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Hu T, Sang Q, Liang D, Zhang W, Wang Y, Qian K. A tunable LDI-MS platform assisted by metal-phenolic network-coated AuNPs for sensitive and customized detection of amino acids. Talanta 2024; 281:126928. [PMID: 39317066 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces a novel approach for the sensitive and accurate detection of small molecule metabolites, employing metal-phenolic network (MPN) functionalized AuNPs as both adsorbent and matrix to enhance laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) performance. The MPN comprising tannic acid (TA) and transition metal ions (Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, or Zn2+) was coated on the surface of AuNPs, forming metal-TA network-coated AuNPs (M-TA@AuNPs). The M-TA@AuNPs provided a tunable surface for specific interactions with analytes, displaying distinct enrichment efficacies for different amino acids, especially for Cu-TA@AuNPs exhibiting the highest affinity for histidine (His). Under the optimized condition, the proposed method enabled ultrasensitive detection of His, with good linearity (R2 = 0.9627) in the low-concentration range (50 nM-1 μM) and a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.9 nM. Furthermore, the method was successfully applied to detect His from human urine samples, showcasing its practical applications in clinical diagnostics, particularly in the realm of amino acid-based targeted metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, School of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Medical Robotics, Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu, 610213, PR China
| | - Qi Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, School of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Medical Robotics, Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu, 610213, PR China
| | - Dingyitai Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, School of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Medical Robotics, Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu, 610213, PR China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 010021, PR China
| | - Yuning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, School of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Medical Robotics, Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu, 610213, PR China.
| | - Kun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, School of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Medical Robotics, Division of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University Sichuan Research Institute, Chengdu, 610213, PR China
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2
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Joh S, Yoo J, Lee SM, Lee E, Na HK, Son JG, Kim J, Jeong MS, Lee SG, Lee TG. Role of Chalcogenides in Sensitive Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Using Laser Desorption and Ionization. ACS NANO 2024; 18:17681-17693. [PMID: 38920103 PMCID: PMC11238597 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the applicability of six transition metal dichalcogenides to efficient therapeutic drug monitoring of ten antiepileptic drugs using laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry. We found that molybdenum ditelluride and tungsten ditelluride are suitable for the sensitive quantification of therapeutic drugs. The contribution of tellurium to the enhanced efficiency of laser desorption ionization was validated through theoretical calculations utilizing an integrated model that incorporates transition-metal dichalcogenides and antiepileptic drugs. The results of our theoretical calculations suggest that the relatively low surface electron density for the tellurium-containing transition metal dichalcogenides induces stronger Coulombic interactions, which results in enhanced laser desorption and ionization efficiency. To demonstrate applicability, up to 120 patient samples were analyzed to determine drug concentrations, and the results were compared with those of immunoassay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Agreements among these methods were statistically evaluated using the Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman analysis. Furthermore, our method has been shown to be applicable to the simultaneous detection and multiplexed quantification of antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunho Joh
- Korea
Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekak Yoo
- Department
of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Mi Lee
- Korea
Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Lee
- Department
of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Kyung Na
- Korea
Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Gyeong Son
- Korea
Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyong Kim
- Department
of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Seok Jeong
- Department
of Physics, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Guk Lee
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Yonsei University
College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic
of Korea
| | - Tae Geol Lee
- Korea
Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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3
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Zolotukhina EV, Butyrskaya EV, Koch M, Herbeck-Engel P, Levchenko MG, Silina YE. First principles of hydrazine electrooxidation at oxide-free and oxide-based palladium electrodes in complex media. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:9881-9893. [PMID: 36946216 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00829k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, fundamental aspects that have impact on the electroanalytical detection of hydrazine in phosphate, acetate and yeast fermentation medium in an analytically significant concentration range by several types of palladium (Pd)-modified electrodes, namely, Pd-ink, Pd-sputtered films and palladium nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) were systematically studied. The efficiency of hydrazine electrooxidation is not affected by the composition of multicomponent medium (i), presence of oxygen (ii), morphology or electroactive area (iii), but more likely depends on the purity degree of the electrode surface from residual palladium oxides (iv). In addition, using advanced methods of nanoanalytics and quantum chemistry, the crucial role of hydrazine surface adsorption (v) on oxide-free and oxide-based Pd-electrodes is highlighted. The obtained knowledge will provide future development strategies of electrodes based on nanoparticles of noble metals for tuned and efficient hydrazine electrooxidation in complex fermentation media.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Zolotukhina
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow region, Russia
| | - E V Butyrskaya
- Department of Chemistry, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl. 1, 394006 Voronezh, Russia
| | - M Koch
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - P Herbeck-Engel
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - M G Levchenko
- Federal Research Center of Problems of Chemical Physics and Medicinal Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow region, Russia
| | - Y E Silina
- Institute of Biochemistry, Centre for Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- KIST - Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Europe Forschungsgesellschaft, 66123 Campus E7 1, Saarbrücken, Germany
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4
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Liu Z, Zhang P, Pyttlik A, Kraus T, Volmer DA. Influence of core size and capping ligand of gold nanoparticles on the desorption/ionization efficiency of small biomolecules in AP‐SALDI‐MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry Saarland University Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Andrea Pyttlik
- INM‐Leibniz Institute for New Materials Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Tobias Kraus
- INM‐Leibniz Institute for New Materials Saarbrücken Germany
- Institute of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Saarland University Saarbrücken Germany
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5
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Nanoparticle-based surface assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:682. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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6
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Semenova D, Gernaey KV, Silina YE. Exploring the potential of electroless and electroplated noble metal-semiconductor hybrids within bio- and environmental sensing. Analyst 2018; 143:5646-5669. [PMID: 30328420 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01632a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the rapid development and widespread application of nanomaterials has significantly influenced research in various fields, including analytical chemistry and biosensing technologies. In particular, the simple functionalization and tuning of noble metal nanoparticle (NP) surface chemistry resulted in the development of a series of novel biosensing platforms with quick read-out and enhanced capabilities towards specific analyte detection. Moreover, noble metal NPs possess a number of unique properties, viz. high surface-to-volume ratio and excellent spectral, optical, thermal, electrical and catalytic characteristics. This manuscript provides an elaborate review on galvanic noble metal NPs deposited onto semiconductor surfaces, from the preparation stage towards their application in biosensors and gas sensing. Two types of deposition approaches, viz. galvanic displacement/electroless and conventional electroplating, are introduced and compared. Furthermore, the analytical merit of hybrid nanomaterials towards the improvement of sensing abilities is highlighted. Finally, some limitations and challenges related to progress in the development and application of analytical devices based on electroless and electroplated noble metal NPs-semiconductor hybrids (NMNPsHs) in biochemical and environmental sensing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Semenova
- Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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7
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Li M, Mao S, Wang S, Li HF, Lin JM. Chip-based SALDI-MS for rapid determination of intracellular ratios of glutathione to glutathione disulfide. Sci China Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-018-9327-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Fu CW, Lirio S, Shih YH, Liu WL, Lin CH, Huang HY. The Cooperativity of Fe3
O4
and Metal-Organic Framework as Multifunctional Nanocomposites for Laser Desorption Ionization Process. Chemistry 2018; 24:9598-9605. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wei Fu
- Department of Chemistry; Chung Yuan Christian University; 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District Taoyuan City 32023 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Stephen Lirio
- Department of Chemistry; Chung Yuan Christian University; 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District Taoyuan City 32023 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yung-Han Shih
- Department of Chemistry; Chung Yuan Christian University; 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District Taoyuan City 32023 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wan-Ling Liu
- Department of Chemistry; Chung Yuan Christian University; 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District Taoyuan City 32023 Taiwan, R.O.C
- College of Science; Chung Yuan Christian University; 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District Taoyuan City 32023 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Her Lin
- Department of Chemistry; Chung Yuan Christian University; 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District Taoyuan City 32023 Taiwan, R.O.C
- R&D Center for Membrane Technology; Chung Yuan Christian University; 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung-Li District Taoyuan City 320 Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Ya Huang
- Department of Chemistry; Chung Yuan Christian University; 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District Taoyuan City 32023 Taiwan, R.O.C
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Ambient Pressure Laser Desorption—Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Fast and Reliable Detection of Explosives, Drugs, and Their Precursors. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8060933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Mechanisms of Nanophase-Induced Desorption in LDI-MS. A Short Review. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7040075. [PMID: 28368330 PMCID: PMC5408167 DOI: 10.3390/nano7040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials are frequently used in laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) as DI enhancers, providing excellent figures of merit for the analysis of low molecular weight organic molecules. In recent years, literature on this topic has benefited from several studies assessing the fundamental aspects of the ion desorption efficiency and the internal energy transfer, in the case of model analytes. Several different parameters have been investigated, including the intrinsic chemical and physical properties of the nanophase (chemical composition, thermal conductivity, photo-absorption efficiency, specific heat capacity, phase transition point, explosion threshold, etc.), along with morphological parameters such as the nanophase size, shape, and interparticle distance. Other aspects, such as the composition, roughness and defects of the substrate supporting the LDI-active nanophases, the nanophase binding affinity towards the target analyte, the role of water molecules, have been taken into account as well. Readers interested in nanoparticle based LDI-MS sub-techniques (SALDI-, SELDI-, NALDI- MS) will find here a concise overview of the recent findings in the specialized field of fundamental and mechanistic studies, shading light on the desorption ionization phenomena responsible of the outperforming MS data offered by these techniques.
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11
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Silina YE, Herbeck-Engel P, Koch M. A study of enhanced ion formation from metal-semiconductor complexes in atmospheric pressure laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:43-53. [PMID: 27859931 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study of the key parameters impacted surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry is of broad interest. In previous studies, it has been shown that surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry is a complex process depending on multiple factors. In the presented study, we showed that neither porosity, light absorbance nor surface hydrophobicity alone influence the enhancement phenomena observed from the hybrid metal-semiconductor complexes versus individual targets, but small changes in the analyte attaching to the target significantly affect laser desorption ionization-efficiency. By means of Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, it was revealed that the formation of an amorphous analyte layer after drying on a solid substrate was essential for the enhanced laser desorption ionization-signal observed from the hybrid metal-semiconductor targets, and the crystallization properties of the analyte appeared as a function of the substrate. Obtained results were used for the screening of regular and lactose-free milk samples through the hybrid metal-semiconductor target. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya E Silina
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| | - Petra Herbeck-Engel
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
| | - Marcus Koch
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, Saarbrücken, 66123, Germany
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12
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Cheng YH, Chen WC, Chang SY. Rapid determination of rivaroxaban in human urine and serum using colloidal palladium surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:1977-1983. [PMID: 26443396 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Rivaroxaban is a new anticoagulant drug that has recently been introduced for clinical applications. To ensure optimum efficacy while minimizing the risk of toxicity and other adverse effects, a simple and sensitive analytical procedure for monitoring the concentration of rivaroxaban in biological fluids is required. METHODS Rivaroxaban was extracted from aqueous solutions by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME). Detection of rivaroxaban was achieved through surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SALDI-MS) using colloidal palladium as the SALDI matrix. RESULTS The calibration curve for rivaroxaban in aqueous solutions was linear over the concentration range from 5 to 500 nM. The limit of detection (LOD) for rivaroxaban at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3 was 2 nM. With a sample-to-extract volume ratio of 200, the enrichment factors were calculated to be 141. This method was successfully applied for the determination of rivaroxaban in human urine and serum samples. The LODs for rivaroxaban in urine and serum were calculated to be 6 nM and 60 nM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The analysis speed, together with the ease of operation and high sensitivity, allows SALDI-MS method to be particularly suitable for the high-throughput screening of rivaroxaban levels in human urine and serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Kaohsiung Normal University, No. 62, Shenjhong Road, Yanchao, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 824
| | - Wen-Chi Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 386 Ta-Chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 813
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, 112
| | - Sarah Y Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Kaohsiung Normal University, No. 62, Shenjhong Road, Yanchao, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 824
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13
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Determination of immunosuppressive drugs in human urine and serum by surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:629-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9145-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Silina YE, Koch M, Volmer DA. Influence of surface melting effects and availability of reagent ions on LDI-MS efficiency after UV laser irradiation of Pd nanostructures. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:578-585. [PMID: 25800194 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the influence of surface morphology, reagent ions and surface restructuring effects on atmospheric pressure laser desorption/ionization (LDI) for small molecules after laser irradiation of palladium self-assembled nanoparticular (Pd-NP) structures has been systematically studied. The dominant role of surface morphology during the LDI process, which was previously shown for silicon-based substrates, has not been investigated for metal-based substrates before. In our experiments, we demonstrated that both the presence of reagent ions and surface reorganization effects--in particular, melting--during laser irradiation was required for LDI activity of the substrate. The synthesized Pd nanostructures with diameters ranging from 60 to 180 nm started to melt at similar temperatures, viz. 890-898 K. These materials exhibited different LDI efficiencies, however, with Pd-NP materials being the most effective surface in our experiments. Pd nanostructures of diameters >400-800 nm started to melt at higher temperatures, >1000 K, making such targets more resistant to laser irradiation, with subsequent loss of LDI activity. Our data demonstrated that both melting of the surface structures and the presence of reagent ions were essential for efficient LDI of the investigated low molecular weight compounds. This dependence of LDI on melting points was exploited further to improve the performance of Pd-NP-based sampling targets. For example, adding sodium hypophosphite as reducing agent to Pd electrolyte solutions during synthesis lowered the melting points of the Pd-NP materials and subsequently gave reduced laser fluence requirements for LDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya E Silina
- Leibniz Institute of New Materials (INM), Saarbrücken, Germany; Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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15
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Sekuła J, Nizioł J, Rode W, Ruman T. Silver nanostructures in laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and mass spectrometry imaging. Analyst 2015; 140:6195-209. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00943j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles have been successfully applied as a matrix replacement for the laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI-ToF-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Sekuła
- Rzeszów University of Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- 35-959 Rzeszów
- Poland
| | - Joanna Nizioł
- Rzeszów University of Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- 35-959 Rzeszów
- Poland
| | - Wojciech Rode
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology
- 02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Tomasz Ruman
- Rzeszów University of Technology
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- 35-959 Rzeszów
- Poland
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