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Sakata Y, Sano K, Aoki S, Saitsu H, Takanashi JI. Neurochemistry evaluated by MR spectroscopy in a patient with SPTAN1-related developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Brain Dev 2022; 44:415-420. [PMID: 35219564 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutation of the SPTAN1 gene, which encodes α-fodrin (non-erythrocyte α-II spectrin), is one of the causes of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs). SPTAN1-related DEE is radiologically characterized by cerebral atrophy, especially due to white matter volume reduction, hypomyelination, pontocerebellar hypoplasia, and a thin corpus callosum, however, no neurochemical analysis has been reported. CASE REPORT A Japanese infant female presented with severe psychomotor delay, tonic spasms, and visual impairment. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a de novo variant of the SPTAN1 gene, leading to a diagnosis of SPTAN1-related DEE. MR spectroscopy at ages 5 months, 11 months, and 1 year and 4 months revealed decreased N-acetylaspartate and choline-containing compounds, and increased glutamate or glutamine. CONCLUSION The decreased concentrations of N-acetylaspartate and choline-containing compounds may have resulted from neuroaxonal network dysfunction and hypomyelination, respectively. The increased glutamate or glutamine may have reflected a disrupted glutamate-glutamine cycle caused by dysfunction of exocytosis, in which α-fodrin plays an important role. MR spectroscopy revealed neurochemical derangement in SPTAN1-related DEE, which may be a possible pathomechanism and will be useful for its diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sakata
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sano
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shintaro Aoki
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Takanashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Chiba, Japan.
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Hsu CH, Lin S, Ho AC, Johnson TD, Wang PC, Scafidi J, Tu TW. Comparison of in vivo and in situ detection of hippocampal metabolites in mouse brain using 1 H-MRS. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4451. [PMID: 33258202 PMCID: PMC8214416 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The study of cerebral metabolites relies heavily on detection methods and sample preparation. Animal experiments in vivo require anesthetic agents that can alter brain metabolism, whereas ex vivo experiments demand appropriate fixation methods to preserve the tissue from rapid postmortem degradation. In this study, the metabolic profiles of mouse hippocampi using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) were compared in vivo and in situ with or without focused beam microwave irradiation (FBMI) fixation. Ten major brain metabolites, including lactate (Lac), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), total choline (tCho), myo-inositol (mIns), glutamine (Gln), glutamate (Glu), aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutathione (GSH), total creatine (tCr) and taurine (Tau), were analyzed using LCModel. After FBMI fixation, the concentrations of Lac, tCho and mIns were comparable with those obtained in vivo under isoflurane, whereas other metabolites were significantly lower. Except for a decrease in NAA and an increase in Tau, all the other metabolites remained stable over 41 hours in FBMI-fixed brains. Without FBMI, the concentrations of mIns (before 2 hours), tCho and GABA were close to those measured in vivo. However, higher Lac (P < .01) and lower NAA, Gln, Glu, GSH, tCr and Tau were observed (P < .01). NAA, Gln, Glu, GSH, tCr and Tau exhibited good temporal stability for at least 20 hours in the unfixed brain, whereas a linear increase of tCho, mIns and GABA was observed. Possible mechanisms of postmortem degradation are discussed. Our results indicate that a proper fixation method is required for in situ detection depending on the targeted metabolites of specific interests in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hsiung Hsu
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stephen Lin
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ai-Chen Ho
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - T. Derek Johnson
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Department of Neurology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul C. Wang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Scafidi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Department of Neurology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tsang-Wei Tu
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
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Ishida S, Yasukawa K, Koizumi M, Abe K, Hirai N, Honda T, Sakuma H, Tada H, Takanashi JI. Excitotoxicity in encephalopathy associated with STEC O-157 infection. Brain Dev 2018; 40:357-360. [PMID: 29248444 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of the severe complications of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infection, such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and acute encephalopathy. A 3-year-old boy with acute encephalopathy associated with STEC O-157 HUS showed increased levels of IL-6 and IL-10, which normalized after methylprednisolone pulse therapy, and additionally exhibited a transient increase of glutamine on MR spectroscopy. This finding suggests that excitotoxicity, in addition to hypercytokinemia, may play an important role in the pathogenesis of HUS encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigenobu Ishida
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Kumi Yasukawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Mai Koizumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hirai
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Honda
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sakuma
- Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tada
- Department of Brain Development and Neural Regeneration, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Takanashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan.
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Hirai N, Yoshimaru D, Moriyama Y, Yasukawa K, Takanashi JI. A new infectious encephalopathy syndrome, clinically mild encephalopathy associated with excitotoxicity (MEEX). J Neurol Sci 2017; 380:27-30. [PMID: 28870583 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Acute infectious encephalopathy is often observed in children in East Asia including Japan. More than 40% of the patients remain unclassified into specific syndromes. To investigate the underlying pathomechanisms in those with unclassified encephalopathy, we evaluated brain metabolism by MR spectroscopy. Among seven patients with acute encephalopathy admitted to our hospital from June 2016 to May 2017, three were classified into acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD). The other four showed consciousness disturbance lasting more than three days with no parenchymal lesion visible on MRI, which led to a diagnosis of unclassified encephalopathy. MR spectroscopy in these four patients, however, revealed an increase of glutamine with a normal N-acetyl aspartate level on days 5 to 8, which had normalized by follow-up studies on days 11 to 16. The four patients clinically recovered completely. Among 27 patients with encephalopathy, including the present seven patients, admitted to our hospital from January 2015 to March 2017, seven (26%) were classified into this type, which we propose is a new encephalopathy syndrome, clinically mild encephalopathy associated with excitotoxicity (MEEX). MEEX is the second most common subtype, following AESD (30%). This study suggests that excitotoxicity may be a common underlying pathomechanism of acute infectious encephalopathy, and prompt astrocytic neuroprotection from excitotoxicity may prevent progression of MEEX into AESD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Hirai
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshimaru
- Department of Medical Technology and Image Laboratory, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Moriyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Kumi Yasukawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Takanashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan.
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Hirai N, Yoshimaru D, Moriyama Y, Honda T, Yasukawa K, Takanashi JI. Clinically mild infantile encephalopathy associated with excitotoxicity. J Neurol Sci 2016; 373:138-141. [PMID: 28131171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute infectious encephalopathy is very frequently observed in children in East Asia including Japan. Acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion (AESD) is the most common subtype in Japan; however, more than 40% of the patients remain unclassified into specific syndromes. To investigate the underlying pathomechanism in those with unclassified acute encephalopathy, we evaluated brain metabolism by MR spectroscopy. Among 20 patients with acute encephalopathy admitted to our hospital during January 2015 to May 2016, 12 could not be classified into specific syndromes. MR spectroscopy was performed in 8 of these 12 patients with unclassified encephalopathy. MR spectroscopy showed an increase of glutamine with a normal N-acetyl aspartate level on days 3 to 8 in three of the 8 patients, which had normalized by follow-up studies. The three patients clinically recovered completely. This study suggests that excitotoxicity may be the underlying pathomechanism in some patients with unclassified mild encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Hirai
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yoshimaru
- Department of Medical Technology and Image Laboratory, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Moriyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Honda
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Kumi Yasukawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Takanashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan.
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Matsubara K, Mori H, Hirai N, Yasukawa K, Honda T, Takanashi JI. Elevated taurine and glutamate in cerebral juvenile xanthogranuloma on MR spectroscopy. Brain Dev 2016; 38:964-967. [PMID: 27435377 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
MRI in a 2-year-old female presenting afebrile seizures and left blepharoptosis revealed multiple well-marginated round-shaped lesions, isointensity to gray matter on T1- and T2-weighted images with homogenously reduced diffusion and diffuse contrast enhancement. MRS revealed elevation of taurine, choline and glutamate, and reduction of N-acetylaspartate. A brain biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG). JXG should be considered when MR spectroscopy shows elevated taurine and glutamate, which has only previously been reported in medulloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Matsubara
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Harushi Mori
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hirai
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Kumi Yasukawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Honda
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Takanashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, Yachiyo, Japan.
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Disrupted glutamate-glutamine cycle in acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion. Neuroradiology 2015; 57:1163-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00234-015-1573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows the noninvasive exploration of tissue metabolism in vivo, providing neurophysiological and neurochemical information. N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is generally considered to be a marker of neurons and axons, and many neurodegenerative disorders, including demyelinating disorders, exhibit a decrease in total NAA (tNAA). MRS in human hypomyelination disorders, such as Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD), is characterized by normal to elevated tNAA, elevated myo-inositol and creatine (Cr), and normal to decreased choline (Cho). MRS in the thalamus of a hypomyelinating mouse model, a myelin synthesis-deficient (msd) mouse, a model of connatal PMD with mutation of the Plp1 gene, revealed increased tNAA and Cr and decreased Cho. That of a shiverer mouse with an autosomal recessive mutation of the Mbp gene showed decreased Cho with normal tNAA and Cr. Accordingly, the reduction of Cho on MRS might be a common marker for hypomyelinating disorders. tNAA concentrations range from normal to increased, probably depending upon the underlying pathology of oligodendrocytes. tNAA may be increased in hypomyelination with a reduced number of mature oligodendrocytes, such as PMD.
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Tada H, Takanashi JI. MR spectroscopy in 18q(-) syndrome suggesting other than hypomyelination. Brain Dev 2014; 36:57-60. [PMID: 23332863 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We reported a 5-year-old boy with 18q(-) syndrome who showed typical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of high signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging, and a slightly high but lower than normal signal on T1-weighted imaging of the white matter. MR spectroscopy (MRS) revealed increased concentrations of creatine, myoinositol and choline with a normal N-acetylaspartate one. The cerebral white matter lesions observed on MRI in patients with 18q(-) syndrome have been considered to reflect hypomyelination due to a decrease in myelin basic protein so far, however, MRS suggested reactive astrocytic gliosis and accelerated myelin turnover, which are compatible with recent pathological reports of 18q(-) syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Tada
- Department of Pediatrics, Chibaken Saiseikai Narashino Hospital, Narashino, Japan.
| | - Jun-ichi Takanashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa, Japan; Department of Radiology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, Japan
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Takanashi JI, Nitta N, Iwasaki N, Saito S, Tanaka R, Barkovich AJ, Aoki I. Neurochemistry in shiverer mouse depicted on MR spectroscopy. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013; 39:1550-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Takanashi
- Molecular Imaging Center; National Institute of Radiological Sciences; Chiba Japan
- Department of Pediatrics; Kameda Medical Center; Kamogawa Japan
- Department of Radiology; Toho University Sakura Medical Center; Sakura Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nitta
- Molecular Imaging Center; National Institute of Radiological Sciences; Chiba Japan
| | - Nobuaki Iwasaki
- Department of Pediatrics; Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences; Amimachi Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Saito
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering; Graduate School of Medicine; Osaka University; Suita Japan
| | - Ryuta Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Tsukuba; Tsukuba Japan
| | - A. James Barkovich
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging; University of California San Francisco; California USA
| | - Ichio Aoki
- Molecular Imaging Center; National Institute of Radiological Sciences; Chiba Japan
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Takanashi JI, Hayashi M, Yuasa S, Satoh H, Terada H. Hypoyelination in I-cell disease; MRI, MR spectroscopy and neuropathological correlation. Brain Dev 2012; 34:780-3. [PMID: 22269149 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
MRI of a female patient with genetically diagnosed I-cell disease at 2weeks, 4 and 8months revealed delayed myelination or hypomyelination with decreased choline on MR spectroscopy. Brain autopsy was performed 2h after death at 14-month-old. Immunoreactivities for myelin basic protein and proteolipid proteins, markers for mature myelin sheath, were reduced in the myelinated fibers and oligodendrocytes in the white matter, indicating the hypomyelination in the central nervous system. I-Cell disease should be added to the list of delayed or hypomyelination conditions, and this neuroimaging finding could be a key for differentiating I-cell disease from the clinically similar disorder of Hurler syndrome characterized by perivascular lacunation.
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