeneity. However, they do not account for the signal modulations introduced by a balanced steady state free precession (bSSFP) acquisition. Here we demonstrate improved performance when the bSSFP frequency response is properly incorporated into the multipeak spectral fat model used in the decomposition process. THEORY AND METHODS Balanced SSFP allows for rapid imaging but also introduces a characteristic frequency response featuring periodic nulls and pass bands. Fat spectral components in adjacent pass bands will experience bulk phase offsets and magnitude modulations that change the expected constructive and destructive interference between the fat spectral components. A bSSFP signal model was incorporated into the fat/water decomposition process and used to generate images of a fat phantom, and bilateral breast and knee images in four normal volunteers at 1.5 Tesla. RESULTS Incorporation of the bSSFP signal model into the decomposition process improved the performance of the fat/water decomposition. CONCLUSION Incorporation of this model allows rapid bSSFP imaging sequences to use robust fat/water decomposition methods such as IDEAL. While only one set of imaging parameters were presented, the method is compatible with any field strength or repetition time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah C Henze Bancroft
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Roberta M Strigel
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public health, Department of Radiology, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Diego Hernando
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Radiology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Frederick Kelcz
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public health, Department of Radiology, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Richard Kijowski
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public health, Department of Radiology, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Walter F Block
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Medical Physics, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Radiology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, Madison, Wisconsin
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Hunter DJ, Altman RD, Cicuttini F, Crema MD, Duryea J, Eckstein F, Guermazi A, Kijowski R, Link TM, Martel-Pelletier J, Miller CG, Mosher TJ, Ochoa-Albíztegui RE, Pelletier JP, Peterfy C, Raynauld JP, Roemer FW, Totterman SM, Gold GE. OARSI Clinical Trials Recommendations: Knee imaging in clinical trials in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:698-715. [PMID: 25952343 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances have occurred in our understanding of the pathogenesis of knee osteoarthritis (OA) and some recent trials have demonstrated the potential for modification of the disease course. The purpose of this expert opinion, consensus driven exercise is to provide detail on how one might use and apply knee imaging in knee OA trials. It includes information on acquisition methods/techniques (including guidance on positioning for radiography, sequence/protocol recommendations/hardware for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)); commonly encountered problems (including positioning, hardware and coil failures, sequences artifacts); quality assurance (QA)/control procedures; measurement methods; measurement performance (reliability, responsiveness, validity); recommendations for trials; and research recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hunter
- Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Rheumatology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - R D Altman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - F Cicuttini
- School of Public health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - M D Crema
- Quantitative Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Hospital do Coração (HCor) and Teleimagem, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - J Duryea
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Brazil
| | - F Eckstein
- Institute of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg & Nuremberg, Salzburg, Austria; Chondrometrics GmbH, Ainring, Germany
| | - A Guermazi
- Quantitative Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Kijowski
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - T M Link
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, UCSF, San Francisco, USA
| | - J Martel-Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - T J Mosher
- Department of Radiology, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - R E Ochoa-Albíztegui
- Department of Radiology, The American British Cowdray Medical Center, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J-P Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - C Peterfy
- Spire Sciences, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - J-P Raynauld
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - F W Roemer
- Quantitative Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - G E Gold
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Al saleh H, Hernandez L, Lee KS, Rosas HG, Block WF, Kijowski R. Rapid isotropic resolution cartilage assessment using radial alternating repetition time balanced steady-state free-precession imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 40:796-803. [PMID: 24151247 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare a balanced steady-state free-precession sequence with a radial k-space trajectory and alternating repetition time fat suppression (Radial-ATR) with other currently used fat-suppressed 3D sequences for evaluating the articular cartilage of the knee joint at 3.0T. MATERIALS AND METHODS Radial-ATR, fast spin-echo (FSE-Cube), gradient recall-echo acquired in the steady-state (GRASS), and spoiled gradient recall-echo (SPGR) sequences with similar voxel volumes and identical scan times were performed at 3.0T on both knee joints of five volunteers. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) measurements were performed for all sequences using a double acquisition method and compared using Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon tests. Radial-ATR sequences with 0.3 mm and 0.4 mm isotropic resolution were also performed on the knee joints of seven volunteers and three patients with osteoarthritis. RESULTS Average SNR values for cartilage, synovial fluid, and bone marrow were 54.7, 153.3, and 12.9, respectively, for Radial ATR, 30.8, 44.1, and 1.9, respectively, for FSE-Cube, 13.3, 46.9, and 3.3, respectively, for GRASS, and 19.1, 8.1, and 2.1, respectively, for SPGR. Average CNR values between cartilage and synovial fluid and between cartilage and bone marrow were 98.6 and 41.8, respectively, for VIPR-ATR, 13.4 and 28.8, respectively, for FSE-Cube, 33.6 and 10.0, respectively, for GRASS, and 11.0 and 16.9, respectively, for SPGR. Radial-ATR had significantly higher (P < 0.001) cartilage, synovial fluid, and bone marrow SNR and significantly higher (P < 0.01) CNR between cartilage and synovial fluid and between cartilage and bone marrow than FSE-Cube, GRASS, and SPGR. Radial-ATR provided excellent visualization of articular cartilage at high isotropic resolution with no image degradation due to off-resonance banding artifacts. CONCLUSION Radial-ATR had superior SNR efficiency to other fat-suppressed 3D cartilage imaging sequences and produced high isotropic resolution images of the knee joint which could be used for evaluating articular cartilage at 3.0T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Al saleh
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Rosas H, Kijowski R. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of the musculoskeletal system. Semin Roentgenol 2013; 48:140-7. [PMID: 23452461 DOI: 10.1053/j.ro.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Rosas
- Department of Radiology, Musculoskeletal Division, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792-3252, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purposes of this review are to describe commonly available 3D MRI techniques and to discuss the literature to date regarding the utility of such techniques in the assessment of internal derangement of joints. CONCLUSION Long acquisition and postprocessing times and limited contrast characteristics have generally prohibited routine use of 3D MRI in clinical practice. However, technical advances, including higher-field-strength MRI systems, high performance gradients, high-resolution multichannel coils, and pulse sequences with shorter acquisition times, have made feasible 3D isotropic MRI with reasonable acquisition times.
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Ho KY, Hu HH, Keyak JH, Colletti PM, Powers CM. Measuring bone mineral density with fat-water MRI: comparison with computed tomography. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 37:237-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.23749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Kijowski R, Gold GE. Routine 3D magnetic resonance imaging of joints. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 33:758-71. [PMID: 21448939 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its high spatial resolution and excellent tissue contrast, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become the most commonly used imaging method to evaluate joints. Most musculoskeletal MRI is performed using 2D fast spin-echo sequences. However, 3D sequences have also been used for joint imaging and have the advantage of acquiring thin continuous slices through joints, which reduces the effects of partial volume averaging. With recent advances in MR technology, 3D sequences with isotropic resolution have been developed. These sequences allow high-quality multiplanar reformat images to be obtained following a single acquisition, thereby eliminating the need to repeat sequences with identical tissue contrast in different planes. Preliminary results on the diagnostic performance of 3D isotropic resolution sequences are encouraging. However, additional studies are needed to determine whether these sequences can replace currently used 2D fast spin-echo sequences for providing comprehensive joint assessment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kijowski
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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Abstract
As the prevalence of obesity continues to rise, rapid and accurate tools for assessing abdominal body and organ fat quantity and distribution are critically needed to assist researchers investigating therapeutic and preventive measures against obesity and its comorbidities. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most promising modality to address such need. It is non-invasive, utilizes no ionizing radiation, provides unmatched 3-D visualization, is repeatable, and is applicable to subject cohorts of all ages. This article is aimed to provide the reader with an overview of current and state-of-the-art techniques in MRI and associated image analysis methods for fat quantification. The principles underlying traditional approaches such as T(1) -weighted imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as more modern chemical-shift imaging techniques are discussed and compared. The benefits of contiguous 3-D acquisitions over 2-D multislice approaches are highlighted. Typical post-processing procedures for extracting adipose tissue depot volumes and percent organ fat content from abdominal MRI data sets are explained. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of each MRI approach with respect to imaging parameters, spatial resolution, subject motion, scan time and appropriate fat quantitative endpoints are also provided. Practical considerations in implementing these methods are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Hu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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13
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Strickland CD, Kijowski R. Morphologic Imaging of Articular Cartilage. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2011; 19:229-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Clinical Usefulness of Adding 3D Cartilage Imaging Sequences to a Routine Knee MR Protocol. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011; 196:159-67. [DOI: 10.2214/ajr.09.4095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is one of the most commonly used imaging modality for evaluating patients with joint pain. Musculoskeletal MR protocols at most institutions consist of 2-dimensional fast spin echo (FSE) sequences repeated in multiple planes. Three-dimensional sequences have also been used to evaluate the musculoskeletal system and have many potential advantages over 2-dimensional FSE sequences. Three-dimensional sequences acquire thin continuous slices through joints with high in-plane spatial resolution, which minimize the effects of partial volume averaging. Newly developed 3-dimensional isotropic resolution sequences can also be used to create high-quality multiplanar reformat images that allow joints to be evaluated in any orientation after a single acquisition. Preliminary results on the use of 3-dimensional isotropic resolution sequences for evaluating the musculoskeletal system are encouraging. However, additional studies are needed to document the advantages of 3-dimensional sequences before they can replace currently used 2-dimensional FSE sequences for evaluating the musculoskeletal system in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kijowski
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE MRI is commonly used to evaluate the articular cartilage of the knee and hip joints in clinical practice. This article will discuss the advantages and limitations of currently available MRI techniques for evaluating articular cartilage. CONCLUSION Because of its high spatial resolution, multiplanar capability, and excellent tissue contrast, MRI is the imaging technique of choice for evaluating the articular cartilage of the knee and hip joints.
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Springer F, Machann J, Claussen CD, Schick F, Schwenzer NF. Liver fat content determined by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:1560-6. [PMID: 20355234 PMCID: PMC2848364 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i13.1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis as the most prevalent liver disorder can either be related to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In both conditions, hepatocytes excessively accumulate fat-containing vacuoles within their cytoplasm, which is the key histological feature. In contrast to ALD, NAFLD is commonly associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity and insulin resistance. To determine increased liver fat content, liver biopsy is currently considered the gold standard. Besides the invasive technique, various other non-invasive techniques have been developed, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based methods. Among these techniques, ultrasound and CT provide only qualitative information about hepatic steatosis, whereas MRS- or MRI-based methods are able to determine even small amounts of fat accurately. These non-invasive magnetic resonance techniques have already proven their great potential, especially in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies regarding various metabolic conditions and medical treatment regimens. In this review, the most common, non-invasive MRS/MRI techniques for assessment of intrahepatic lipid content are described with their inherent advantages and limitations.
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Kijowski R, Blankenbaker DG, Woods MA, Shinki K, De Smet AA, Reeder SB. 3.0-T Evaluation of Knee Cartilage by Using Three-Dimensional IDEAL GRASS Imaging: Comparison with Fast Spin-Echo Imaging. Radiology 2010; 255:117-27. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.09091011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Gold GE, Chen CA, Koo S, Hargreaves BA, Bangerter NK. Recent advances in MRI of articular cartilage. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 193:628-38. [PMID: 19696274 PMCID: PMC2879429 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.09.3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MRI is the most accurate noninvasive method available to diagnose disorders of articular cartilage. Conventional 2D and 3D approaches show changes in cartilage morphology. Faster 3D imaging methods with isotropic resolution can be reformatted into arbitrary planes for improved detection and visualization of pathology. Unique contrast mechanisms allow us to probe cartilage physiology and detect changes in cartilage macromolecules. CONCLUSION MRI has great promise as a noninvasive comprehensive tool for cartilage evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry E Gold
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Dr., Grant Bldg. S0-68B, Stanford, CA 94305-5105, USA.
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Li J, Zhong Z, Connor D, Mollenhauer J, Muehleman C. Phase-sensitive X-ray imaging of synovial joints. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:1193-6. [PMID: 19328880 PMCID: PMC2730993 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the efficacy of phase-sensitive X-ray imaging for intact synovial joints, whereby refraction effects, along with the attenuation of conventional radiography, can be exploited. DESIGN Intact cadaveric human knee joints were imaged, in the computed tomographic mode, using an analyzer-based X-ray system at the National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory. A collimated fan beam of 51 keV X-rays was prepared by a silicon [1,1,1 reflection] double-crystal monochromator. The X-ray beam transmitted through the specimen was imaged after diffraction in the vertical plane by means of the analyzer crystal with the analyzer crystal tuned to its half-reflectivity point (6.5 microrad). A two-dimensional filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm was used for reconstructing transverse slices of images. RESULTS The resulting images demonstrate simultaneous soft tissue and bone contrast at a level that has not been achieved previously. Identifiable structures include articular cartilage, cruciate ligaments, loose connective tissue, menisci, and chondrocalcinosis. CONCLUSION Phase-sensitive X-ray imaging using an analyzer-based system renders exceptionally high quality images of soft and hard tissues within synovial joints, with high contrast and resolution, and thus holds promise for the eventual clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | - Zhong Zhong
- National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY
| | - Dean Connor
- National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY
| | - Jorgen Mollenhauer
- Natural Science and Medicine Institute at Tübingen University, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Carol Muehleman
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL,Correspondence should be addressed to CM ()
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