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Jyrkäs J, Lassila T, Tolonen A. Extrahepatic in vitro metabolism of peptides; comparison of human kidney and intestinal S9 fraction, human plasma and proximal tubule cells, using cyclosporine A, leuprorelin, and cetrorelix as model compounds. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 225:115219. [PMID: 36630767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Peptide therapeutics showcase number of advantages compared to the traditional small molecule drugs, e,g. they usually have higher affinity to target and lower toxicity profiles. Endogenous peptides are mostly cleared from the body through renal clearance or proteolytic hydrolysis. As a part of drug discovery, metabolite identification is an important part in their development to identify metabolic hot spots and to further improve their stability. As the catabolism of the peptides and peptide-like drugs is often considered to be extrahepatic, the use of in vitro systems derived from these organs might be beneficial. In this study, multiple extrahepatic metabolic systems were evaluated for the applicability for peptide metabolism studies. Three peptide drugs (leuprorelin, cetrorelix, cyclosporin) were incubated in kidney and intestinal S9 fraction ( ± NADPH), fresh plasma (anticoagulants EDTA and heparin separately), and plated proximal tubule cells. Additionally, leuprorelin was also incubated with human kidney microsomes and cytosol to further investigate the NADPH-dependent metabolism detected in kidney S9 fraction. Both substrate disappearance and metabolite formation were monitored, using UPLC/HR-MS analysis of the collected samples.Overall, the largest number of metabolites was formed in the incubation with kidney S9 fraction, followed by intestinal S9, while incubations with proximal tubule cells produced lower number of metabolites All investigated peptides were stable in plasma and only a few metabolites were detected, likely because the studied peptide drugs have been optimized to be stable in plasma. Leuprorelin showed NADPH-dependent metabolite formation in kidney S9 fraction, while the metabolism of cetrorelix was more NADPH independent. As expected, formation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) catalyzed metabolism of cyclosporine was not observed with the employed extrahepatic systems. The NADPH-dependent metabolism of leuprorelin was detected also in the incubation with kidney cytosol, but not with kidney microsomes, and was thus not caused by CYPs or FMOs, but with cytosolic NADPH-dependent drug metabolizing enzymes. These enzymes could, in principle, activate the amide bond via reductive or oxidative metabolism outside the amide bond. The identity of the involved drug metabolizing enzymes in this process is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Jyrkäs
- Admescope Ltd, Typpitie 1, 90620 Oulu, Finland; Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | | | - Ari Tolonen
- Admescope Ltd, Typpitie 1, 90620 Oulu, Finland
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Skiba M, Fatmi S, Elkasri N, Karrout Y, Lahiani-Skiba M. Development, validation and method stability study of a LC-MS method to quantify leuprolide (Hormone analog) in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1160:122345. [PMID: 32920482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A rapid, highly sensitive and simple high-performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS) assay is developed and validated for the quantification of leuprolide: a Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone analog (GnRH) in human plasma. Moreover, various parameters of the method stability are determined. After the addition of stable isotope (internal standard), the leuprolide was extracted from human plasma by a C18 solid phase micro extraction (MEPS) cartridge and directly injected into LC-MS/MS system. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Waters Atlantis HILIC, C18, 150 × 2.1 mm, 5 μ column. Mobile phase was a mixture of acetate buffer (pH 3) and acetonitrile (25/75). Drug detection was performed by MS using electrospray ionization in positive mode. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with a tandem mass spectrometer was used to detect the analytes. Precursor to product ion transitions of: m/z 605.5 → m/z 110.2 and m/z 609.1 → m/z 249.1 were used to quantify leuprolide and leuprolide-13C6-15N, respectively. Sample analysis time was 3 min for each injection. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 0.0500-40 ng/ml for each analyte with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of: 0.0500 ng/ml. Furthermore, a complete analytic validation was carried out, including tests on: The specificity, precision, accuracy, matrix effect and stability under different storage conditions. Importantly, the obtained results established: an acceptable precision and accuracy for concentration over standard curve range. Nevertheless, it is to emphasize the simplicity, rapidity and also the high precision and accuracy of this novel LC-MS method, offering useful information about solution stability. Finally, this work is a good alternative to quantify Leuprolide concentration in human blood, especially on human clinic trials step.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Skiba
- Normandy UNIV, UNIROUEN, Galenic Pharmaceutical Team, UFR of Health, 22 boulevard Gambetta, 76000 Rouen, France; Normandy UNIV, UNIROUEN, DC2N INSERM U1239, Mont Saint-Aignan, France
| | - S Fatmi
- Normandy UNIV, UNIROUEN, Galenic Pharmaceutical Team, UFR of Health, 22 boulevard Gambetta, 76000 Rouen, France; Technology Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Department of Processes Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Université de Bejaia, 06000 Bejaia, Algeria.
| | - N Elkasri
- Normandy UNIV, UNIROUEN, Galenic Pharmaceutical Team, UFR of Health, 22 boulevard Gambetta, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Y Karrout
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1008, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - M Lahiani-Skiba
- Normandy UNIV, UNIROUEN, Galenic Pharmaceutical Team, UFR of Health, 22 boulevard Gambetta, 76000 Rouen, France; Normandy UNIV, UNIROUEN, DC2N INSERM U1239, Mont Saint-Aignan, France
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Sayyad N, Vrettos EI, Karampelas T, Chatzigiannis CM, Spyridaki K, Liapakis G, Tamvakopoulos C, Tzakos AG. Development of bioactive gemcitabine-D-Lys6-GnRH prodrugs with linker-controllable drug release rate and enhanced biopharmaceutical profile. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 166:256-266. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Hosseiny Davarani SS, Pourahadi A, Ghasemzadeh P. Quantification of controlled release leuprolide and triptorelin in rabbit plasma using electromembrane extraction coupled with HPLC–UV. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:1074-1081. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Pourahadi
- Faculty of ChemistryShahid Beheshti University Evin Tehran Iran
| | - Peivand Ghasemzadeh
- Faculty of PharmacyTehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad University Tehran Iran
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Saka C. Chromatographic Methods for Determination of Drugs Used in Prostate Cancer in Biological and Pharmacological Samples. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 49:78-99. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1487776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cafer Saka
- School of Healthy, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
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He MK, Zou RH, Wei W, Shen JX, Zhao M, Zhang YF, Lin XJ, Zhang YJ, Guo RP, Shi M. Comparison of Stable and Unstable Ethiodized Oil Emulsions for Transarterial Chemoembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Results of a Single-Center Double-Blind Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2018; 29:1068-1077.e2. [PMID: 30042075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the stability of stable and unstable water-in-oil emulsions and the efficacy and safety of these emulsions in a single-center, prospective double-blind trial of transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 812 patients with inoperable HCC were randomized (stable emulsion, n = 402; unstable emulsion, n = 410). The 2 emulsions were prepared by using the same protocol except that different solvents were used for chemotherapy agents, including epirubicin, lobaplatin, and mitomycin C. The solvent in the stable emulsion arm was contrast medium and distilled water, and the solvent in the unstable emulsion arm was distilled water. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), and secondary endpoints were time to progression (TTP), tumor response, adverse events (AEs), and plasma epirubicin concentrations. RESULTS In vitro, stable emulsions did not occur until 1 day, and unstable emulsions, with a lower peak plasma concentration (P = .001) in vivo, exhibited rapid separation of the oil and aqueous phases after 10 minutes. Median OS times in the stable and unstable emulsion arms were 17.7 and 19.2 months, respectively (P = .81). No differences were found in TTP, tumor response, and AEs except for myelosuppression (anemia, 3.5% vs 7.6%; thrombocytopenia, 11.5% vs 17.7%), which was significantly more severe and frequent in the unstable emulsion arm (P = .013). CONCLUSIONS Chemoembolization is equally effective with the use of stable and unstable emulsions, but the use of a stable emulsion has the advantage of less myelosuppression and a favorable pharmacokinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ke He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Ru-Hai Zou
- Department of Ultrasonography, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Xian Shen
- Department of Radiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Minimally Invasive Interventional Division, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Fa Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jun Lin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yao-Jun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Ping Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China.
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Karampelas T, Skavatsou E, Argyros O, Fokas D, Tamvakopoulos C. Gemcitabine Based Peptide Conjugate with Improved Metabolic Properties and Dual Mode of Efficacy. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:674-685. [PMID: 28099809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gemcitabine is a clinically established anticancer agent potent in various solid tumors but limited by its rapid metabolic inactivation and off-target toxicity. We have previously generated a metabolically superior to gemcitabine molecule (GSG) by conjugating gemcitabine to a gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) ligand peptide and showed that GSG was efficacious in a castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) animal model. The current article provides an in-depth metabolic and mechanistic study of GSG, coupled with toxicity assays that strengthen the potential role of GSG in the clinic. LC-MS/MS based approaches were employed to delineate the metabolism of GSG, its mechanistic cellular uptake, and release of gemcitabine and to quantitate the intracellular levels of gemcitabine and its metabolites (active dFdCTP and inactive dFdU) resulting from GSG. The GnRH-R agonistic potential of GSG was investigated by quantifying the testosterone levels in animals dosed daily with GSG, while an in vitro colony forming assay together with in vivo whole blood measurements were performed to elucidate the hematotoxicity profile of GSG. Stability showed that the major metabolite of GSG is a more stable nonapeptide that could prolong gemcitabine's bioavailability. GSG acted as a prodrug and offered a metabolic advantage compared to gemcitabine by generating higher and steadier levels of dFdCTP/dFdU ratio, while intracellular release of gemcitabine from GSG in DU145 CRPC cells depended on nucleoside transporters. Daily administrations in mice showed that GSG is a potent GnRH-R agonist that can also cause testosterone ablation without any observed hematotoxicity. In summary, GSG could offer a powerful and unique pharmacological approach to prostate cancer treatment: a single nontoxic molecule that can be used to reach the tumor site selectively with superior to gemcitabine metabolism, biodistribution, and safety while also agonistically ablating testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Karampelas
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens , 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Skavatsou
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens , 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Orestis Argyros
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens , 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Demosthenes Fokas
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina , 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Constantin Tamvakopoulos
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens , 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Lee DS, Heo SH, Kim SJ, Lee YB, Cho HY. Development of new clean-up method for UPLC–MS/MS analysis of leuprolide. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-016-0284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Long D, Gong T, Zhang Z, Ding R, Fu Y. Preparation and evaluation of a phospholipid-based injectable gel for the long term delivery of leuprolide acetaterrh. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:329-35. [PMID: 27471673 PMCID: PMC4951586 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A phospholipid-based injectable gel was developed for the sustained delivery of leuprolide acetate (LA). The gel system was prepared using biocompatible materials (SPME), including soya phosphatidyl choline (SPC), medium chain triglyceride (MCT) and ethanol. The system displayed a sol state with low viscosity in vitro and underwent in situ gelation in vivo after subcutaneous injection. An in vitro release study was performed using a dialysis setup with different release media containing different percentages of ethanol. The stability of LA in the SPME system was investigated under different temperatures and in the presence of various antioxidants. In vivo studies in male rats were performed to elucidate the pharmacokinetic profiles and pharmacodynamic efficacy. A sustained release of LA for 28 days was observed without obvious initial burst in vivo. The pharmacodynamic study showed that once-a-month injection of LA-loaded SPME (SPME-LA) led to comparable suppression effects on the serum testosterone level as observed in LA solution except for the onset time. These findings demonstrate excellent potential for this novel SPME system as a sustained release delivery system for LA.
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Báez-Santos YM, Otte A, Park K. A Fast and Sensitive Method for the Detection of Leuprolide Acetate: A High-Throughput Approach for the In Vitro Evaluation of Liquid Crystal Formulations. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4613-8. [PMID: 27040983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The suitability of using fluorescence spectroscopy to rapidly assay drug release by quantifying the time-dependent increase in total intrinsic protein fluorescence was assessed. Leuprolide acetate, a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH or LHRH), is the active pharmaceutical ingredient used to treat a wide range of sex hormone-related disorders, including advanced prostatic cancer, endometriosis, and precocious puberty. During the in vitro evaluation of drug delivery technologies for leuprolide acetate, one of the most time-consuming steps is the detection and accurate quantification of leuprolide release from formulation candidates. Thus far, the dominant means for leuprolide detection involves conventional multistep high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, requiring sampling, dilutions, sample filtration, and chromatography, which can take up to 40 min for each sample. With the increasing demand for assay adaptation to high-throughput format, here we sought to exploit fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool to develop a novel method to rapidly assay the in vitro release of leuprolide acetate. By utilizing the intrinsic fluorescence of the tryptophan (Trp) and tyrosine (Tyr) amino acid residues present in the leuprolide nonapeptide, the in vitro release from liquid crystal formulations was accurately quantified as a function of fluorescence intensity. Here, we demonstrate that assaying leuprolide release using intrinsic protein fluorescence in a 96-well format requiring volumes as low as 100 μL is a cost-effective, rapid, and highly sensitive alternative to conventional HPLC methods. Furthermore, the high signal-to-noise ratios and robust Z'-factors of >0.8 indicate high sensitivity, precision, and feasibility for miniaturization, high-throughput format adaptation, and automation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahira M Báez-Santos
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew Otte
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kinam Park
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Intra-arterial chemoembolization with hepasphere 50–100μm for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Initial experience in Egyptian Liver Hospital. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrnm.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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In vivo pharmacological evaluation of a lactose-conjugated luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:106-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stellas D, Szabolcs M, Koul S, Li Z, Polyzos A, Anagnostopoulos C, Cournia Z, Tamvakopoulos C, Klinakis A, Efstratiadis A. Therapeutic effects of an anti-Myc drug on mouse pancreatic cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:dju320. [PMID: 25306215 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is frequently driven by oncogenic KRAS(KRAS*) mutations. We developed a mouse model of KRAS*-induced PDA and, based on genetic results demonstrating that KRAS* tumorigenicity depends on Myc activity, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of an orally administered anti-Myc drug. METHODS We tested the efficacy of Mycro3, a small-molecule inhibitor of Myc-Max dimerization, in the treatment of mouse PDA (n = 9) and also of xenografts of human pancreatic cancer cell lines (NOD/SCID mice, n = 3-12). Tumor responses to the drug were evaluated by PET/CT imaging, and histological, immunohistochemical, molecular and microarray analyses. The Student's t test was used for differences between groups. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Transgenic overexpression of KRAS* in the pancreas resulted in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia in two-week old mice, which developed invasive PDA a week later and became moribund at one month. However, this aggressive form of pancreatic tumorigenesis was effectively prevented by genetic ablation of Myc specifically in the pancreas. We then treated moribund, PDA-bearing mice daily with the Mycro3 Myc-inhibitor. The mice survived until killed at two months. PET/CT image analysis (n = 5) demonstrated marked shrinkage of PDA, while immunohistochemical analyses showed an increase in cancer cell apoptosis and reduction in cell proliferation (treated/untreated proliferation index ratio: 0.29, P < .001, n = 3, each group). Tumor growth was also drastically attenuated in Mycro3-treated NOD/SCID mice (n = 12) carrying orthotopic or heterotopic xenografts of human pancreatic cancer cells (eg, mean tumor weight ± SD of treated heterotopic xenografts vs vehicle-treated controls: 15.2±5.8 mg vs 230.2±43.9 mg, P < .001). CONCLUSION These results provide strong justification for eventual clinical evaluation of anti-Myc drugs as potential chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Stellas
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Matthias Szabolcs
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Sanjay Koul
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Zhe Li
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Alexander Polyzos
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Constantinos Anagnostopoulos
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Zoe Cournia
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Constantin Tamvakopoulos
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Apostolos Klinakis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL)
| | - Argiris Efstratiadis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (DS, AP, CA, ZC, CT, AK, AE); Department of Pathology and Cell Biology (MS) and Division of Hematology/Oncology (SK), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; Regeneron Research Laboratories, Tarrytown, NY (ZL).
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Hintzen F, Perera G, Hauptstein S, Müller C, Laffleur F, Bernkop-Schnürch A. In vivo evaluation of an oral self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) for leuprorelin. Int J Pharm 2014; 472:20-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Hall MP. Biotransformation and in vivo stability of protein biotherapeutics: impact on candidate selection and pharmacokinetic profiling. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1873-80. [PMID: 24947971 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, since the metabolism of administered peptide/protein drugs ("biotherapeutics") has been expected to undergo predictable pathways similar to endogenous proteins, comprehensive biotherapeutic metabolism studies have not been widely reported in the literature. However, since biotherapeutics have rapidly evolved into an impressive array of eclectic modalities, there has been a shift toward understanding the impact of metabolism on biotherapeutic development. For biotherapeutics containing non-native chemical linkers and other moieties besides natural amino acids, metabolism studies are critical as these moieties may impart undesired toxicology. For biotherapeutics that are composed solely of natural amino acids, where end-stage peptide and amino acid catabolites do not generally pose toxicity concerns, the understanding of biotherapeutic biotransformation, defined as in vivo modifications such as peripherally generated intermediate circulating catabolites prior to end-stage degradation or elimination, may impact in vivo stability and potency/clearance. As of yet, there are no harmonized methodologies for understanding biotherapeutic biotransformation and its impact on drug development, nor is there clear guidance from regulatory agencies on how and when these studies should be conducted. This review provides an update on biotherapeutic biotransformation studies and an overview of lessons learned, tools that have been developed, and suggestions of approaches to address issues. Biotherapeutic biotransformation studies, especially for certain modalities, should be implemented at an early stage of development to 1) understand the impact on potency/clearance, 2) select the most stable candidates or direct protein re-engineering efforts, and 3) select the best bioanalytical technique(s) for proper drug quantification and subsequent pharmacokinetic profiling and exposure/response assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hall
- Department of Pharmacokinetics & Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
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Karampelas T, Argyros O, Sayyad N, Spyridaki K, Pappas C, Morgan K, Kolios G, Millar RP, Liapakis G, Tzakos AG, Fokas D, Tamvakopoulos C. GnRH-Gemcitabine Conjugates for the Treatment of Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer: Pharmacokinetic Enhancements Combined with Targeted Drug Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:813-23. [DOI: 10.1021/bc500081g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Karampelas
- Division
of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation
of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou Street 4, Athens GR-11527, Greece
| | - Orestis Argyros
- Division
of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation
of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou Street 4, Athens GR-11527, Greece
| | | | - Katerina Spyridaki
- Department
of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, GR-71003, Greece
| | | | - Kevin Morgan
- Respiratory
Medicine, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, Yorkshire HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - George Kolios
- Laboratory
of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, GR-68100, Greece
| | - Robert P Millar
- Mammal
Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- UCT/MRC
Receptor Biology Group, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular
Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Centre
for Integrative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, Scotland
| | - George Liapakis
- Department
of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, GR-71003, Greece
| | | | | | - Constantin Tamvakopoulos
- Division
of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation
of the Academy of Athens, Soranou Ephessiou Street 4, Athens GR-11527, Greece
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18
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Malagari K, Pomoni M, Moschouris H, Kelekis A, Charokopakis A, Bouma E, Spyridopoulos T, Chatziioannou A, Sotirchos V, Karampelas T, Tamvakopoulos C, Filippiadis D, Karagiannis E, Marinis A, Koskinas J, Kelekis DA. Chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma with HepaSphere 30-60 μm. Safety and efficacy study. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2013; 37:165-75. [PMID: 24263774 PMCID: PMC3895279 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-013-0777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background This study examined the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using a newly developed size of a superabsorbent polymer drug-eluting embolic material. Methods Forty-five patients with documented HCC (Child–Pugh score A/B: 55.5 %/44.5 %) were embolized with HepaSphere microspheres 30–60 μm with escalation of lesion, dose, and frequency of re-embolization. Local response was evaluated with modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (mRECIST). Plasma levels of doxorubicin were measured in 24 patients at baseline and at 5, 20, 40, 60, and 120 min, at 6, 24, and 48 h, and at 7 days, respectively, to determine doxorubicin in plasma (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC). Measurements of three patients who underwent lipiodol-based conventional chemoembolization (c-TACE) were also performed. Results TACE with HepaSphere was well tolerated with an acceptable safety profile and no 30-day mortality. Response rates were calculated on intention-to-treat basis with complete response (CR) in 17.8 % reaching 22.2 % for the target lesion. Overall partial response (PR) was seen in 51.1 %, stable disease in 20 %, and progressive disease in 11.1 % of patients. Overall objective response (CR + PR), including patients treated at all dosages of doxorubicin, was seen in 68.9 % of cases. After a median follow-up of 15.6 months, 1-year survival is 100 %. Doxorubicin AUC was significantly lower in patients with HepaSphere 30–60 μm (35,195 ± 27,873 ng × min/ml) than in patients with conventional TACE (103,960 ± 16,652 ng × min/ml; p = 0.009). Cmax was also significantly lower with HepaSphere 30–60 μm (83.9 ± 32.1 ng/ml) compared with c-TACE (761.3 ± 58.8 ng/ml; p = 0.002). Conclusion HepaSphere 30–60 μm is an effective drug-eluting embolic material with a favourable pharmacokinetic profile.
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19
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Chatziioannou AN, Siskos AP, Loxas D, Kavatzas N, Agrogiannis G, Fokas D, Malagari K, Kostomitsopoulos NG, Tsigkou O, Tamvakopoulos C. Transarterial embolization with sorafenib in animal livers: a pharmacokinetics study. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2013; 24:1657-63.e1. [PMID: 24060438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the safety and feasibility of the targeted delivery of the antiangiogenic drug sorafenib to the liver using transarterial chemoembolization methodology as a novel approach to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven healthy New Zealand white rabbits were used in the study. After placement of a catheter in the common hepatic artery, six rabbits were treated with chemoembolization of sorafenib in iodized oil (Lipiodol) (sorafenib dose 0.1 mg/kg), and one rabbit received Lipiodol only. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure the concentration of sorafenib in the peripheral blood and liver tissue 24 hours and 72 hours after treatment. Histochemical staining of the liver sections and biochemical measurements were performed. RESULTS The administration of sorafenib in Lipiodol emulsions by transarterial chemoembolization resulted in sorafenib concentrations of 794 ng/g ± 240 and 64 ng/g ± 15 in the liver tissue 24 hours and 72 hours after treatment. The average liver-to-serum ratios 24 hours and 72 hours after treatment were approximately 14 and 22. The histochemical staining of the liver tissue sections and aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase and total bilirubin concentrations indicated no significant liver damage. CONCLUSIONS Transarterial chemoembolization with sorafenib in Lipiodol is an effective methodology for the localized delivery of this drug to the liver and has possible practical implications in therapeutic interventions for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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20
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Laimou D, Katsila T, Matsoukas J, Schally A, Gkountelias K, Liapakis G, Tamvakopoulos C, Tselios T. Rationally designed cyclic analogues of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone: enhanced enzymatic stability and biological properties. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 58:237-47. [PMID: 23127987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the rational design, synthesis and pharmacological properties of amide-linked cyclic analogues of Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone (LHRH) with substitutions at positions 1 (Pro), 6 (D-Leu/D-Trp), 9 (Aze) and 10 (BABA/Acp). These LHRH analogues fulfil the conformational requirements that are known in the literature (bend in the 5-8 segment) to be essential for receptor recognition and activation. Although, they are characterised by an overall low binding affinity to the LHRH-I receptor, the cyclic analogues that were studied and especially the cyclo(1-10)[Pro(1), D-Leu(6), BABA(10)] LHRH, exhibit a profoundly enhanced in vitro and in vivo stability and improved pharmacokinetics in comparison with their linear counterpart and leuprolide. Upon receptor binding, cyclo(1-10)[Pro(1), D-Leu(6), BABA(10)] LHRH causes testosterone release in C57/B16 mice (in vivo efficacy) that is comparable to that of leuprolide. Testosterone release is an acutely dose dependent effect that is blocked by the LHRH-I receptor antagonist, cetrorelix. The pharmacokinetic advantages and efficacy of cyclo(1-10)[Pro(1), D-Leu(6), BABA(10)] LHRH render this analogue a promising platform for future rational drug design studies towards the development of non-peptide LHRH mimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Laimou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, GR-26500 Patras, Greece
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21
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Katsila T, Siskos AP, Tamvakopoulos C. Peptide and protein drugs: the study of their metabolism and catabolism by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:110-133. [PMID: 21698655 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Peptide and protein drugs have evolved in recent years into mainstream therapeutics, representing a significant portion of the pharmaceutical market. Peptides and proteins exhibit highly diverse structures, broad biological activities as hormones, neurotransmitters, structural proteins, metabolic modulators and therefore have a significant role as both therapeutics and biomarkers. Understanding the metabolism of synthetic or biotechnologically derived peptide and protein drugs is critical for pharmaceutical development as metabolism has a significant impact on drug efficacy and safety. Although the same principles of pharmacokinetics and metabolism of small molecule drugs apply to peptide and protein drugs, there are few notable differences. Moreover, the study of peptide and protein drug metabolism is a rather complicated process which requires sophisticated analytical techniques, and mass spectrometry based approaches have provided the capabilities for efficient and reliable quantification, characterization, and metabolite identification. This review article will focus on the current use of mass spectrometry for the study of the metabolism of peptide and protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Katsila
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Soranou Efesiou Street 4, Athens GR-11527, Greece
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22
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Iqbal J, Shahnaz G, Perera G, Hintzen F, Sarti F, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Thiolated chitosan: development and in vivo evaluation of an oral delivery system for leuprolide. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 80:95-102. [PMID: 21964316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop an oral delivery system for the peptide drug leuprolide. Gel formulations based on unmodified chitosan/reduced glutathione (GSH) and chitosan-thioglycolic acid (chitosan-TGA)/GSH were prepared, and their effect on the absorption of leuprolide was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in male Sprague Dawley rats. Transport studies were performed with freshly excised rat intestinal mucosa mounted in Ussing-type chambers. Due to the addition of gel formulations comprising 0.5% (m/v) unmodified chitosan/0.5% (m/v) GSH and 0.5% (m/v) chitosan-TGA/0.5% (m/v) GSH, the transport of leuprolide across excised mucosa was improved up to 2.06-fold and 3.79-fold, respectively, in comparison with leuprolide applied in buffer (P(app)=2.87 ± 0.77 × 10⁻⁶ cm/s). In vivo, the addition of oral gel formulation comprising 8 mg of unmodified chitosan, 1mg of GSH and 1mg of leuprolide increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC₀₋₈) of leuprolide 1.39-fold in comparison with leuprolide having been administered just in saline. Moreover, the administration of oral gel formulation comprising 8 mg of chitosan-TGA, 1mg of GSH and 1mg of leuprolide resulted in a further enhanced leuprolide plasma concentration, and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC₀₋₈) of leuprolide was increased 3.72-fold in comparison with the control. With the oral gel formulation comprising 8 mg of chitosan-TGA, a relative bioavailability (versus s.c. injection) of 4.5% was achieved in contrast to the control displaying a relative bioavailability of 1.2%. Thus, according to the achieved results, it is suggested that chitosan-TGA in combination with GSH is a valuable tool for improving the oral bioavailability of the peptide drug leuprolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Josef Möller Haus, Innsbruck, Austria
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23
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Layman WS, Hurd EA, Martin DM. Reproductive dysfunction and decreased GnRH neurogenesis in a mouse model of CHARGE syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:3138-50. [PMID: 21596839 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CHARGE is a multiple congenital anomaly disorder and a common cause of pubertal defects, olfactory dysfunction, growth delays, deaf-blindness, balance disorders and congenital heart malformations. Mutations in CHD7, the gene encoding chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 7, are present in 60-80% of individuals with the CHARGE syndrome. Mutations in CHD7 have also been reported in the Kallmann syndrome (olfactory dysfunction, delayed puberty and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism). CHD7 is a positive regulator of neural stem cell proliferation and olfactory sensory neuron formation in the olfactory epithelium, suggesting that the loss of CHD7 might also disrupt development of other neural populations. Here we report that female Chd7(Gt/+) mice have delays in vaginal opening and estrus onset, and erratic estrus cycles. Chd7(Gt/+) mice also have decreased circulating levels of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone but apparently normal responsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist and antagonist treatment. GnRH neurons in the adult Chd7(Gt/+) hypothalamus and embryonic nasal region are diminished, and there is decreased cellular proliferation in the embryonic olfactory placode. Expression levels of GnRH1 and Otx2 in the hypothalamus and GnRHR in the pituitary are significantly reduced in adult Chd7(Gt/+) mice. Additionally, Chd7 mutant embryos have CHD7 dosage-dependent reductions in expression levels of Fgfr1, Bmp4 and Otx2 in the olfactory placode. Together, these data suggest that CHD7 has critical roles in the development and maintenance of GnRH neurons for regulating puberty and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda S Layman
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5652, USA
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Ito Y, Murano H, Hamasaki N, Fukushima K, Takada K. Incidence of low bioavailability of leuprolide acetate after percutaneous administration to rats by dissolving microneedles. Int J Pharm 2011; 407:126-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Katsila T, Balafas E, Liapakis G, Limonta P, Montagnani Marelli M, Gkountelias K, Tselios T, Kostomitsopoulos N, Matsoukas J, Tamvakopoulos C. Evaluation of a stable gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog in mice for the treatment of endocrine disorders and prostate cancer. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 336:613-23. [PMID: 21106905 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.174375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor agonists have wide clinical applications including the treatment of prostate cancer and endocrine disorders. However, such agonists are characterized by poor pharmacokinetic properties, often requiring repeated administration or special formulations. Therefore, the development of novel peptide analogs with enhanced in vivo stability could potentially provide therapeutic alternatives. The pharmacological evaluation of a bioactive peptide [Des-Gly¹⁰,Tyr⁵(OMe),D-Leu⁶,Aze-NHEt⁹]GnRH, analog 1, is presented herein and compared with leuprolide. Peptide stability was evaluated using mouse kidney membrane preparations, followed by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based approach that afforded identification and quantification of its major metabolites. The analog was significantly more stable in vitro in comparison with leuprolide. In vitro and in vivo stability results correlated well, encouraging us to develop a clinically relevant pharmacokinetic mouse model, which facilitated efficacy measurements using testosterone as a biomarker. Analog 1, an agonist of the GnRH receptor with a binding affinity in the nanomolar range, caused testosterone release in mice that was acutely dose-dependent, an effect blocked by the GnRH receptor antagonist cetrorelix. Repeated dosing studies in mice demonstrated that analog 1 was well tolerated and had potency similar to that of leuprolide, based on plasma and testis testosterone reduction and histopathological findings. Analog 1 also shared with leuprolide similar significant antiproliferative activity on androgen-dependent prostate cancer (LNCaP) cells. On the basis of pharmacokinetic advantages, we expect that analog 1 or analogs based on this new design will be therapeutically advantageous for the treatment of cancer and endocrine disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Katsila
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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26
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Ito Y, Ochii Y, Fukushima K, Sugioka N, Takada K. Three-layered microcapsules as a long-term sustained release injection preparation. Int J Pharm 2010; 384:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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27
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Rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of leuprolide in human serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3194-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Siskos AP, Katsila T, Balafas E, Kostomitsopoulos N, Tamvakopoulos C. Simultaneous Absolute Quantification of the Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptides GIP1−42 and GIP3−42 in Mouse Plasma by LC/ESI-MS/MS: Preclinical Evaluation of DP-IV Inhibitors. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:3487-96. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900155h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros P. Siskos
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology and Centre of Experimental Surgery, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Theodora Katsila
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology and Centre of Experimental Surgery, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Evangelos Balafas
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology and Centre of Experimental Surgery, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology and Centre of Experimental Surgery, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Constantin Tamvakopoulos
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology and Centre of Experimental Surgery, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Street, Athens 11527, Greece
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