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Li J, Wang X, Ren M, He S, Zhao Y. Advances in experimental animal models of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med 2023; 12:15261-15276. [PMID: 37248746 PMCID: PMC10417182 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignant tumor with insidious early symptoms, easy metastasis, postoperative recurrence, poor drug efficacy, and a high drug resistance rate when surgery is missed, leading to a low 5-year survival rate. Research on the pathogenesis and drugs is particularly important for clinical treatment. Animal models are crucial for basic research, which is conducive to studying pathogenesis and drug screening more conveniently and effectively. An appropriate animal model can better reflect disease occurrence and development, and the process of anti-tumor immune response in the human body. This review summarizes the classification, characteristics, and advances in experimental animal models of HCC to provide a reference for researchers on model selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Mudan Ren
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Shuixiang He
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
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Yuan G, Liu Z, Wang W, Liu M, Xu Y, Hu W, Fan Y, Zhang X, Liu Y, Si G. Multifunctional nanoplatforms application in the transcatheter chemoembolization against hepatocellular carcinoma. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:68. [PMID: 36849981 PMCID: PMC9969656 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has the sixth-highest new incidence and fourth-highest mortality worldwide. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is one of the primary treatment strategies for unresectable HCC. However, the therapeutic effect is still unsatisfactory due to the insufficient distribution of antineoplastic drugs in tumor tissues and the worsened post-embolization tumor microenvironment (TME, e.g., hypoxia and reduced pH). Recently, using nanomaterials as a drug delivery platform for TACE therapy of HCC has been a research hotspot. With the development of nanotechnology, multifunctional nanoplatforms have been developed to embolize the tumor vasculature, creating conditions for improving the distribution and bioavailability of drugs in tumor tissues. Currently, the researchers are focusing on functionalizing nanomaterials to achieve high drug loading efficacy, thorough vascular embolization, tumor targeting, controlled sustained release of drugs, and real-time imaging in the TACE process to facilitate precise embolization and enable therapeutic procedures follow-up imaging of tumor lesions. Herein, we summarized the recent advances and applications of functionalized nanomaterials based on TACE against HCC, believing that developing these functionalized nanoplatforms may be a promising approach for improving the TACE therapeutic effect of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yuan
- grid.410578.f0000 0001 1114 4286Department of Intervention Radiology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 China ,grid.259384.10000 0000 8945 4455State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR China
| | - Zhiyin Liu
- grid.488387.8Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 China
| | - Weiming Wang
- grid.259384.10000 0000 8945 4455State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR China ,grid.488387.8Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 China
| | - Mengnan Liu
- grid.259384.10000 0000 8945 4455State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR China ,grid.488387.8National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yanneng Xu
- grid.410578.f0000 0001 1114 4286Department of Intervention Radiology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 China ,grid.259384.10000 0000 8945 4455State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR China
| | - Wei Hu
- grid.410578.f0000 0001 1114 4286Department of Intervention Radiology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 China ,grid.259384.10000 0000 8945 4455State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR China
| | - Yao Fan
- grid.410578.f0000 0001 1114 4286Department of Anus and Intestine Surgery, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 China
| | - Xun Zhang
- grid.410578.f0000 0001 1114 4286Department of Intervention Radiology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000 China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of General Surgery (Vascular Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Guangyan Si
- Department of Intervention Radiology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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Meng F, Li Y, Liu Q, Sun L, Wang H, Li X, Li G, Chen F. Experimental study of camptothecin combined with drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization in the rabbit VX2 liver tumor model. Front Oncol 2022; 12:906971. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.906971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE) has been widely used in the treatment of liver cancer; however, the utilization rate of chemotherapeutic drugs after embolization is low. Chemotherapy resistance mediated by high nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) expression limits DEB-TACE efficacy. Camptothecin (CPT), an NRF2 inhibitor, exerts chemosensitizing effects. We designed a controlled experiment to determine the efficacy and feasibility of DEB-TACE combined with CPT for the treatment of rabbit VX2 hepatoma. DEB-TACE activated NRF2 expression in the tumor region. NRF2 activation could be inhibited by the combined use of CPT. After DEB-TACE alone, the tumor necrosis was incomplete, there were still highly active tumor residues, and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value, which was negatively correlated with tumor activity observed by magnetic resonance imaging, remained low. After DEB-TACE combined with CPT, the relative necrosis of the tumor was more complete, the ADC value was higher, and the ADC change was greater. The single application of CPT did not result in evident liver function and physical burden to the rabbits. The combined use of CPT and DEB-TACE did not significantly increase DEB-TACE imaging of liver function and body. In conclusion, CPT can also inhibit high NRF2 expression after DEB-TACE treatment. Combining CPT with DEB-TACE can improve the sensitivity of DEB-TACE in the treatment of VX2 tumors, improve the therapeutic effect, and has no evident toxic and side effects. This study explored the methods for enhancing the efficacy of DEB-TACE in liver cancer from a new perspective and performed model experiments, which provided a theoretical basis for future clinical treatment.
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Imaging Diagnosis of Primary Liver Cancer Using Magnetic Resonance Dilated Weighted Imaging and the Treatment Effect of Sorafenib. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8586943. [PMID: 35799672 PMCID: PMC9256338 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8586943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective This work explores the application value of dilated weighted imaging (DWI) in the diagnosis of primary liver cancer (PLC) and the effect of sorafenib in the treatment of PLC. Methods 88 patients with PLC who were treated in The First Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University from March 2019 to March 2021 were selected and randomly rolled into an experimental group and a control group, with 44 cases in each group. Patients in both groups were treated with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE), and the patients in the experimental group were treated with oral sorafenib on the basis of TACE. The indicators of complications, short-term efficacy (STE), and long-term efficacy (LTE) of the two groups were observed. All patients received DWI and magnetic resonance (MR) plain scan. The diagnostic accuracy and misdiagnosis rate of the two methods in diagnosing the PLC were compared. Results The accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of MR plain scan were 68%, 88%, and 89%, respectively, while those of DWI were 96%, 95%, and 94.2%, respectively. It indicated that the accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of DWI in diagnosing lesions were better than those of MR plain scan, especially the diagnostic accuracy (P < 0.05). The objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) of the STE in the experimental group were 30% and 97%, respectively, and those in the control group were 6% and 54.5%, respectively. The experimental group's mean progression-free survival (mPFS) and mean overall survival (mOS) were 12 and 25 months, respectively, while the control group's were 8 and 19 months, respectively. It was concluded that the mPFS and mOS of patients receiving TACE combined with oral sorafenib were much higher than those receiving TACE only (P < 0.05). Conclusion DWI and TACE combined with sorafenib had high application value in the diagnosis and treatment of PLC.
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Pascale F, Pelage JP, Wassef M, Ghegediban SH, Saint-Maurice JP, De Baere T, Denys A, Duran R, Deschamps F, Pellerin O, Maeda N, Laurent A, Namur J. Rabbit VX2 Liver Tumor Model: A Review of Clinical, Biology, Histology, and Tumor Microenvironment Characteristics. Front Oncol 2022; 12:871829. [PMID: 35619923 PMCID: PMC9128410 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.871829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rabbit VX2 is a large animal model of cancer used for decades by interventional radiologists to demonstrate the efficacy of various locoregional treatments against liver tumors. What do we know about this tumor in the new era of targeted therapy and immune-oncology? The present paper describes the current knowledge on the clinics, biology, histopathology, and tumor microenvironment of VX2 based on a literature review of 741 publications in the liver and in other organs. It reveals the resemblance with human cancer (anatomy, vascularity, angiogenic profile, drug sensitivity, immune microenvironment), the differences (etiology, growth rate, histology), and the questions still poorly explored (serum and tissue biomarkers, genomic alterations, immune checkpoint inhibitors efficacy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Pascale
- Research and Development Department, Archimmed Société à responsabilité limtée Limited liability Company (SARL), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Pelage
- Université de Caen Normandie (UNICEAN), Centre d'Energie atomique (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Imagerie et Stratégies Thérapeutiques pour les Cancers et Tissus Cérébraux CERVOxy (ISTCT-CERVOxy) Normandie University, Caen, France.,Department of Interventional and Diagnostic Imaging, University Hospital of Caen, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, Caen, France
| | - Michel Wassef
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (APHP); Unité de Formation et de Recherche (URF) de Médecine Paris Nord, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Saïda H Ghegediban
- Research and Development Department, Archimmed Société à responsabilité limtée Limited liability Company (SARL), Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Saint-Maurice
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (APHP); Unité de Formation et de Recherche (URF) de Médecine Paris Nord, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thierry De Baere
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche (URF) Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Alban Denys
- Department of Radiology and Interventional Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Duran
- Department of Radiology and Interventional Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Deschamps
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Villejuif, France.,Unité de Formation et de Recherche (URF) Médecine Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier Pellerin
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (APHP) Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Noboru Maeda
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Alexandre Laurent
- Department of Neuroradiology, Hôpital Lariboisière, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (APHP); Unité de Formation et de Recherche (URF) de Médecine Paris Nord, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Julien Namur
- Research and Development Department, Archimmed Société à responsabilité limtée Limited liability Company (SARL), Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Oxygen-Challenge Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Evaluation of Early Change of Hepatocellular Carcinoma to Chemoembolization: A Feasibility Study. Acad Radiol 2021; 28 Suppl 1:S13-S19. [PMID: 32747180 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To investigate the feasibility of oxygen-challenge blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3T for evaluating the early change of blood oxygenation before and after transcatheter arterial embolization (TACE) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty HCC patients with cirrhosis (HCC group, n = 30) and 30 healthy volunteers (control group, n = 30) were included in this study. Patients in the HCC group underwent BOLD before and 1 month after TACE. Oxygen was administered via a mask. Differences between pre- and post-O2 T2* values were evaluated using a pairwise t-test. Analysis of variance was performed to assess the statistical differences in the T2* values measured in HCC group pre-TACE and post-TACE and in healthy volunteers. RESULTS In the HCC group, the pre- and post-O2 T2* values of the cancerous area before TACE were 26.03 ± 3.30 and 26.84 ± 3.42 msec, respectively, and both decreased significantly to 8.67 ± 1.76 and 8.82 ± 1.80 msec, respectively, at 1 month after TACE (p < 0.001). The respective pre- and post-O2 T2* values of the noncancerous area increased significantly from 14.96 ± 2.32 and 15.33 ± 2.28 msec at baseline to 16.38 ± 2.22 and 16.89 ± 2.24 msec at 1 month after TACE (p < 0.001). No significant response to BOLD was observed in the control group (p = 0.059). CONCLUSION Oxygen-challenge BOLD MRI is feasible to assess post-TACE changes in HCC patients.
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Native T1 Mapping Magnetic Resonance Imaging as a Quantitative Biomarker for Characterization of the Extracellular Matrix in a Rabbit Hepatic Cancer Model. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100412. [PMID: 33066169 PMCID: PMC7601966 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the tumor extracellular matrix (ECM) using native T1 mapping magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in an experimental hepatic cancer model, a total of 27 female New Zealand white rabbits with hepatic VX2 tumors were examined by MRI at different time points following tumor implantation (day 14, 21, 28). A steady-state precession readout single-shot MOLLI sequence was acquired in a 3 T MRI scanner in prone position using a head-neck coil. The tumors were segmented into a central, marginal, and peritumoral region in anatomical images and color-coded T1 maps. In histopathological sections, stained with H&E and Picrosirius red, the regions corresponded to central tumor necrosis and accumulation of viable cells with fibrosis in the tumor periphery. Another region of interest (ROI) was placed in healthy liver tissue. T1 times were correlated with quantitative data of collagen area staining. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare cohorts and tumor regions. Hepatic tumors were successfully induced in all rabbits. T1 mapping demonstrated significant differences between the different tumor regions (F(1.43,34.26) = 106.93, p < 0.001) without interaction effects between time points and regions (F(2.86,34.26) = 0.74, p = 0.53). In vivo T1 times significantly correlated with ex vivo collagen stains (area %), (center: r = 0.78, p < 0.001; margin: r = 0.84, p < 0.001; peritumoral: r = 0.73, p < 0.001). Post hoc tests using Sidak’s correction revealed significant differences in T1 times between all three regions (p < 0.001). Native T1 mapping is feasible and allows the differentiation of tumor regions based on ECM composition in a longitudinal tumor study in an experimental small animal model, making it a potential quantitative biomarker of ECM remodeling and a promising technique for future treatment studies.
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Guo C, Wang C, Zhang J, Chen X. Treatment for Liver Tumor Using Combined Transarterial Embolization and Interaarterial Transfecting HIF-1α shRNA in a Rabbit VX2 Model. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:8511-8519. [PMID: 32904418 PMCID: PMC7455770 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s262434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) has been selected as therapeutic gene in gene therapy. The aim of this study was to explore the treatment effect of combined transarterial embolization using microsphere treatment (MD) and intraarterial transfecting HIF-1α shRNA on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods Rabbit skin fibroblast was transfected with HIF-1α shRNA to evaluate the knocking down efficiency. Sixteen rabbit VX2 liver tumor models were randomly divided into four groups: the control group without any treatment, the MD group, the shRNA group (HIF-1α shRNA transfection by transcatheter intraarterial infusion), and the shRNA+MD group. The necrotic score, mitotic count and expression of HIF-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD34 and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain were evaluated at the 14th and 28th day after treatment. The expression of HIF-1α and VEGF of VX2 tumors was also evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction on the 28th day. Results The expression of HIF-1α-mRNA was lower in HIF-1α shRNA group than the control (p < 0.01). The tumor size was smaller in the shRNA + MD group than the shRNA group and the MD group (p < 0.05) on the 28th day. The growth rate of tumors in the shRNA + MD group was also lower than in other groups. The gene and protein expressions of both HIF-1α and VEGF in the shRNA + MD group were lower than the MD group, shRNA group and control group on the 28th day (p < 0.05). The necrotic score was higher in the shRNA + MD group than the MD group and control group (p < 0.05). The mitotic count and PAS-positive cells in shRNA + MD group were lower and CD34 was higher than the other three groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion Compared to therapy with MD or HIF-1α shRNA with transcatheter intraarterial transfection alone, the combined treatment has a better effect on HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangen Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, People's Republic of China.,Department of Radiology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315010, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, People's Republic of China
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