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Alsanie WF, Alamri AS, Abdulaziz O, Salih MM, Alamri A, Asdaq SMB, Alhomrani MH, Alhomrani M. Antidepressant Effect of Crocin in Mice with Chronic Mild Stress. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27175462. [PMID: 36080230 PMCID: PMC9457951 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the antidepressant property of crocin (Crocetin digentiobiose ester) using a chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced depression model in experimental mice. The tail suspension test (TST) and the sucrose preference test were used to evaluate the antidepressant effect on albino mice of either sex after three weeks of CMS. The period of immobility in the TST and percentage preference for sucrose solution were recorded. By monitoring brain malondialdehyde (MDA) level, catalase (CAT) activity, and reduced glutathione (GSH) level, the antioxidant potential was assessed. Three dosages of crocin (4.84, 9.69, and 19.38 mg/kg) were evaluated. When compared to controls, animals that received crocin administration during three periods of CMS had considerably shorter immobility times during the TST. Crocin treatment also raised the percentage preference for sucrose solution in a dose-dependent manner, bringing it to parity with the conventional antidepressant, imipramine. Animals that received a high dose of crocin had a much greater spontaneous locomotor activity. Furthermore, a high dose of crocin remarkably lowered plasma corticosterone and nitrite levels brought on by CMS. Additionally, high doses of crocin given during CMS greatly enhanced reduced glutathione levels while considerably reducing the brain’s MDA and catalase activities. In conclusion, high doses of crocin may have an antidepressant effect in an animal model through several mechanisms. However, further studies should be carried out to explore the role of neurotransmitters for their antidepressant property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa F. Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakeem S. Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Abdulaziz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdi M. Salih
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahab Alamri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.M.B.A.); (M.A.)
| | | | - Majid Alhomrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (S.M.B.A.); (M.A.)
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2
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Shahbaz K, Chang D, Zhou X, Low M, Seto SW, Li CG. Crocins for Ischemic Stroke: A Review of Current Evidence. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:825842. [PMID: 35991882 PMCID: PMC9388830 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.825842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocins (CRs) and the related active constituents derived from Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) have demonstrated protective effects against cerebral ischemia and ischemic stroke, with various bioactivities including neuroprotection, anti-neuroinflammation, antioxidant, and cardiovascular protection. Among CRs, crocin (CR) has been shown to act on multiple mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in ischemic stroke, including mitochondrial apoptosis, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of B cells pathway, S100 calcium-binding protein B, interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A. CR is generally safe and well-tolerated. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that CR has poor bioavailability and needs to convert to crocetin (CC) in order to cross the blood-brain barrier. Clinical studies have shown the efficacy of saffron and CR in treating various conditions, including metabolic syndrome, depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and coronary artery disease. There is evidence supporting CR as a treatment for ischemic stroke, although further studies are needed to confirm their efficacy and safety in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Shahbaz
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kiran Shahbaz, ; Chung Guang Li,
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Xian Zhou
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Mitchell Low
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Sai Wang Seto
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Reserach Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chung Guang Li
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Kiran Shahbaz, ; Chung Guang Li,
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Jarukas L, Vitkevicius K, Mykhailenko O, Bezruk I, Georgiyants V, Ivanauskas L. Effective Isolation of Picrocrocin and Crocins from Saffron: From HPTLC to Working Standard Obtaining. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134286. [PMID: 35807531 PMCID: PMC9267943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Saffron is widely cultivated and used as a spice. Recently published data on the chemical composition and pharmacological potential of saffron determine its use in pharmacy and medicine. The proposed high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method allows good separation of 11 analytes. The saffron quality (Iran, Ukraine, Spain, Morocco samples) assessment was based on the European Pharmacopoeia monograph and ISO 3632. The HPTLC method for the safranal, crocin, and picrocrocin quantification was proposed and validated. The crocins content in Ukrainian saffron was from 17.80% to 33.25%. Based on qualitative and quantitative assessment results, the saffron sample from Zaporizhzhia (Ukraine) had the highest compounds content and was chosen to obtain the working standards of picrocrocin and crocins (trans-4GG, trans-2G, trans-3Gg) by preparative chromatography. The compounds were isolated from lyophilized extract of saffron using a Symmetry Prep C18 column (300 × 19 mm × 7 µm), and identified by spectroscopic techniques (HPLC-DAD, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The purity of crocins and picrocrocin was more than 97%. A novel method proposed to obtain working standards is simple and reproducible for the routine analysis of saffron quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurynas Jarukas
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.J.); (K.V.)
| | - Konradas Vitkevicius
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.J.); (K.V.)
| | - Olha Mykhailenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, Valentynivska, Str. 4, 461168 Kharkiv, Ukraine; (I.B.); (V.G.)
- Correspondence: (O.M.); (L.I.); Tel.: +380-509277385 (O.M.)
| | - Ivan Bezruk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, Valentynivska, Str. 4, 461168 Kharkiv, Ukraine; (I.B.); (V.G.)
| | - Victoriya Georgiyants
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Pharmacy, Valentynivska, Str. 4, 461168 Kharkiv, Ukraine; (I.B.); (V.G.)
| | - Liudas Ivanauskas
- Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickeviciaus Str. 9, LT-44307 Kaunas, Lithuania; (L.J.); (K.V.)
- Correspondence: (O.M.); (L.I.); Tel.: +380-509277385 (O.M.)
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4
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Sarfarazi M, Rajabzadeh Q, Tavakoli R, Ibrahim SA, Jafari SM. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of saffron bioactive compounds; separation of crocins, picrocrocin, and safranal optimized by artificial bee colony. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 86:105971. [PMID: 35429897 PMCID: PMC9034390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a four-factor five-level full factorial central composite design (CCD) was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of saffron major components, namely picrocrocin, safranal and crocin. The process parameters included ethanol concentration (0-100%), extraction time (2-10 min), duty cycle (0.2-1.0) and ultrasonic amplitude (20-100%). The extracted compounds were measured both by spectrophotometry and chromatography techniques. The results revealed that the middle concentrations of ethanol and relatively long process durations along with high duty cycles and ultrasonic amplitudes had the most profound impact on the yields of the extracted bioactives. UAE was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial bee colony (ABC); a comparison between these methods indicated their optimization power was approximately the same. According to the RSM analysis, an ethanol concentration of 58.58%, extraction time of 6.85 min, duty cycle of 0.82 and amplitude of 91.11% were the optimum extraction conditions, while the optimal conditions resulting from ABC were 53.07%, 7.32 min, 0.93 and 100% for the UAE variables respectively. Finally, HPLC analysis was carried out on the UAE optimum extract resulting from RSM. Four crocetin esters were detected in the optimal extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Messiah Sarfarazi
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Qadir Rajabzadeh
- Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST), Mashhad, Iran
| | - Razieh Tavakoli
- Department of Electrical and Medical Engineering, Khayyam University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Salam A Ibrahim
- Food and Nutritional Sciences Program, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, E. Market Street, 1601, Greensboro, NC 24711, USA
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
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Avula B, Katragunta K, Wang YH, Upton R, Khan IA. Analysis of Crocetins and Safranal Variations in Saffron (Crocus sativus) Stigma Samples and Dietary Supplements Using HPLC/UHPLC-PDA-MS: Chemical Profiling and Chemometric Analysis Using LC-QToF. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02268-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Optimized Isolation of Safranal from Saffron by Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) and Rotatable Central Composite Design-Response Surface Methodology (RCCD-RSM). SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Safranal is the main aroma component of saffron stigmas. It is also a great antioxidant with known pharmacological properties and is a potent indicator for the grading and authentication of saffron. In this study, the optimum extraction conditions of safranal from saffron stigmas were investigated using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) and response surface methodology (RSM). A rotatable-central composite design was applied, and a linear regression model has been used for the model building. The optimized factors were as follows: sample weight (15 mg), water volume (4 mL), exposure time in the headspace (20 min), and extraction temperature (45 °C). All factors were found significant; however, extraction temperature and exposure time were the most important for the isolation of safranal. The obtained model was successfully validated with a test set of saffron samples analyzed under the optimum extraction conditions. The optimized SPME extraction conditions of safranal found in this study contribute to the efforts towards the detection of saffron authentication and adulteration.
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Girme A, Saste G, Pawar S, Ghule C, Mirgal A, Patel S, Tiwari A, Ghoshal S, Bharate SB, Bharate SS, Reddy DS, Vishwakarma RA, Hingorani L. Quantitative Determination and Characterization of a Kashmir Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.)-Based Botanical Supplement Using Single-Laboratory Validation Study by HPLC-PDA with LC-MS/MS and HPTLC Investigations. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:23460-23474. [PMID: 34549144 PMCID: PMC8444316 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Food ingredients hold a higher nutritional value as a botanical supplement playing a vital role in modifying and maintaining the physiological conditions that improve human health benefits. The Kashmir saffron (Crocus sativus L; KCS) obtained from dried stigmas is known for its aroma precursors and apocarotenoid derivatives, imparting a wide range of medicinal values and therapeutic benefits. In the present study, a simultaneous determination of apocarotenoids and flavonoids in stigma-based botanical supplements was carried out using analytical investigations. The high-performance thin-layer chromatography-based qualitative analysis of the raw material (stigmas, stamens, and tepals) and stigma extract has been carried out to identify apocarotenoids and flavonoids. The rapid HPLC-PDA method for the simultaneous quantification of KCS apocarotenoids was robust, precise (<5.0%), linear (R 2 > 0.99), and accurate (80-110%) as per the single-laboratory validation data. Furthermore, the combined-expanded uncertainty (95%; K = 2) was calculated and found as 0.0035-0.007% (<5.0%) as per the EURACHEM guide for this HPLC analysis. Additionally, an untargeted identification of 36 compounds in the botanical supplement was based on the elution order, UV-vis spectra, mass fragmentation pattern, and standards by ESI-MS/MS analysis with comprehensive chromatographic fingerprinting. Thus, these analytical approaches enable a composite profile of the stigma-based extract as a potential supplement for human health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aboli Girme
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
- Pharmacognosy
and Botany Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt.
Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Ganesh Saste
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandeep Pawar
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Chetana Ghule
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Amit Mirgal
- Pharmacognosy
and Botany Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt.
Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Saurabh Patel
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Anshuly Tiwari
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Sautik Ghoshal
- Pharmacognosy
and Botany Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt.
Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
| | - Sandip B. Bharate
- CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Sonali S. Bharate
- CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - D. Srinivasa Reddy
- CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Ram A. Vishwakarma
- CSIR-Indian
Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Lal Hingorani
- Analytical
Development and Innovation Center, Pharmanza
Herbal Pvt. Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
- Pharmacognosy
and Botany Center, Pharmanza Herbal Pvt.
Ltd., Anand 388435, Gujarat, India
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8
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Beyond AREDS Formulations, What Is Next for Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration (iAMD) Treatment? Potential Benefits of Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Apocarotenoids as Neuroprotectors. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4984927. [PMID: 33520083 PMCID: PMC7803142 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4984927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the commonest cause of severe visual loss and blindness in developed countries among individuals aged 60 and older. AMD slowly progresses from early AMD to intermediate AMD (iAMD) and ultimately late-stage AMD. Late AMD encompasses either neovascular AMD (nAMD) or geographic atrophy (GA). nAMD is defined by choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and hemorrhage in the subretinal space at the level of the macula. This induces a rapid visual impairment caused by the death of photoreceptor cells. Intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies is the standard treatment of nAMD but adds to the burden of patient care. GA is characterized by slowly expanding photoreceptor, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration patches progressively leading to blindness. There is currently no therapy to cure GA. Late AMD continues to be an unmet medical need representing a major health problem with millions of patients worldwide. Oxidative stress and inflammation are recognized as some of the main risk factors to developing late AMD. The antioxidant formulation AREDS (Age-Related Eye Disease Studies), contains β-carotene, which has been replaced by lutein and zeaxanthin in AREDS2, are given to patients with iAMD but have a limited effect on the incidence of nAMD and GA. Thus, to avoid or slowdown the development of late stages of AMD (nAMD or GA), new therapies targeting iAMD are needed such as crocetin obtained through hydrolysis of crocin, an important component of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), and norbixin derived from bixin extracted from Bixa orellana seeds. We have shown that these apocarotenoids preserved more effectively RPE cells against apoptosis following blue light exposure in the presence of A2E than lutein and zeaxanthin. In this review, we will discuss the potential use of apocarotenoids to slowdown the progression of iAMD, to reduce the incidence of both forms of late AMD.
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Saffron: Chemical Composition and Neuroprotective Activity. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235618. [PMID: 33260389 PMCID: PMC7731018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Crocus sativus L. belongs to the Iridaceae family and it is commonly known as saffron. The different cultures together with the geoclimatic characteristics of the territory determine a different chemical composition that characterizes the final product. This is why a complete knowledge of this product is fundamental, from which more than 150 chemical compounds have been extracted from, but only about one third of them have been identified. The chemical composition of saffron has been studied in relation to its efficacy in coping with neurodegenerative retinal diseases. Accordingly, experimental results provide evidence of a strict correlation between chemical composition and neuroprotective capacity. We found that saffron's ability to cope with retinal neurodegeneration is related to: (1) the presence of specific crocins and (2) the contribution of other saffron components. We summarize previous evidence and provide original data showing that results obtained both "in vivo" and "in vitro" lead to the same conclusion.
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10
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Bioaccessibility and Pharmacokinetics of a Commercial Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.) Extract. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:1575730. [PMID: 32089715 PMCID: PMC7013346 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1575730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
There are few studies about the pharmacokinetics of the low-molecular mass carotenoids crocetin or crocin isomers from saffron (Crocus sativus L.). None has been performed with a galenic preparation of a standardised saffron extract. The aim of the present research work was to study the effect of in vitro digestion process on the main bioactive components of saffron extract tablets and the corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters in humans. Pharmacokinetics were calculated collecting blood samples every 30 min during the first 3 h and at 24 h after administration of two different concentrations (56 and 84 mg of the saffron extract) to 13 healthy human volunteers. Additionally, an in vitro digestion process was performed in order to determine the bioaccessibility of saffron main bioactive compounds. Identification and quantification analysis were performed by HPLC-PAD/MS. Digestion resulted in 40% of bioaccesibility for crocin isomers, whereas, safranal content followed an opposite trend increasing about 2 folds its initial concentration after the digestion process. Crocetin in plasma was detected in a maximum concentration (C max) in blood between 60 and 90 min after oral consumption with dose-dependent response kinetics, showing that crocin isomers from galenic preparation of saffron extract are rapidly transformed into crocetin. The results showed that this tested galenic form is an efficient way to administer a saffron extract, since the observed crocetin C max was similar and more quickly bioavailable than those obtained by other studies with much higher concentrations of crocetin.
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11
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D'Archivio AA, Di Donato F, Foschi M, Maggi MA, Ruggieri F. UHPLC Analysis of Saffron ( Crocus sativus L.): Optimization of Separation Using Chemometrics and Detection of Minor Crocetin Esters. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081851. [PMID: 30044436 PMCID: PMC6222919 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with diode array detection (DAD) was applied to improve separation and detection of mono- and bis-glucosyl esters of crocetin (crocins), the main red-colored constituents of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), and other polar components. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise the chromatographic resolution on the Kinetex C18 (Phenomenex) column taking into account of the combined effect of the column temperature, the eluent flow rate and the slope of a linear eluent concentration gradient. A three-level full-factorial design of experiments was adopted to identify suitable combinations of the above factors. The influence of the separation conditions on the resolutions of 22 adjacent peaks was simultaneously modelled by a multi-layer artificial neural network (ANN) in which a bit string representation was used to identify the target analytes. The chromatogram collected under the optimal separation conditions revealed a higher number of crocetin esters than those already characterised by means of mass-spectrometry data and usually detected by HPLC. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography analyses carried out on the novel Luna Omega Polar C18 (Phenomenex) column confirmed the large number of crocetin derivatives. Further work is in progress to acquire mass-spectrometry data and to clarify the chemical structure to the newly found saffron components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Antonio D'Archivio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Francesca Di Donato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Martina Foschi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
| | | | - Fabrizio Ruggieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.
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12
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Gentili A, Caretti F, Ventura S, Pérez-Fernández V, Venditti A, Curini R. Screening of Carotenoids in Tomato Fruits by Using Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array-Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry Detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7428-7439. [PMID: 26257083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an analytical strategy for a large-scale screening of carotenoids in tomato fruits by exploiting the potentialities of the triple quadrupole-linear ion trap hybrid mass spectrometer (QqQLIT). The method involves separation on C30 reversed-phase column and identification by means of diode array detection (DAD) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (APCI-MS). The authentic standards of six model compounds were used to optimize the separative conditions and to predict the chromatographic behavior of untargeted carotenoids. An information dependent acquisition (IDA) was performed with (i) enhanced-mass scan (EMS) as the survey scan, (ii) enhanced-resolution (ER) scan to obtain the exact mass of the precursor ions (16-35 ppm), and (iii) enhanced product ion (EPI) scan as dependent scan to obtain structural information. LC-DAD-multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) chromatograms were also acquired for the identification of targeted carotenoids occurring at low concentrations; for the first time, the relative abundance between the MRM transitions (ion ratio) was used as an extra tool for the MS distinction of structural isomers and the related families of geometrical isomers. The whole analytical strategy was high-throughput, because a great number of experimental data could be acquired with few analytical steps, and cost-effective, because only few standards were used; when applied to characterize some tomato varieties ('Tangerine', 'Pachino', 'Datterino', and 'Camone') and passata of 'San Marzano' tomatoes, our method succeeded in identifying up to 44 carotenoids in the 'Tangerine'" variety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Piazzale Aldo Moro No. 5, P.O. Box 34, Posta 62, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Fulvia Caretti
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Piazzale Aldo Moro No. 5, P.O. Box 34, Posta 62, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ventura
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Piazzale Aldo Moro No. 5, P.O. Box 34, Posta 62, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Virginia Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Piazzale Aldo Moro No. 5, P.O. Box 34, Posta 62, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Venditti
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Piazzale Aldo Moro No. 5, P.O. Box 34, Posta 62, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , Piazzale Aldo Moro No. 5, P.O. Box 34, Posta 62, 00185 Roma, Italy
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