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Yi Y, Lu Y, Liu H, Wang Z, Li S, Huang X, Chai Y, Zhang X, Li Z, Chen H. Insight into pyrrolizidine alkaloids degradation and the chemical structures of their degradation products using ultra high performance liquid chromatography and Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134260. [PMID: 38678722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), released into the environment by donor plants, are absorbed by crops or transported by animals, posing a global food safety concern. Photolysis is an effective way to eliminate harmful substances in the environment or food. Photolysis happens as PAs move among plants, environment and crops. In this study, we first investigated the photolysis and hydrolysis of 15 PAs and identified their degradation products via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography and Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry. PAs were degraded under UV radiation but minimally affected by visible light from a xenon lamp, and solvent pH had little impact on their photolysis. PAs were stable in neutral and acidic solutions but degraded by 50% within 24 h in alkaline conditions. The degradation products of PAs were mainly PAs/PANOs isomers and some minor byproducts. Cytotoxicity and computational analysis revealed isomers had similar toxicity, with minor products being less toxic. This study is a precursor for revealing the potential PAs degradation dynamics in the environment and food products, providing a reference for systematic evaluations of potential health and ecological risks of their degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexing Yi
- College of Chemical and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310008, China; Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Yuting Lu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- College of Chemical and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310008, China; Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Shiqi Li
- College of Chemical and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310008, China; Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xuchen Huang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunfeng Chai
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Xiangchun Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China
| | - Zuguang Li
- College of Chemical and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310008, China.
| | - Hongping Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China; Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China.
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Zheng M, Zhang X, Cheng Y, Sun L, Zhang X. Hydroxyl transfer versus cyclization reaction in the gas phase: Sequential loss of NH 3 and CH 2CO from protonated phenylalanine derivatives. Front Chem 2023; 10:1094329. [PMID: 36700082 PMCID: PMC9868239 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1094329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Collisional activation of protonated phenylalanine derivatives deamination products leads to hydroxyl skeletal rearrangement versus cyclization reaction, and to form hydroxylbenzyl cation via elimination of CH2CO. To better clarify this unusual fragmentation reaction, accurate mass measurements experiments, native isotope experiments, multiple-stage mass spectrometry experiments, different substituents experiments, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out to investigate the dissociation mechanistic pathways of protonated phenylalanine derivatives deamination products. In route 1, a three-membered ring-opening reaction and a 1,3-hydroxyl transfer (from the carbonyl carbon atom to the interposition carbon atom of carbonyl) occurs to form 3-hydroxy-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-1-ylium, followed by dissociation to lose CH2CO to give hydroxy (phenyl)methylium. In route 2, a successive cyclization rearrangement reaction and proton transfer occur to form a 2-hydroxylphenylpropionyl cation or protonated 2-hydroxy-4H-benzopyran, followed by dissociation to lose CH2CO or CH≡COH to give 2-hydroxylbenzyl cation. In route 3, a successive hydroxyl transfer (from the carbonyl carbon atom to the ortho carbon atom on benzene) and two stepwise proton transfer (1,2-proton transfer to the ipso-carbon atom of the phenyl ring followed by 1,3-proton transfer to the ortho carbon atom of carbonyl) occurs to form a 2-hydroxylphenylpropionyl cation, which subsequently dissociates to form 2-hydroxylbenzyl cation by elimination of CH2CO. DFT calculations suggested that route 1 was more favorable than route 2 and route 3 from a thermodynamic point of view.
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Frański R, Gierczyk B, Kozik T, Popenda Ł, Beszterda M. Signals of diagnostic ions in the product ion spectra of [M - H] - ions of methoxylated flavonoids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:125-132. [PMID: 30357940 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The main feature of the fragmentation of [M - H]- ions of methoxylated flavonoids is the loss of methyl radical (formation of the [M - H - CH3 ]-• product ion). Subsequent decomposition of [M - H - CH3 ]-• product ions may be useful for identification of a given compound by HPLC/MS. This paper describes how the selected diagnostic fragment ions can be useful during HPLC/MS(-) analysis of methoxylated flavonoids. METHODS Product ion spectra (ESI-CID-MS/MS spectra) of [M - H]- ions of 17 methoxylated flavonoids (flavones, isoflavones and flavonols) were obtained with a Q-TOF mass spectrometer. Full scan mass spectra (ESI-MS) were obtained with a single quadrupole type of instrument. RESULTS A number of product ions were recognized as useful from the point of view of structural elucidation. In most cases they were diagnostic product ions, formed as a result of C ring breaking. CONCLUSIONS The most important conclusions drawn from this study are: the product ion at m/z 132 indicates that the analysed compound is an isoflavone; the product ion at m/z 117 indicates the presence of one hydroxy group at ring B or at the 3-position; biochanin A and prunetin can be differentiated by their 'in-source' fragmentation, by the relative abundances of product ions at m/z 195, 183 and 167; loss of mass 102 from the [M - H - CH3 ]-• ion indicates that ring B is not substituted and there is no hydroxy group at the 3-position; and rhamnetin can be detected using three diagnostic product ions, namely at m/z 121, 165 and 193.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Frański
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89B, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Błażej Gierczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89B, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kozik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89B, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Popenda
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Beszterda
- Department of Food Biochemistry and Analysis, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Mazowiecka 48, 60-623, Poznań, Poland
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Development and validation of a liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of squaric acid dibutyl ester and its impurities. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 141:165-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zhang X, Bai X, Fang L, Jiang K, Li Z. Decarboxylative Coupling Reaction in ESI(-)-MS/MS of 4-Nitrobenzyl 4-Hydroxybenzoates: Triplet Ion-Neutral Complex-Mediated 4-Nitrobenzyl Transfer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:940-943. [PMID: 26926444 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of 4-nitrobenzyl 4-hydroxybenzoates, a decarboxylation reaction, which was significantly promoted by the presence of a nitro group on the benzyl group, competed with radical elimination reactions. Density functional theory calculations indicated that decarboxylation of deprotonated 4-nitrobenzyl vanillate occurred via a radical route involving homolytic cleavage of the Cbenzyl-O bond to give a triplet ion-neutral complex, followed by decarboxylative coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xingfeng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Liwen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Kezhi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Zuguang Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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Zhu P, Yang W, Hong L, Cheng Q, Luo L, He J, Chen J. Characterization of a novel process-related impurity in commercial bendazac lysine eye drops by LC–ESI-QTOF/MS/MS and NMR. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 107:437-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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