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Tachi M, Kobayashi S, Tomita K, Tanahashi T, Imanishi SY. Hierarchical clustering of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry data for screening of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and their analogues in adulterated dietary supplements. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1678:463366. [PMID: 35914410 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sexual enhancement dietary supplements have often been adulterated with phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors used for treatment of erectile dysfunction, and widely distributed through online markets. As the illegal adulterants, the original PDE-5 inhibitor drugs and a numerous number of synthetized analogues, more than 80, have already been found. Therefore, analytical methods that detect various PDE-5 inhibitors and uncover newly synthesized analogues are needed. In this study, we have developed a rapid and reliable screening method for PDE-5 inhibitors and their structural analogues by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) followed by hierarchical clustering based on similarity of MS/MS spectra. Forty reference standards of PDE-5 inhibitors/analogues were measured using a quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometer in data-dependent mode. The 60 most intense fragment ions were extracted from each MS/MS spectra, and the ions observed within 1.5 mDa mass tolerance were considered to be the same ion. Based on fragment ion tables representing detected ions for each compound, hierarchical clustering was performed. The resulting dendrogram showed that the reference standards were separated into seven clusters according to their characteristic structures. Subsequently, two additional standards spiked into a herbal sample were analyzed. While herbal components were clearly separated from the clusters of the reference standards, the spiked standards were clustered closely with the structurally similar standards. Furthermore, application of our method to dietary supplements allowed for detection of sildenafil and tadalafil as adulterants. These results suggest that our screening method facilitates discovery of adulterant PDE-5 inhibitors/analogues by illustrating their structural similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Tachi
- Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 7-6 Nagare, Tsuji-machi, Kita, Nagoya, 462-8576, Japan.
| | - Shunya Kobayashi
- Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 7-6 Nagare, Tsuji-machi, Kita, Nagoya, 462-8576, Japan
| | - Koji Tomita
- Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 7-6 Nagare, Tsuji-machi, Kita, Nagoya, 462-8576, Japan
| | - Takashi Tanahashi
- Aichi Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 7-6 Nagare, Tsuji-machi, Kita, Nagoya, 462-8576, Japan
| | - Susumu Y Imanishi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan.
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Zhu P, Zhou L, Jiang K, Su W, Van Schepdael A, Adams E. Diastereomer recognition of three pairs of tetracyclines by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9221. [PMID: 34761454 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Stereoisomer profiling is always a difficult issue. Based on the difference between diastereomers, usually because of steric hindrance, isomers can be differentiated by mass spectrometry (MS), although it is often not an easy task. In the current study, tetracycline, chlortetracycline and doxycycline could be distinguished from their respective 4-epimers by MS. METHODS The electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn ) analyses were carried out on a Bruker 3000plus ion trap mass spectrometer. For MS/MS experiments, the collision energy was set between 0.18 and 0.45 V to perform energy-resolved mass spectrometry (ERMS). Test solutions were prepared in methanol/water (90:10, v/v) at a concentration of 10 μg/mL. RESULTS Compared with the collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectrum of protonated tetracycline, the most abundant peak changed from m/z 427 to m/z 410 for 4-epitetracycline. For chlortetracycline and its 4-epimer, differences in relative abundance were observed too. In the CID spectrum of a fragment ion of doxycycline, the abundance of m/z 154 was relatively higher than for the 4-epimer, showing the same trend as in the CID spectra of the other two pairs of tetracyclines. CONCLUSIONS The CID spectra of tetracycline and chlortetracycline were different from those of their 4-epimers. The CID spectra of protonated doxycycline and its 4-epimer showed only a subtle difference, but the m/z 154 fragment ion in the CID spectra of the fragment ion at m/z 428 offers the possibility to differentiate both epimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixi Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luxi Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kezhi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weike Su
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erwin Adams
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Jones NS, Comparin JH. Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:608-669. [PMID: 33385148 PMCID: PMC7770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Comparin
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
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Wang L, Wang Y, Yu L, Sun C, Kang Y, Zeng S. Direct differentiation of stereoisomers of ezetimibe/ambrisentan/atorvastatin and their mechanism study by electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:1238-1246. [PMID: 30276925 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A mass spectrometric method is introduced for rapid and accurate chiral quantification by examining a trimeric metal complex into which a chiral reference is incorporated with the analyte. Several metal ions (CuII , NiII , MgII , MnII , CoII , and ZnII ) were selected as the central metal ion, and chiral drugs ezetimibe (EZM) and ambrisentan (AMB) were used as the reference to each other for isomeric differentiation by using electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Doubly charged trimeric cluster ions instead of the singly charged clusters were applied in this study. Kinetic method (KM) and chiral recognition (CR) method were used for construction of a calibration curve for chiral quantitation. The results from the two methods were found to be complementary to each other, which improved quantitative analysis of stereoisomers for EZM. Furthermore, we have successfully used S-AMB as reference for the chiral differentiation of enantiomeric atorvastatin (ATO), which is frequently combined with EZM as a codrug. Experimental results showed that the binary mixture of EZM and ATO enantiomers can be determined simultaneously without prior separation steps. The direct measurement of chiral purity within 5% was demonstrated. This mass spectrometric method represents an effective alternative to commonly used chromatographic techniques as means of chiral purity determination and is of potential use in rapid screening experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yali Wang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Lushan Yu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Cuirong Sun
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yu Kang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, PR China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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Wang Y, Wang L, Chen X, Sun C, Zhu Y, Kang Y, Zeng S. Chiral detection of entecavir stereoisomeric impurities through coordination with R-besivance and Zn II using mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:247-256. [PMID: 29314359 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a mass spectrometry (MS)-based kinetic method (KM) is shown to be successful at analyzing a multichiral center drug stereoisomer, entecavir (ETV), both qualitatively and quantitatively. On the basis of the KM, the bivalent complex ion [MII (A)(ref*)2 ]2+ (MII = divalent metal ion, A = analyte, and ref* = chiral reference) was set as precursor ion in MS/MS. The experiment results suggest strong chiral selectivity between ETV and its isomers when using ZnII coordinated with the chiral reference R-besivance (R-B). The logarithm of the fragment ion abundance ratio and the enantiomeric percentage (%) exhibits a strong linear relation because of the competitive loss of the reference and analyte. The product ion pair [ZnII (R-B)A-H]+ (m/z 733) and [ZnII (R-B)2 -H]+ (m/z 849), together with [R-B + H]+ (m/z 394) and [A + H]+ (m/z 278), can realize the identification of ETV and all of its chiral isomers. Theoretical calculation were also performed using the B3LYP functional with the 6-31G* and LanL2DZ basis set to clarify the mechanism of structural difference of these bivalent complex ions. The results reveal that MS-KM can be used to detect optical impurities without a chiral chromatographic column and fussy sample pretreatment. The established method has been used to determine stereoisomeric impurities of less than 0.1% in ETV crude drug, a demonstration of its simple and effective nature for rapid detection of stereoisomeric impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Drug Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Drug Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolei Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Drug Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cuirong Sun
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Drug Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yixin Zhu
- Zhejiang Haochuang Biotech Co, Ltd, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Drug Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Drug Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
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Chen X, Kang Y, Zeng S. Analysis of stereoisomers of chiral drug by mass spectrometry. Chirality 2018; 30:609-618. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Yu Kang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang China
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Králík F, Jirmásek P, Kuchař M, Setnička V. Chiroptical and vibrational spectroscopic study of genuine and counterfeit medicines containing tadalafil. Chirality 2018; 30:560-567. [PMID: 29419887 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The production and distribution of counterfeit pharmaceuticals present a serious problem worldwide. This is true especially in case of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for treating erectile dysfunction, where consumers often prefer buying them anonymously from unverified sources. In this study, genuine and counterfeit Cialis® 20 mg tablets were analyzed by electronic circular dichroism, vibrational circular dichroism, and infrared spectroscopy. The characteristic spectral patterns were identified by comparison with the spectra of tadalafil standard as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, and its presence was confirmed in all samples. The amount of tadalafil, however, was markedly lower in the case of counterfeit tablet as the observed band intensities were considerably lower. No other significant differences between the genuine and counterfeit tablets were revealed. Ab initio density functional theory calculations provided a detailed description of the stable conformers of tadalafil in a solution and enabled thorough interpretation of the experimental spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Králík
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Jirmásek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchař
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Setnička
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
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