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Harvey DJ. ANALYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATES AND GLYCOCONJUGATES BY MATRIX-ASSISTED LASER DESORPTION/IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY: AN UPDATE FOR 2015-2016. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2021; 40:408-565. [PMID: 33725404 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review is the ninth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2016. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and the enormous impact that MALDI imaging is having. MALDI, although invented over 30 years ago is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and range of applications show no sign of deminishing. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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Tammekivi E, Ghiami-Shomami A, Tshepelevitsh S, Trummal A, Ilisson M, Selberg S, Vahur S, Teearu A, Lõkov M, Peets P, Pagano T, Leito I. Experimental and Computational Study of Aminoacridines as MALDI(-)-MS Matrix Materials for the Analysis of Complex Samples. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:1080-1095. [PMID: 33726494 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Monoaminoacridines (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 9-aminoacridine) were studied for suitability as matrices in the negative ion mode matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI(-)-MS) analysis of various samples. This is the first study to examine 1-, 2-, and 4-aminoacridine as potential matrix material candidates for MALDI(-)-MS. In addition, spectral (UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence), proton transfer-related (basicity and autoprotolysis), and crystallization properties of these compounds were characterized experimentally and/or computationally. For testing the capabilities of these aminoacridines as matrix materials, four samples related to cultural heritage materials-stearic acid, colophony resin, dyer's madder dye, and a resinous case-study sample from a shipwreck-were analyzed with MALDI(-)-MS. A novel algorithm (implemented as an executable Python script) for MS data analysis was developed to compare the five matrix materials and to help mass spectrometrists rapidly identify peaks originating from the sample and matrix material. It was determined that all five of the studied aminoacridines can successfully be used as matrix materials in MALDI(-)-MS analysis. As an interesting finding, in several cases, the best mass spectra were obtained by using a relatively small amount of matrix material mixed with an excess amount of sample. 3- and 4-aminoacridine outperformed the other aminoacridines in the ease of obtaining acceptable spectra, average number of ions identified in the mass spectra, and low dependence of the sample-to-matrix mass ratio on experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliise Tammekivi
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ali Ghiami-Shomami
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sofja Tshepelevitsh
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aleksander Trummal
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Mihkel Ilisson
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sigrid Selberg
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Signe Vahur
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anu Teearu
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Märt Lõkov
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pilleriin Peets
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Todd Pagano
- Department of Science & Mathematics, Rochester Institute of Technology, 14623 Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Ivo Leito
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Pizzala H, Chendo C, Charles L. Using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance to rationalize best efficiency of 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid over other 2,X-dihydroxybenzoic acid isomers in solvent-free matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization of poly(ethylene glycol). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8966. [PMID: 33037742 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Among isomers of dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB), 2,5-DHB is often the most efficient matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) for a great variety of compounds. Yet, when performing solvent-free MALDI, 2,6-DHB yields better results for poly(ethylene glycol [PEG]). This intriguing feature is explored here using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). METHODS Ternary mixtures were prepared by grinding 2,X-DHB (X = 3-6), poly(ethylene glycol) (Mn = 2000 g mol-1 ) and lithium fluoride (LiF) in a matrix/analyte/salt molar ratio of 50/1/10 for 16 min under a controlled atmosphere. After mixing, a few grains were applied to the MALDI target for MS analysis, whereas the major part of the ground sample was transferred into rotors to perform 13 C, 7 Li, and 19 F NMR experiments. RESULTS Lithiated PEG chains are mainly formed with 2,6-DHB in solvent-free MALDI, but their abundance increases with 2,3-DHB and 2,4-DHB when water uptake is favored by a humid atmosphere. Solid-state NMR shows that grinding 2,6-DHB-based samples in atmospheric conditions leads to a solid phase in which the matrix, PEG, and salt molecules exhibit a high mobility compared with systems involving other 2,X-DHB isomers. This mobile environment would favor (as a solvent) LiF dissociation and best promote PEG cationization. CONCLUSIONS Complementary data in 13 C, 7 Li, and 19 F NMR spectra are consistent with the formation of a solid phase of high mobility composed of 2,6-DHB, PEG, and the two salt components that ultimately favor the production of lithiated PEG chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Pizzala
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Chendo
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Fédération des Sciences Chimiques de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
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Li N, Wang P, Liu X, Han C, Ren W, Li T, Li X, Tao F, Zhao Z. Developing IR-780 as a Novel Matrix for Enhanced MALDI MS Imaging of Endogenous High-Molecular-Weight Lipids in Brain Tissues. Anal Chem 2019; 91:15873-15882. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Biochemistry Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chao Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tuo Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xing Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fengyun Tao
- College of Biochemistry Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Zhenwen Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing Mass Spectrum Center, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Graduate School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Chong YK, Ho CC, Leung SY, Lau SK, Woo PC. Clinical Mass Spectrometry in the Bioinformatics Era: A Hitchhiker's Guide. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2018; 16:316-334. [PMID: 30237866 PMCID: PMC6138949 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a sensitive, specific and versatile analytical technique in the clinical laboratory that has recently undergone rapid development. From initial use in metabolic profiling, it has matured into applications including clinical toxicology assays, target hormone and metabolite quantitation, and more recently, rapid microbial identification and antimicrobial resistance detection by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). In this mini-review, we first succinctly outline the basics of clinical mass spectrometry. Examples of hard ionization (electron ionization) and soft ionization (electrospray ionization, MALDI) are presented to demonstrate their clinical applications. Next, a conceptual discourse on mass selection and determination is presented: quadrupole mass filter, time-of-flight mass spectrometer and the Orbitrap; and MS/MS (tandem-in-space, tandem-in-time and data acquisition), illustrated with clinical examples. Current applications in (1) bacterial and fungal identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and phylogenetic classification, (2) general unknown urine toxicology screening and expanded new-born metabolic screening and (3) clinical metabolic profiling by gas chromatography are outlined. Finally, major limitations of MS-based techniques, including the technical challenges of matrix effect and isobaric interference; and novel challenges in the post-genomic era, such as protein molecular variants, are critically discussed from the perspective of service laboratories. Computer technology and structural biology have played important roles in the maturation of this field. MS-based techniques have the potential to replace current analytical techniques, and existing expertise and instrument will undergo rapid evolution. Significant automation and adaptation to regulatory requirements are underway. Mass spectrometry is unleashing its potentials in clinical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeow-Kuan Chong
- Hospital Authority Toxicology Reference Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH), Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Chemical Pathology and Medical Genetics, Department of Pathology, Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH), Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chi-Chun Ho
- Division of Chemical Pathology, Department of Clinical Pathology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital (PYNEH), Hong Kong
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital (QMH), Hong Kong
- Centre for Genomic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shui-Yee Leung
- Department of Ocean Science, School of Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Susanna K.P. Lau
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick C.Y. Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Lai YH, Wang YS. Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Mechanistic Studies and Methods for Improving the Structural Identification of Carbohydrates. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017; 6:S0072. [PMID: 28959517 PMCID: PMC5610957 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry is one of the most widely used soft ionization methods for biomolecules, the lack of detailed understanding of ionization mechanisms restricts its application in the analysis of carbohydrates. Structural identification of carbohydrates achieved by MALDI mass spectrometry helps us to gain insights into biological functions and pathogenesis of disease. In this review, we highlight mechanistic details of MALDI, including both ionization and desorption. Strategies to improve the ion yield of carbohydrates are also reviewed. Furthermore, commonly used fragmentation methods to identify the structure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Peacock
- First State IR, LLC , 118 Susan Drive, Hockessin, Delaware 19707, United States
| | - Wen-Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Knochenmuss R, Kirmess K, Kinsel G, Blanchard G. Reply to "Comment on: MALDI ionization mechanisms investigated by comparison of isomers of dihydroxybenzoic acid". JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:1103-1104. [PMID: 27496017 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Knochenmuss
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - K Kirmess
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - G Kinsel
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - G Blanchard
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Knochenmuss R. The Coupled Chemical and Physical Dynamics Model of MALDI. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:365-385. [PMID: 27070182 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The coupled physical and chemical dynamics model of ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has reproduced and explained a wide variety of MALDI phenomena. The rationale behind and elements of the model are reviewed, including the photophysics, kinetics, and thermodynamics of primary and secondary reaction steps. Experimental results are compared with model predictions to illustrate the foundations of the model, coupling of ablation and ionization, differences between and commonalities of matrices, secondary charge transfer reactions, ionization in both polarities, fluence and concentration dependencies, and suppression and enhancement effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Knochenmuss
- Departement für Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland;
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Chen JL, Ni CK. Comment on: MALDI ionization mechanisms investigated by comparison of isomers of dihydroxybenzoic acid. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:459-460. [PMID: 27270870 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ionization mechanism of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization was recently investigated by Kirmess et al. (J. Mass Spectrom. 2016, 51, 79). The authors compared the ion yields of dihydroxybenzoic acid isomers between experimental measurements and theoretical models and claimed that the predictions of chemical and physical dynamics model are in good agreement with experimental data, but the predictions of thermal model are not. Here, we show that wrong S1-S1 energy pooling rate constants and absorption cross sections were used in the aforementioned article. In addition, we suggest the authors to list the values of many parameters used in their calculations and describe how they obtained these values because these values are completely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jien-Lian Chen
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kung Ni
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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