1
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Neef SK, Hofmann U, Mürdter TE, Schwab M, Haag M. Performance comparison of narrow-bore and capillary liquid-chromatography for non-targeted metabolomics profiling by HILIC-QTOF-MS. Talanta 2023; 260:124578. [PMID: 37119797 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Clinical metabolomics studies often have to cope with limited sample amounts, thus miniaturized liquid chromatography (LC) systems are a promising alternative. Their applicability has already been demonstrated in various fields, including a few metabolomics studies that mainly used reversed-phase chromatography. However, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC), which is widely used in metabolomics due to its particular suitability for the analysis of polar molecules, has rarely been tested for miniaturized LC-MS analysis of small molecules. In the present work, the suitability of a capillary HILIC (CapHILIC)-QTOF-MS system for non-targeted metabolomics was evaluated based on extracts of porcine formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples. The performance was assessed with respect to the number and retention time span of metabolic features as well as the analytical repeatability, the signal-to-noise ratio and the signal intensity of 16 annotated metabolites from different compound classes. The results were compared with a well established narrow-bore HILIC-QTOF-MS system. Both platforms have detected a similar number of features and performed excellent with respect to retention time stability (median RT span <0.05 min) and analytical repeatability (>75% of features with CV < 20%). The signal areas of all metabolites assessed were increased up to 18-fold by the use of CapHILIC, although the signal-to-noise ratio was only improved for 50% of the metabolites. An even better reproducibility (median CV = 5.2%) and up to 80-fold increase in signal intensity were observed after optimization of CapHILIC conditions for analysis of bile acid standard solutions. Even though the observed improvement for specific bile acids (e.g. taurocholic acid) in biological matrix needs to be evaluated, the platform comparison indicates, that the tested CapHILIC system is particularly suitable for analyses of a less broad metabolite spectrum, and specifically optimized chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia K Neef
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas E Mürdter
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, and of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Haag
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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2
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Abstract
Metabolomics is a continuously dynamic field of research that is driven by demanding research questions and technological advances alike. In this review we highlight selected recent and ongoing developments in the area of mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. The field of view that can be seen through the metabolomics lens can be broadened by adoption of separation techniques such as hydrophilic interaction chromatography and ion mobility mass spectrometry (going broader). For a given biospecimen, deeper metabolomic analysis can be achieved by resolving smaller entities such as rare cell populations or even single cells using nano-LC and spatially resolved metabolomics or by extracting more useful information through improved metabolite identification in untargeted metabolomic experiments (going deeper). Integration of metabolomics with other (omics) data allows researchers to further advance in the understanding of the complex metabolic and regulatory networks in cells and model organisms (going further). Taken together, diverse fields of research from mechanistic studies to clinics to biotechnology applications profit from these technological developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Moco
- Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joerg M Buescher
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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3
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Phan MAT, Gibson E, Golebiowski B, Stapleton F, Jenner AM, Bucknall MP. Analysis of sex steroids in human tears using LC-MS and GC-MS: Considerations and developments to improve method sensitivity and accuracy. Exp Eye Res 2022; 225:109283. [PMID: 36273577 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids play a role in regulation of tear film function and may exert their action locally at the ocular surface. However, measurement of sex steroids in tears is difficult due to small-volume tear samples and very low concentrations of the hormones. This short communication highlights what has been achieved to date in the analysis of tear sex steroids using ultra-performance LC-MS (UPLC-MS) as previously published, and reports further and more recent investigations toward optimising mass spectrometry method sensitivity and accuracy. The published UPLC-MS method successfully measured progesterone, androsterone glucuronide and 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol in pooled basal tears of postmenopausal women, and fourteen sex steroid standards in methanol. Limitations included sub-optimal limits of detection (LOD) and lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) for some analytes (particularly oestrogens), exclusion of sample matrix effects and no use of internal standards. This update reports on further experiments carried out to improve sensitivity and accuracy. Sample matrix effects, internal standard spiking, and derivatisation with dansyl chloride and oximes were investigated. Dansylation significantly improved the LOD and LLOQ of oestrogens and their metabolites, by a factor of 10 for oestradiol and a factor of 5 for oestrone, but sensitivity of this updated method is not sufficient however for analysis of these oestrogens in human tears. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as an alternative technique to LC-MS, improved sensitivity for derivatised oestradiol is reported. This work demonstrates the need to develop higher sensitivity methods and points researchers towards specific MS ionisation techniques for future analysis of sex steroids in tears, in order to progress current understanding of the role of sex steroids in tear function and dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Anh Thu Phan
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Emma Gibson
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Optometry, Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Blanka Golebiowski
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew M Jenner
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Martin P Bucknall
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia; Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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4
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Fitz V, El Abiead Y, Berger D, Koellensperger G. Systematic Investigation of LC Miniaturization to Increase Sensitivity in Wide-Target LC-MS-Based Trace Bioanalysis of Small Molecules. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:857505. [PMID: 35923463 PMCID: PMC9340153 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.857505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Covering a wide spectrum of molecules is essential for global metabolome assessment. While metabolomics assays are most frequently carried out in microbore LC-MS analysis, reducing the size of the analytical platform has proven its ability to boost sensitivity for specific -omics applications. In this study, we elaborate the impact of LC miniaturization on exploratory small-molecule LC-MS analysis, focusing on chromatographic properties with critical impact on peak picking and statistical analysis. We have assessed a panel of small molecules comprising endogenous metabolites and environmental contaminants covering three flow regimes—analytical, micro-, and nano-flow. Miniaturization to the micro-flow regime yields moderately increased sensitivity as compared to the nano setup, where median sensitivity gains around 80-fold are observed in protein-precipitated blood plasma extract. This gain resulting in higher coverage at low µg/L concentrations is compound dependent. At the same time, the nano-LC-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) approach reduces the investigated chemical space as a consequence of the trap-and-elute nano-LC platform. Finally, while all three setups show excellent retention time stabilities, rapid gradients jeopardize the peak area repeatability of the nano-LC setup. Micro-LC offers the best compromise between improving signal intensity and metabolome coverage, despite the fact that only incremental gains can be achieved. Hence, we recommend using micro-LC for wide-target small-molecule trace bioanalysis and global metabolomics of abundant samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Fitz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yasin El Abiead
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Berger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Chemistry Meets Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Gunda Koellensperger,
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5
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Shan L, Jones B. Nano liquid chromatography, an updated review. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5317. [PMID: 34981550 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Low flow chromatography has a rich history of innovation but has yet to reach widespread implementation in bioanalytical applications. Improvements in pump technology, microfluidic connections, and nano-electrospray sources for mass spectrometry have laid the groundwork for broader application, and innovation in this space has accelerated in recent years. This article reviews the instrumentation used for nano-flow liquid chromatography , the types of columns employed, and strategies for multi-dimensionality of separations, which is key to the future state of the technique to the high-throughput needs of modern bioanalysis. An update of the current applications where nano-LC is widely used, such as proteomics and metabolomics, is discussed. But the trend towards biopharmaceutical development of increasingly complex, targeted, and potent therapeutics for the safe treatment of disease drives the need for ultimate selectivity and sensitivity of our analytical platforms for targeted quantitation in a regulated space. The selectivity needs are best addressed by mass spectrometric detection, especially at high resolutions, and exquisite sensitivity is provided by nano-electrospray ionization as the technology continues to evolve into an accessible, robust, and easy to use platform.
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6
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David A, Chaker J, Price EJ, Bessonneau V, Chetwynd AJ, Vitale CM, Klánová J, Walker DI, Antignac JP, Barouki R, Miller GW. Towards a comprehensive characterisation of the human internal chemical exposome: Challenges and perspectives. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106630. [PMID: 34004450 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The holistic characterisation of the human internal chemical exposome using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) would be a step forward to investigate the environmental ætiology of chronic diseases with an unprecedented precision. HRMS-based methods are currently operational to reproducibly profile thousands of endogenous metabolites as well as externally-derived chemicals and their biotransformation products in a large number of biological samples from human cohorts. These approaches provide a solid ground for the discovery of unrecognised biomarkers of exposure and metabolic effects associated with many chronic diseases. Nevertheless, some limitations remain and have to be overcome so that chemical exposomics can provide unbiased detection of chemical exposures affecting disease susceptibility in epidemiological studies. Some of these limitations include (i) the lack of versatility of analytical techniques to capture the wide diversity of chemicals; (ii) the lack of analytical sensitivity that prevents the detection of exogenous (and endogenous) chemicals occurring at (ultra) trace levels from restricted sample amounts, and (iii) the lack of automation of the annotation/identification process. In this article, we discuss a number of technological and methodological limitations hindering applications of HRMS-based methods and propose initial steps to push towards a more comprehensive characterisation of the internal chemical exposome. We also discuss other challenges including the need for harmonisation and the difficulty inherent in assessing the dynamic nature of the internal chemical exposome, as well as the need for establishing a strong international collaboration, high level networking, and sustainable research infrastructure. A great amount of research, technological development and innovative bio-informatics tools are still needed to profile and characterise the "invisible" (not profiled), "hidden" (not detected) and "dark" (not annotated) components of the internal chemical exposome and concerted efforts across numerous research fields are paramount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur David
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Jade Chaker
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Elliott J Price
- Faculty of Sports Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vincent Bessonneau
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Andrew J Chetwynd
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Douglas I Walker
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Robert Barouki
- Unité UMR-S 1124 Inserm-Université Paris Descartes "Toxicologie Pharmacologie et Signalisation Cellulaire", Paris, France
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Chaker J, Gilles E, Léger T, Jégou B, David A. From Metabolomics to HRMS-Based Exposomics: Adapting Peak Picking and Developing Scoring for MS1 Suspect Screening. Anal Chem 2020; 93:1792-1800. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jade Chaker
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Erwann Gilles
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Thibaut Léger
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Bernard Jégou
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Arthur David
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)—UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
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8
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Willacey CC, Karu N, Harms AC, Hankemeier T. Metabolic profiling of material-limited cell samples by dimethylaminophenacyl bromide derivatization with UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Sanders KL, Edwards JL. Nano-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and recent applications in omics investigations. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4404-4417. [PMID: 32901622 PMCID: PMC7530103 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01194k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is one of the most powerful tools in identifying and quantitating molecular species. Decreasing column diameter from the millimeter to micrometer scale is now a well-developed method which allows for sample limited analysis. Specific fabrication of capillary columns is required for proper implementation and optimization when working in the nanoflow regime. Coupling the capillary column to the mass spectrometer for electrospray ionization (ESI) requires reduction of the subsequent emitter tip. Reduction of column diameter to capillary scale can produce improved chromatographic efficiency and the reduction of emitter tip size increased sensitivity of the electrospray process. This improved sensitivity and ionization efficiency is valuable in analysis of precious biological samples where analytes vary in size, ion affinity, and concentration. In this review we will discuss common approaches and challenges in implementing nLC-MS methods and how the advantages can be leveraged to investigate a wide range of biomolecules.
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10
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Vargas Medina DA, Maciel EVS, de Toffoli AL, Lanças FM. Miniaturization of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Chetwynd AJ, Zhang W, Thorn JA, Lynch I, Ramautar R. The Nanomaterial Metabolite Corona Determined Using a Quantitative Metabolomics Approach: A Pilot Study. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000295. [PMID: 32240572 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) are promptly coated with biomolecules in biological systems leading to the formation of the so-called corona. To date, research has predominantly focused on the protein corona and how it affects NM uptake, distribution, and bioactivity by conferring a biological identity to NMs enabling interactions with receptors to mediate cellular responses. Thus, protein corona studies are now integral to nanosafety assessment. However, a larger class of molecules, the metabolites, which are orders of magnitude smaller than proteins (<1000 Da) and regulate metabolic pathways, has been largely overlooked. This hampers the understanding of the bio-nano interface, development of computational predictions of corona formation, and investigations into uptake or toxicity at the cellular level, including identification of molecular initiating events triggering adverse outcome pathways. Here, a capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry based metabolomics approach reveals that pure polar ionogenic metabolite standards differentially adsorb to a range of 6 NMs (SiO2 , 3 TiO2 with different surface chemistries, and naïve and carboxylated polystyrene NMs). The metabolite corona composition is quantitatively compared using protein-free and complete plasma samples, revealing that proteins in samples significantly change the composition of the metabolite corona. This key finding provides the basis to include the metabolite corona in future nanosafety endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Chetwynd
- AB Sciex UK Ltd, Phoenix House, Lakeside Drive, Warrington, Cheshire, WA1 1RX, UK
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Wei Zhang
- Biomedical Microscale Analytics, Leiden University, Einsterinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
| | - James A Thorn
- AB Sciex UK Ltd, Phoenix House, Lakeside Drive, Warrington, Cheshire, WA1 1RX, UK
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Rawi Ramautar
- Biomedical Microscale Analytics, Leiden University, Einsterinweg 55, Leiden, 2333CC, The Netherlands
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12
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Miniaturized liquid chromatography focusing on analytical columns and mass spectrometry: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1103:11-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Chetwynd AJ, Ogilvie LA, Nzakizwanayo J, Pazdirek F, Hoch J, Dedi C, Gilbert D, Abdul-Sada A, Jones BV, Hill EM. The potential of nanoflow liquid chromatography-nano electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry for global profiling the faecal metabolome. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1600:127-136. [PMID: 31047664 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Faeces are comprised of a wide array of metabolites arising from the circulatory system as well as the human microbiome. A global metabolite analysis (metabolomics) of faecal extracts offers the potential to uncover new compounds which may be indicative of the onset of bowel diseases such as colorectal cancer (CRC). To date, faecal metabolomics is still in its infancy and the compounds of low abundance present in faecal extracts poorly characterised. In this study, extracts of faeces from healthy subjects were profiled using a sensitive nanoflow-nanospray LC-MS platform which resulted in highly repeatable peak retention times (<2% CV) and intensities (<15% CV). Analysis of the extracts revealed wide coverage of the faecal metabolome including detection of low abundant signalling compounds such as sex steroids and eicosanoids, alongside highly abundant pharmaceuticals and tetrapyrrole metabolites. A small pilot study investigating differences in metabolomics profiles of faecal samples obtained from 7 CRC, 25 adenomatous polyp and 26 healthy groups revealed that secondary bile acids, conjugated androgens, eicosanoids, phospholipids and an unidentified haem metabolite were potential classes of metabolites that discriminated between the CRC and control sample groups. However, much larger follow up studies are needed to confirm which components of the faecal metabolome are associated with actual CRC disease rather than dietary influences. This study reveals the potential of nanospray-nanoflow LC-MS profiling of faecal samples from large scale cohort studies for uncovering the role of the faecal metabolome in colorectal disease formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Chetwynd
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Lesley A Ogilvie
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Jonathan Nzakizwanayo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Filip Pazdirek
- Surgery Department, 2nd Medical Faculty of Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hoch
- Surgery Department, 2nd Medical Faculty of Charles University and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cinzia Dedi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK
| | - Duncan Gilbert
- Sussex Cancer Centre, Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, BN2 5DA, UK
| | - Alaa Abdul-Sada
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Brian V Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK; Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Hill
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK.
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14
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Cui L, Lu H, Lee YH. Challenges and emergent solutions for LC-MS/MS based untargeted metabolomics in diseases. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:772-792. [PMID: 29486047 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, advances in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) have revolutionized untargeted metabolomics analyses. By mining metabolomes more deeply, researchers are now primed to uncover key metabolites and their associations with diseases. The employment of untargeted metabolomics has led to new biomarker discoveries and a better mechanistic understanding of diseases with applications in precision medicine. However, many major pertinent challenges remain. First, compound identification has been poor, and left an overwhelming number of unidentified peaks. Second, partial, incomplete metabolomes persist due to factors such as limitations in mass spectrometry data acquisition speeds, wide-range of metabolites concentrations, and cellular/tissue/temporal-specific expression changes that confound our understanding of metabolite perturbations. Third, to contextualize metabolites in pathways and biology is difficult because many metabolites partake in multiple pathways, have yet to be described species specificity, or possess unannotated or more-complex functions that are not easily characterized through metabolomics analyses. From a translational perspective, information related to novel metabolite biomarkers, metabolic pathways, and drug targets might be sparser than they should be. Thankfully, significant progress has been made and novel solutions are emerging, achieved through sustained academic and industrial community efforts in terms of hardware, computational, and experimental approaches. Given the rapidly growing utility of metabolomics, this review will offer new perspectives, increase awareness of the major challenges in LC-MS metabolomics that will significantly benefit the metabolomics community and also the broader the biomedical community metabolomics aspire to serve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cui
- Translational 'Omics and Biomarkers Group, KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases-Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haitao Lu
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yie Hou Lee
- Translational 'Omics and Biomarkers Group, KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- OBGYN-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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15
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Bonvallot N, David A, Chalmel F, Chevrier C, Cordier S, Cravedi JP, Zalko D. Metabolomics as a powerful tool to decipher the biological effects of environmental contaminants in humans. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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16
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Chetwynd AJ, Guggenheim EJ, Briffa SM, Thorn JA, Lynch I, Valsami-Jones E. Current Application of Capillary Electrophoresis in Nanomaterial Characterisation and Its Potential to Characterise the Protein and Small Molecule Corona. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E99. [PMID: 29439415 PMCID: PMC5853730 DOI: 10.3390/nano8020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increasing use and production of nanomaterials (NMs), the ability to characterise their physical/chemical properties quickly and reliably has never been so important. Proper characterisation allows a thorough understanding of the material and its stability, and is critical to establishing dose-response curves to ascertain risks to human and environmental health. Traditionally, methods such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field Flow Fractionation (FFF) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) have been favoured for size characterisation, due to their wide-availability and well-established protocols. Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) offers a faster and more cost-effective solution for complex dispersions including polydisperse or non-spherical NMs. CE has been used to rapidly separate NMs of varying sizes, shapes, surface modifications and compositions. This review will discuss the literature surrounding the CE separation techniques, detection and NM characteristics used for the analysis of a wide range of NMs. The potential of combining CE with mass spectrometry (CE-MS) will also be explored to further expand the characterisation of NMs, including the layer of biomolecules adsorbed to the surface of NMs in biological or environmental compartments, termed the acquired biomolecule corona. CE offers the opportunity to uncover new/poorly characterised low abundance and polar protein classes due to the high ionisation efficiency of CE-MS. Furthermore, the possibility of using CE-MS to characterise the poorly researched small molecule interactions within the NM corona is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Chetwynd
- AB Sciex UK Ltd., Phoenix House, Lakeside Drive, Warrington, Cheshire WA1 1RX, UK;
| | - Emily J. Guggenheim
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.J.G.); (S.M.B.); (E.V.-J.)
| | - Sophie M. Briffa
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.J.G.); (S.M.B.); (E.V.-J.)
| | - James A. Thorn
- AB Sciex UK Ltd., Phoenix House, Lakeside Drive, Warrington, Cheshire WA1 1RX, UK;
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.J.G.); (S.M.B.); (E.V.-J.)
| | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (E.J.G.); (S.M.B.); (E.V.-J.)
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17
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A review of nanoscale LC-ESI for metabolomics and its potential to enhance the metabolome coverage. Talanta 2018; 182:380-390. [PMID: 29501168 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) platforms are widely used to perform high throughput untargeted profiling of biological samples for metabolomics-based approaches. However, these LC-ESI platforms usually favour the detection of metabolites present at relatively high concentrations because of analytical limitations such as ion suppression, thus reducing overall sensitivity. To counter this issue of sensitivity, the latest in terms of analytical platforms can be adopted to enable a greater portion of the metabolome to be analysed in a single analytical run. Here, nanoflow liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionisation (nLC-nESI), which has previously been utilised successfully in proteomics, is explored for use in metabolomic and exposomic research. As a discovery based field, the markedly increased sensitivity of these nLC-nESI platforms offer the potential to uncover the roles played by low abundant signalling metabolites (e.g. steroids, eicosanoids) in health and disease studies, and would also enable an improvement in the detection of xenobiotics present at trace levels in biological matrices to better characterise the chemical exposome. This review aims to give an insight into the advantages associated with nLC-nESI for metabolomics-based approaches. Initially we detail the source of improved sensitivity prior to reviewing the available approaches to achieving nanoflow rates and nanospray ionisation for metabolomics. The robustness of nLC-nESI platforms was then assessed using the literature available from a metabolomic viewpoint. We also discuss the challenging point of sample preparation which needs to be addressed to fully enjoy the benefits of these nLC-nESI platforms. Finally, we assess metabolomic analysis utilising nano scale platforms and look ahead to the future of metabolomics using these new highly sensitive platforms.
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Blum BC, Mousavi F, Emili A. Single-platform ‘multi-omic’ profiling: unified mass spectrometry and computational workflows for integrative proteomics–metabolomics analysis. Mol Omics 2018; 14:307-319. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mo00136g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in instrumentation and analysis tools are permitting evermore comprehensive interrogation of diverse biomolecules and allowing investigators to move from linear signaling cascades to network models, which more accurately reflect the molecular basis of biological systems and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Blum
- Center for Network Systems Biology
- Boston University School of Medicine
- Boston
- USA
- Department of Biochemistry
| | - Fatemeh Mousavi
- Donnelly Centre
- Department of Molecular Genetics
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
| | - Andrew Emili
- Center for Network Systems Biology
- Boston University School of Medicine
- Boston
- USA
- Department of Biochemistry
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19
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Ma D, Chen L, Liu R. Removal of novel antiandrogens identified in biological effluents of domestic wastewater by activated carbon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 595:702-710. [PMID: 28407587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental antiandrogenic (AA) contaminants in effluents from wastewater treatment plants have the potential for negative impacts on wildlife and human health. The aim of our study was to identify chemical contaminants with likely AA activity in the biological effluents and evaluate the removal of these antiandrogens (AAs) during advanced treatment comprising adsorption onto granular activated carbon (GAC). In this study, profiling of AA contaminants in biological effluents and tertiary effluents was conducted using effect-directed analysis (EDA) including high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fractionation, a recombinant yeast screen containing androgen receptor (YAS), in combination with mass spectrometry analyses. Analysis of a wastewater secondary effluent from a membrane bioreactor revealed complex profiles of AA activity comprising 14 HPLC fractions and simpler profiles of GAC effluents with only 2 to 4 moderately polar HPLC fractions depending on GAC treatment conditions. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-nanospray mass spectrometry analyses of AA fractions in the secondary effluent resulted in detection of over 10 chemical contaminants, which showed inhibition of YAS activity and were potential AAs. The putative AAs included biocides, food additives, flame retardants, pharmaceuticals and industrial contaminants. To our knowledge, it is the first time that the AA properties of N-ethyl-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexanecarboxamide (WS3), cetirizine, and oxcarbazepine are reported. The EDA used in this study was proven to be a powerful tool to identify novel chemical structures with AA activity in the complex aquatic environment. The adsorption process to GAC of all the identified antiandrogens, except WS3 and triclosan, fit well with the pseudo-second order kinetics models. Adsorption to GAC could further remove most of the AAs identified in the biological effluents with high efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehua Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Lujun Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Science and Technology, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314006, China.
| | - Rui Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Science and Technology, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314006, China
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20
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Nanoflow-Nanospray Mass Spectrometry Metabolomics Reveals Disruption of the Urinary Metabolite Profiles of HIV-Positive Patients on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 74:e45-e53. [DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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David A, Lange A, Abdul-Sada A, Tyler CR, Hill EM. Disruption of the Prostaglandin Metabolome and Characterization of the Pharmaceutical Exposome in Fish Exposed to Wastewater Treatment Works Effluent As Revealed by Nanoflow-Nanospray Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:616-624. [PMID: 27976870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fish can be exposed to a complex mixture of chemical contaminants, including pharmaceuticals, present in discharges of wastewater treatment works (WwTWs) effluents. There is little information on the effects of effluent exposure on fish metabolism, especially the small molecule signaling compounds which are the biological target of many pharmaceuticals. We applied a newly developed sensitive nanoflow-nanospray mass spectrometry nontargeted profiling technique to identify changes in the exposome and metabolome of roach (Rutilus rutilus) exposed to a final WwTWs effluent for 15 days. Effluent exposure resulted in widespread reduction (between 50% and 90%) in prostaglandin (PG) profiles in fish tissues and plasma with disruptions also in tryptophan/serotonin, bile acid and lipid metabolism. Metabolite disruptions were not explained by altered expression of genes associated with the PG or tryptophan metabolism. Of the 31 pharmaceutical metabolites that were detected in the effluent exposome of fish, 6 were nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs but with plasma concentrations too low to disrupt PG biosynthesis. PGs, bile acids, and tryptophan metabolites are important mediators regulating a diverse array of physiological systems in fish and the identity of wastewater contaminants disrupting their metabolism warrants further investigation on their exposure effects on fish health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur David
- School of Life Sciences. University of Sussex . Brighton. U.K. BN1 9QG
| | - Anke Lange
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences. University of Exeter , Exeter. U.K. EX4 4QD
| | - Alaa Abdul-Sada
- School of Life Sciences. University of Sussex . Brighton. U.K. BN1 9QG
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences. University of Exeter , Exeter. U.K. EX4 4QD
| | - Elizabeth M Hill
- School of Life Sciences. University of Sussex . Brighton. U.K. BN1 9QG
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22
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Methods used to increase the comprehensive coverage of urinary and plasma metabolomes by MS. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:981-97. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2015-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics, focusing on comprehensive analysis of all the metabolites in a biological system, provides a direct signature of biochemical activity. Using emerging technologies in MS, it is possible to simultaneously and rapidly analyze thousands of metabolites. However, due to the chemical and physical diversity of metabolites, it is difficult to acquire a comprehensive and reliable profiling of the whole metabolome. Here, we summarize the state of the art in metabolomics research, focusing on efforts to provide a more comprehensive metabolome coverage via improvements in two fundamental processes: sample preparation and MS analysis. Additionally, the reliable analysis is also highlighted via the combinations of multiple methods (e.g., targeted and untargeted approaches), and analytical quality control and calibration methods.
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23
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Castillo-Peinado LS, Luque de Castro MD. Present and foreseeable future of metabolomics in forensic analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 925:1-15. [PMID: 27188312 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The revulsive publications during the last years on the precariousness of forensic sciences worldwide have promoted the move of major steps towards improvement of this science. One of the steps (viz. a higher involvement of metabolomics in the new era of forensic analysis) deserves to be discussed under different angles. Thus, the characteristics of metabolomics that make it a useful tool in forensic analysis, the aspects in which this omics is so far implicit, but not mentioned in forensic analyses, and how typical forensic parameters such as the post-mortem interval or fingerprints take benefits from metabolomics are critically discussed in this review. The way in which the metabolomics-forensic binomial succeeds when either conventional or less frequent samples are used is highlighted here. Finally, the pillars that should support future developments involving metabolomics and forensic analysis, and the research required for a fruitful in-depth involvement of metabolomics in forensic analysis are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Castillo-Peinado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; University of Córdoba, Agrifood Excellence Campus, ceiA3, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M D Luque de Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; University of Córdoba, Agrifood Excellence Campus, ceiA3, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, University of Córdoba, E-14071, Córdoba, Spain.
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24
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Microvolume trace environmental analysis using peak-focusing online solid-phase extraction–nano-liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:1879-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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25
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Chetwynd AJ, Abdul-Sada A, Holt SG, Hill EM. Use of a pre-analysis osmolality normalisation method to correct for variable urine concentrations and for improved metabolomic analyses. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1431:103-110. [PMID: 26755417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics analyses of urine have the potential to provide new information on the detection and progression of many disease processes. However, urine samples can vary significantly in total solute concentration and this presents a challenge to achieve high quality metabolomic datasets and the detection of biomarkers of disease or environmental exposures. This study investigated the efficacy of pre- and post-analysis normalisation methods to analyse metabolomic datasets obtained from neat and diluted urine samples from five individuals. Urine samples were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) prior to metabolomic analyses using a sensitive nanoflow/nanospray LC-MS technique and the data analysed by principal component analyses (PCA). Post-analysis normalisation of the datasets to either creatinine or osmolality concentration, or to mass spectrum total signal (MSTS), revealed that sample discrimination was driven by the dilution factor of urine rather than the individual providing the sample. Normalisation of urine samples to equal osmolality concentration prior to LC-MS analysis resulted in clustering of the PCA scores plot according to sample source and significant improvements in the number of peaks common to samples of all three dilutions from each individual. In addition, the ability to identify discriminating markers, using orthogonal partial least squared-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), was greatly improved when pre-analysis normalisation to osmolality was compared with post-analysis normalisation to osmolality and non-normalised datasets. Further improvements for peak area repeatability were observed in some samples when the pre-analysis normalisation to osmolality was combined with a post-analysis mass spectrum total useful signal (MSTUS) or MSTS normalisation. Future adoption of such normalisation methods may reduce the variability in metabolomics analyses due to differing urine concentrations and improve the discovery of discriminating metabolites associated with sample source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Chetwynd
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
| | - Alaa Abdul-Sada
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Stephen G Holt
- The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M Hill
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
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26
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Nazario CED, Silva MR, Franco MS, Lanças FM. Evolution in miniaturized column liquid chromatography instrumentation and applications: An overview. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1421:18-37. [PMID: 26381569 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to underline the miniaturized LC instrumental system and describe the evolution of commercially available systems by discussing their advantages and drawbacks. Nowadays, there are already many miniaturized LC systems available with a great variety of pump design, interface and detectors as well as efficient columns technologies and reduced connections devices. The solvent delivery systems are able to drive the mobile phase without flow splitters and promote gradient elution using either dual piston reciprocating or syringe-type pumps. The mass spectrometry as detection system is the most widely used detection system; among many alternative ionization sources direct-EI LC-MS is a promising alternative to APCI. In addition, capillary columns are now available showing many possibilities of stationary phases, inner diameters and hardware materials. This review provides a discussion about miniaturized LC demonstrating fundamentals and instrumentals' aspects of the commercially available miniaturized LC instrumental system mainly nano and micro LC formats. This review also covers the recent developments and trends in instrumentation, capillary and nano columns, and several applications of this very important and promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meire R Silva
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Maraíssa S Franco
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Lanças
- Institute of Chemistry of Sao Carlos, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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27
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Chetwynd AJ, Abdul-Sada A, Hill EM. Solid-Phase Extraction and Nanoflow Liquid Chromatography-Nanoelectrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Improved Global Urine Metabolomics. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1158-65. [DOI: 10.1021/ac503769q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Chetwynd
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, U.K
| | - Alaa Abdul-Sada
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, U.K
| | - Elizabeth M. Hill
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QG, U.K
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28
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David A, Abdul-Sada A, Lange A, Tyler CR, Hill EM. A new approach for plasma (xeno)metabolomics based on solid-phase extraction and nanoflow liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1365:72-85. [PMID: 25260345 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Current metabolite profiling methods based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) platforms do not detect many of the components present at trace concentrations in extracts of plasma due to their low ionisation efficiency or to interference from highly abundant compounds. Nanoflow LC-nanospray MS platforms, which are commonly used in proteomics, could overcome these limitations and significantly increase analytical sensitivity and coverage of the plasma (xeno)metabolome (i.e., metabolites and xenobiotics), but require small injection volumes (<0.5μL). In this study, we developed sample preparation methods to remove ion suppressive phospholipids and concentrate remaining components of the plasma (xeno)metabolome in order to analyse sub-microliter volumes of plasma extracts for nanoflow ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionisation-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (nUHPLC-nESI-TOFMS). These methods use phospholipid filtration plates in combination with polymeric or mixed mode exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE). The phospholipid filtration plates removed >94% of the predominant phospholipid/lysophospholipid species from plasma, whilst absolute recoveries of 63 selected (xeno)metabolites from spiked plasma were generally between 60 and 104%. After a further SPE step, recoveries of test compounds were between 50 and 81%. Studies revealed that both the sample preparation methodology and nUHPLC-nESI-TOFMS analyses gave acceptable repeatability. A qualitative comparison of SPE methods revealed that sample concentration by either polymer or mixed mode ion-exchange SPE gave comprehensive metabolite coverage of plasma extracts, but the use of cation exchange SPE significantly increased detection of many cationic compounds in the sample extracts. Method detection limits for steroid, eicosanoid and bile metabolites were <1.0ng/mL plasma and for pharmaceutical contaminants were between 0.01 and 30ng/mL plasma. Comparison of the phospholipid removal/cation exchange SPE and the classical protein precipitation (PPT) sample preparation methodologies revealed that both methods detected the same range of (xeno)metabolites. However, unlike PPT extracts, the SPE preparations allowed direct injection of more concentrated plasma extracts onto the nUHPLC-nESI-TOFMS platform without blockage of the nanocolumn or nanospray, thus resulting in a wider coverage of the (xeno)metabolome. This is the first work to demonstrate the significantly enhanced sensitivity arising from the use of concentrated SPE sample preparations and direct nUHPLC-nESI-TOFMS analysis for untargeted profiling of plasma samples and constitutes a step forward for identifying mixtures of chemical stressors accumulated in blood as well as the disruption of key metabolite pathways in the same sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur David
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Alaa Abdul-Sada
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Anke Lange
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Elizabeth M Hill
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK.
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