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Forbes TP, Najarro M. Ion mobility spectrometry nuisance alarm threshold analysis for illicit narcotics based on environmental background and a ROC-curve approach. Analyst 2016; 141:4438-46. [PMID: 27206280 PMCID: PMC5054301 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00844e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discriminative potential of an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) for trace detection of illicit narcotics relative to environmental background was investigated with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve framework. The IMS response of cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and Δ(9)-tetrahydro-cannabinol (THC) was evaluated against environmental background levels derived from the screening of incoming delivery vehicles at a federal facility. Over 20 000 samples were collected over a multiyear period under two distinct sets of instrument operating conditions, a baseline mode and an increased desorption/drift tube temperature and sampling time mode. ROC curves provided a quantifiable representation of the interplay between sensitivity (true positive rate, TPR) and specificity (1 - false positive rate, FPR). A TPR of 90% and minimized FPR were targeted as the detection limits of IMS for the selected narcotics. MDMA, THC, and cocaine demonstrated single nanogram sensitivity at 90% TPR and <10% FPR, with improvements to both MDMA and cocaine in the elevated temperature/increased sampling mode. Detection limits in the tens of nanograms with poor specificity (FPR ≈ 20%) were observed for methamphetamine and heroin under baseline conditions. However, elevating the temperature reduced the background in the methamphetamine window, drastically improving its response (90% TPR and 3.8% FPR at 1 ng). On the contrary, the altered mode conditions increased the level of background for THC and heroin, partially offsetting observed enhancements to desorption. The presented framework demonstrated the significant effect environmental background distributions have on sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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2
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Kumano S, Sugiyama M, Yamada M, Nishimura K, Hasegawa H, Morokuma H, Inoue H, Hashimoto Y. Probe Heating Method for the Analysis of Solid Samples Using a Portable Mass Spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 4:A0038. [PMID: 26819909 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported on the development of a portable mass spectrometer for the onsite screening of illicit drugs, but our previous sampling system could only be used for liquid samples. In this study, we report on an attempt to develop a probe heating method that also permits solid samples to be analyzed using a portable mass spectrometer. An aluminum rod is used as the sampling probe. The powdered sample is affixed to the sampling probe or a droplet of sample solution is placed on the tip of the probe and dried. The probe is then placed on a heater to vaporize the sample. The vapor is then introduced into the portable mass spectrometer and analyzed. With the heater temperature set to 130°C, the developed system detected 1 ng of methamphetamine, 1 ng of amphetamine, 3 ng of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 1 ng of 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, and 0.3 ng of cocaine. Even from mixtures consisting of clove powder and methamphetamine powder, methamphetamine ions were detected by tandem mass spectrometry. The developed probe heating method provides a simple method for the analysis of solid samples. A portable mass spectrometer incorporating this method would thus be useful for the onsite screening of illicit drugs.
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3
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Okumura A, Takada Y, Watanabe S, Hashimoto H, Ezawa N, Seto Y, Sekiguchi H, Maruko H, Takayama Y, Sekioka R, Yamaguchi S, Kishi S, Satoh T, Kondo T, Nagashima H, Nagoya T. Real-Time Air Monitoring of Mustard Gas and Lewisite 1 by Detecting Their In-Line Reaction Products by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Counterflow Ion Introduction. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1314-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Okumura
- Central Research
Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Takada
- Central Research
Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan
| | - Susumu Watanabe
- Hitachi
High-Tech
Solutions Corporation, Mito, Ibaraki 319-0316, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hashimoto
- Hitachi
High-Tech
Solutions Corporation, Mito, Ibaraki 319-0316, Japan
| | - Naoya Ezawa
- Hitachi, Ltd., Defense
Systems Company, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-8608, Japan
| | - Yasuo Seto
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sekiguchi
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hisashi Maruko
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yasuo Takayama
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Ryoji Sekioka
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yamaguchi
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kishi
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Takafumi Satoh
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tomohide Kondo
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Nagashima
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nagoya
- National Research
Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
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4
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Togni LR, Lanaro R, Resende RR, Costa JL. The Variability of Ecstasy Tablets Composition in Brazil. J Forensic Sci 2014; 60:147-51. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loraine R. Togni
- Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry Laboratory; Criminalistic Institute of São Paulo; São Paulo SP 05507-060 Brazil
| | - Rafael Lanaro
- Poison Control Center; State University of Campinas; Campinas SP 13083-887 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R. Resende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology; Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Minas Gerais; Belo Horizonte MG 29075-910 Brazil
| | - Jose L. Costa
- Forensic Toxicology and Chemistry Laboratory; Criminalistic Institute of São Paulo; São Paulo SP 05507-060 Brazil
- Poison Control Center; State University of Campinas; Campinas SP 13083-887 Brazil
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5
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Seto Y, Sekiguchi H, Maruko H, Yamashiro S, Sano Y, Takayama Y, Sekioka R, Yamaguchi S, Kishi S, Satoh T, Sekiguchi H, Iura K, Nagashima H, Nagoya T, Tsuge K, Ohsawa I, Okumura A, Takada Y, Ezawa N, Watanabe S, Hashimoto H. Sensitive and Comprehensive Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents in Air by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Ion Trap Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Counterflow Introduction. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4316-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500042r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Seto
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sekiguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hisashi Maruko
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Yamashiro
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sano
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yasuo Takayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Ryoji Sekioka
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yamaguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kishi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Takafumi Satoh
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sekiguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Iura
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Nagashima
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nagoya
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Kouichiro Tsuge
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Isaac Ohsawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okumura
- Central
Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Takada
- Central
Research Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo 185-8601, Japan
| | - Naoya Ezawa
- Defense
Systems Company, Hitachi, Ltd., Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-8608, Japan
| | - Susumu Watanabe
- Hitachi High-Tech Solutions Corporation, Mito, Ibaraki 319-0316, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hashimoto
- Hitachi High-Tech Solutions Corporation, Mito, Ibaraki 319-0316, Japan
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6
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Lorenz M, Ovchinnikova OS, Kertesz V, Van Berkel GJ. Laser microdissection and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry coupled for multimodal imaging. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2013; 27:1429-36. [PMID: 23722677 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Improvement in spatial resolution of atmospheric pressure molecular chemical imaging is required to resolve distinct surface features in the low micrometer and sub-micrometer scale. Laser capture microdissection systems have the capability to focus laser light to a few micrometers. This type of system, when employed for laser ablation (LA) mass spectrometry (MS)-based chemical imaging, has the potential to achieve high spatial resolution with multimodal optical and chemical imaging capability. METHODS A commercially available laser capture microdissection system was coupled to a modified ion source of a mass spectrometer. This design allowed for sampling of laser-ablated material via a transfer tube directly into the ionization region. Ionization of the ablated material was accomplished using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). RESULTS Rhodamine 6G dye of red permanent marker ink in a laser etched pattern as well as cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine in a cerebellum mouse brain thin tissue section were identified and imaged from the mass spectral data. Employing a spot diameter of 8 µm using the 10× microscope cutting objective and lateral oversampling resulted in a pixel size of about 3.7 µm in the same dimension. Distinguishing between features approximately 13 µm apart in a cerebellum mouse brain thin tissue section was demonstrated in a multimodal fashion co-registering optical and mass spectral images. CONCLUSIONS A LA/APCI-MS system was developed that comprised a commercially available laser microdissection instrument for transmission geometry LA and a modestly modified ion source for secondary ionization of the ablated material. The set-up was successfully applied for multimodal imaging using the ability to co-register bright field, fluorescence and mass spectral chemical images on one platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lorenz
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6131, USA
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7
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Kumano S, Sugiyama M, Yamada M, Nishimura K, Hasegawa H, Morokuma H, Inoue H, Hashimoto Y. Development of a Portable Mass Spectrometer Characterized by Discontinuous Sample Gas Introduction, a Low-Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge Ionization Source, and a Vacuumed Headspace Technique. Anal Chem 2013; 85:5033-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4002904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kumano
- Hitachi, Ltd., Central Research Laboratory, Kokubunji, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Hitachi, Ltd., Central Research Laboratory, Kokubunji, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Japan
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8
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Seto Y, Kanamori-Kataoka M, Tsuge K, Ohsawa I, Iura K, Itoi T, Sekiguchi H, Matsushita K, Yamashiro S, Sano Y, Sekiguchi H, Maruko H, Takayama Y, Sekioka R, Okumura A, Takada Y, Nagano H, Waki I, Ezawa N, Tanimoto H, Honjo S, Fukano M, Okada H. Sensitive Monitoring of Volatile Chemical Warfare Agents in Air by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry with Counter-Flow Introduction. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2659-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303373u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Seto
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | | | - Koichiro Tsuge
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Isaac Ohsawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Iura
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Teruo Itoi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sekiguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Koji Matsushita
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Shigeharu Yamashiro
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sano
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sekiguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Hisashi Maruko
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Yasuo Takayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Ryoji Sekioka
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882,
Japan
| | - Akihiko Okumura
- Central Research
Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo
185-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Takada
- Central Research
Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo
185-8601, Japan
| | - Hisashi Nagano
- Central Research
Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo
185-8601, Japan
| | - Izumi Waki
- Central Research
Laboratory, Hitachi, Ltd., Kokubunji, Tokyo
185-8601, Japan
| | - Naoya Ezawa
- Hitachi, Ltd., Defense Systems Company, Chiyoda, Tokyo
101-8608, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanimoto
- Hitachi, Ltd., Defense Systems Company, Chiyoda, Tokyo
101-8608, Japan
| | - Shigeru Honjo
- Hitachi, Ltd., Defense Systems Company, Chiyoda, Tokyo
101-8608, Japan
| | - Masumi Fukano
- Hitachi, Ltd., Defense Systems Company, Chiyoda, Tokyo
101-8608, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Okada
- Hitachi, Ltd., Defense Systems Company, Chiyoda, Tokyo
101-8608, Japan
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9
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Monge ME, Harris GA, Dwivedi P, Fernández FM. Mass Spectrometry: Recent Advances in Direct Open Air Surface Sampling/Ionization. Chem Rev 2013; 113:2269-308. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300309q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Monge
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Glenn A. Harris
- Department
of Biochemistry and
the Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Prabha Dwivedi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
| | - Facundo M. Fernández
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332,
United States
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- T. A. Brettell
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Cedar Crest College, 100 College Drive, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18104-6196, United States
| | - J. M. Butler
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8312, United States
| | - J. R. Almirall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and International Forensic Research Institute, Florida International University, University Park, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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11
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Chen LC, Yu Z, Furuya H, Hashimoto Y, Takekawa K, Suzuki H, Ariyada O, Hiraoka K. Development of ambient sampling chemi/chemical ion source with dielectric barrier discharge. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:861-869. [PMID: 20648691 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of a new configuration of chemical ionization (CI)-based ion source is presented. The ambient air containing the gaseous sample is sniffed into an enclosed ionization chamber which is of sub-ambient pressure, and is subsequently mixed with metastable species in front of the ion inlet of the mass spectrometer. Metastable helium atoms (He*) are used in this study as the primary ionizing agents and are generated from a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) source. The DBD is powered by an AC high-voltage supply and the configuration of the electrodes is in such a way that the generated plasma is confined within the discharge tube and is not extended into the ionization chamber. The construction of the ion source is simple, and volatile compounds released from the bulky sample can also be analyzed directly by approaching the sample to the sampling nozzle. When combined with heated nitrogen or other desorption methods, its application can also be extended to non-volatile compounds, and the consumption for helium can be kept minimum solely for maintaining the stable discharge and gas phase ionization. Applications to non-proximate sample analysis, direct determination of active ingredients in drug tablets and the detection of trace explosive such as hexamethylene triperoxide diamine are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Chuin Chen
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan.
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12
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Ovchinnikova OS, Van Berkel GJ. Thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry coupled using proximal probe thermal desorption with electrospray or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1721-1729. [PMID: 20499315 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
An atmospheric pressure proximal probe thermal desorption sampling method coupled with secondary ionization by electrospray or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization was demonstrated for the mass spectrometric analysis of a diverse set of compounds (dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, explosives and pesticides) separated on various high-performance thin-layer chromatography plates. Line scans along or through development lanes on the plates were carried out by moving the plate relative to a stationary heated probe positioned close to or just touching the stationary phase surface. Vapors of the compounds thermally desorbed from the surface were drawn into the ionization region of a combined electrospray ionization/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source where they merged with reagent ions and/or charged droplets from a corona discharge or an electrospray emitter and were ionized. The ionized components were then drawn through the atmospheric pressure sampling orifice into the vacuum region of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer and detected using full scan, single ion monitoring, or selected reaction monitoring mode. Studies of variable parameters and performance metrics including the proximal probe temperature, gas flow rate into the ionization region, surface scan speed, read-out resolution, detection limits, and surface type are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga S Ovchinnikova
- Organic and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6131, USA
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13
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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