Forced degradation studies of lansoprazole using LC-ESI HRMS and 1 H-NMR experiments: in vitro toxicity evaluation of major degradation products

Automatic Identification of Lansoprazole Degradants under Stress Conditions by LC-HRMS with MassChemSite and WebChembase

Stress testing is one of the most important parts of the drug development process, helping to foresee stability problems and to identify degradation products. One of the processes involving stress testing is represented by forced degradation studies, which can predict the impact of certain conditions of pH, moisture, heat, or other negative effects due to transportation or packaging issues on drug potency and purity, ensuring patient safety. Regulatory agencies have been working on a standardization of laboratory procedures since the past two decades. One of the results of those years of intensive research is the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines, which clearly define which forced degradation studies should be performed on new drugs, which become a routine work in pharmaceutical laboratories. Since used techniques based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry have been developed years ago and are now mastered by pharmaceutical scientists, automation of data analysis, and thus data processing, is becoming a hot topic nowadays. In this work, we present MassChemSite and WebChembase as a tandem to automatize the routine analysis studies without missing information quality, using as a case study the degradation of lansoprazole under acidic, oxidative, basic, and neutral stress conditions.

Stress degradation study of bortezomib: effect of co-solvent, isolation and characterization of degradation products by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and NMR and evaluation of the toxicity of the degradation products

Bortezomib (BTZ) is a first-in-class, potent reversible inhibitor of proteasome used in the treatment of multiple myeloma, the second most common hematological cancer.

Efficient incorporation and protection of lansoprazole in cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks

Lansoprazole (LPZ) is an acid pump inhibitor, which readily degrades upon acidic or basic conditions and under heating. We investigated here LPZ stability upon incorporation in particles made of cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs). LPZ loaded CD-MOFs were successfully synthesized, reaching high LPZ payloads of 23.2 ± 2.1 wt%, which correspond to a molar ratio of 1:1 between LPZ and γ-CD. The homogeneity of LPZ loaded CD-MOFs in terms of component distribution was confirmed by elemental mapping by STEM-EDX. Both CTAB, the surfactant used in the CD-MOFs synthesis, and LPZ compete for their inclusion in the CD cavities. CTAB allowed obtaining regular cubic particles of around 5 µm with 15 wt% residual CTAB amounts. When LPZ was incorporated, the residual CTAB amount was less than 0.1 wt%, suggesting a higher affinity of LPZ for the CDs than CTAB. These findings were confirmed by molecular simulations. Vibrational circular dichroism studies confirmed the LPZ incorporation inside the CDs. Solid-state NMR showed that LPZ was located in the CDs and that it remained intact even after three years storage. Remarkably, the CD-MOFs matrix protected the drug upon thermal decomposition. This study highlights the interest of CD-MOFs for the incorporation and protection of LPZ.

Identification and structural characterization of the stress degradation products of omeprazole using Q-TOF-LC-ESI-MS/MS and NMR experiments: evaluation of the toxicity of the degradation products

Omeprazole (OMP), a prototype proton pump inhibitor used for the treatment of peptic ulcers and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), was subjected to forced degradation studies as per ICH guidelines Q1A (R2).

Identification and characterization of stress degradation products of sumatriptan succinate by using LC/Q-TOF-ESI-MS/MS and NMR: Toxicity evaluation of degradation products

Sumatriptan succinate, a selective 5-HT1B receptor agonist, was subjected to forced degradation studies as per to International Conference on Harmonization-specified conditions. The drug exclusively showed its degradation under basic, photolytic, and oxidative stress conditions, whereas it was found to be stable under acidic, thermal, and neutral conditions. Eight (DP-1 to DP-8) degradation products were identified and characterized by UPLC-ESI/MS/MS experiments combined with accurate mass measurements. The effective chromatographic separation was achieved on Hibar Purospher STAR, C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column using mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid and methanol at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/minute in gradient elution method. It is noteworthy that 2 major degradation products DP-3 and DP-7 were isolated using preparative HPLC and characterized by advanced NMR experiments. The degradation pathway of the sumatriptan was established, which was duly justified by mechanistic explanation. In vitro cytotoxicity of isolated DPs was tested on normal human cells such as HEK 293 (embryonic kidney cells) and RWPE-1 (normal prostate epithelial cells). This study revealed that they were nontoxic up to 100 μm concentration. Further, in silico toxicity of the drug and its degradation products was determined using ProTox-II prediction tool. This study revealed that DP-4 and DP-8 are predicted for immune toxicity. Amine oxidase A and prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 are predicted as toxicity targets for DP-3, DP-4, and DP-6 whereas DP-1 and DP-2 are predicted for amine oxidase A target.

In vitro toxicity assessment of rivaroxaban degradation products and kinetic evaluation to decay process

Degradation kinetics of oral anticoagulant rivaroxaban (RIV) was assessed in acid and alkaline media and while exposed to UVC radiation. Among all stress conditions tested, kinetic degradation process was better described by a zero-order model. A stability indicating method was validated for the analysis of the anticoagulant RIV in tablets by high-performance liquid chromatography. Robustness was evaluated with a two-level Plackett-Burman experimental design. The effect of acute exposition of the human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cell line to RIV stressed samples (100 and 500 µM) was assessed through in vitro toxicity tests. MTT reduction, neutral red uptake, mitochondrial membrane potential, and low molecular weight DNA diffusion assays were employed for cytotoxicity evaluation (5×10⁴ cells/well). The genotoxic potential was assessed by comet assay (2×10⁴ cells/well). Acute toxicity to HepG2 cells was assessed after 24 h incubation with sample solutions, for each test. A direct relationship between the increased amount of alkaline degradation products and higher cytotoxic potential was found. Results obtained by viability assay investigations support the concerns on risks associated with acute toxicity and genotoxicity of pharmaceutical samples containing degradation products as impurities.