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Kołodziej A, Płaza-Altamer A. Advances in the synthesis and application of silver nanoparticles for laser mass spectrometry: A mini-review. Talanta 2024; 277:126347. [PMID: 38838565 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles are used in laser mass spectrometry to replace organic matrices. Thanks to their unique properties, they enable effective desorption/ionization of samples of various polarities and ionization abilities. This review presents new methods for the synthesis of monoisotopic silver nanoparticles and the use of targets coated with these nanoparticles for qualitative and quantitative analyses of various small-molecule compounds. Additionally, the results of progress in the application of AgNPs for metabolomics analyses were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kołodziej
- Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Aneta Płaza-Altamer
- Rzeszów University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959, Rzeszów, Poland
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Sibińska E, Walczak-Skierska J, Arendowski A, Ludwiczak A, Radtke A, Piszczek P, Gabryś D, Robotnik K, Pomastowski P. Advances in LDI-MS Analysis: The Role of Chemical Vapor Deposition-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles in Enhancing Detection of Low-Molecular-Weight Biomolecules. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024. [PMID: 39140654 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
In this investigation, we detail the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) via a precise chemical vacuum deposition (CVD) methodology, aimed at augmenting the analytical performance of laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) for the detection of low-molecular-weight analytes. Employing a precursor supply rate of 0.0014 mg/s facilitated the formation of uniformly dispersed AgNPs, characterized by SEM and AFM to have an average diameter of 33.5 ± 1.5 nm and a surface roughness (Ra) of 11.8 nm, indicative of their homogeneous coverage and spherical morphology. XPS and SEM-EDX analyses confirmed the metallic silver composition of the nanoparticles with Ag peak splitting, reflecting the successful synthesis of metallic Ag. Comparative analytical evaluation with traditional MALDI matrices revealed that AgNPs significantly reduce signal suppression, thereby enhancing the sensitivity and specificity of LDI-MS for low-molecular-weight compounds such as triglycerides, saccharides, amino acids, and carboxylic acids. Notably, the application of AgNPs demonstrated a superior linear response for triglyceride signals with regression coefficients surpassing 0.99, markedly outperforming conventional matrices. The study further extends into quantitative analysis through nanoparticle-based laser desorption/ionization (NALDI), where AgNPs exhibited enhanced ionization efficiency, characterized by substantially lower limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for tested standards. Particular attention was paid to lipids with a detailed examination of their fragmentation pathways. These results highlight the significant potential of AgNPs synthesized via CVD to transform the analytical detection and quantification of low-molecular-weight compounds using NALDI. This approach offers a promising avenue for expanding the scope of analytical applications in mass spectrometry and introducing innovative methodologies for enhanced precision and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Sibińska
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4 Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Justyna Walczak-Skierska
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4 Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Adrian Arendowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4 Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ludwiczak
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4 Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1 Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Radtke
- Department of Inorganic and Coordination Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7 Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Piotr Piszczek
- Department of Inorganic and Coordination Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7 Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Dorota Gabryś
- Radiotherapy Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Wybrzeże Armii Krajowej 15 Str., 44-102 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Kinga Robotnik
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4 Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Department of Inorganic and Coordination Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7 Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Wileńska 4 Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Department of Inorganic and Coordination Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7 Str., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Woźnicka E, Zapała L, Miłoś A, Ciszkowicz E, Lecka-Szlachta K, Woźnicki P, Przygórzewska A, Kosińska-Pezda M, Byczyński Ł. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and biological activities of complexes of light lanthanide ions with 3-hydroxyflavone. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 322:124870. [PMID: 39067436 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
New solid compounds of light lanthanide ions with 3-hydroxyflavone were synthesized in good yields (up to 85 %). The resulting complexes have been thoroughly characterized using various analytical and spectral techniques, including elemental analysis, complexometry, thermogravimetry, UV-VIS, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 109AgNPET LDI MS and fluorescence spectroscopy. The molecular formulas of the complexes were determined as follows: Ln(3HF)3, where 3HF-3-hydroxyflavone, Ln = La(III), Pr(III), Nd(III) and Ln(3HF)3·nH2O, where n = 1 for Ln = Ce(III), Sm(III), Eu(III), and n = 2 for Gd(III). Thermogravimetric studies revealed that the water molecules in the hydrated compounds are located in the outer coordination sphere. Based on the spectral data, it was noted that lanthanide ions interacted with the 3OH and 4CO groups of 3-hydroxyflavone. The effect of lanthanide ion chelation on the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process and fluorescence emission of 3HF was investigated. It was found that coordination with metal ions can suppress the ESIPT process and enhance the fluorescence emission of 3HF. The synthesized compounds were also screened for their antibacterial activity, free radical scavenging capacity, and interaction with BSA. The results showed that the complexes exhibit higher biological activity compared to the ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Woźnicka
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy Av., 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Lidia Zapała
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy Av., 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Anna Miłoś
- Doctoral School of Engineering and Technical Sciences at the Rzeszow University of Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Ewa Ciszkowicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy Av., 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lecka-Szlachta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy Av., 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Paweł Woźnicki
- Students English Division Science Club, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Przygórzewska
- Students English Division Science Club, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kosińska-Pezda
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy Av., 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Łukasz Byczyński
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Krupa Z, Nizioł J. Fiber Laser-Generated Silver-109 Nanoparticles for Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Illicit Drugs. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1156-1167. [PMID: 38709655 PMCID: PMC11157659 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Cannabinoids and opioids are the most prominently used drugs in the world, with fentanyl being the main cause of drug overdose-related deaths. Monitoring drug use in groups as well as in individuals is an important forensic concern. Analytical methods, such as mass spectrometry (MS), have been found most useful for the identification of drug abuse on a small and large scale. Pulsed fiber laser 2D galvoscanner laser-generated nanomaterial (PFL 2D GS LGN) was obtained from monoisotopic silver-109. Nanomaterial was used for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of selected illicit drug standards with standard high-resolution reflectron-based time-of-flight MALDI apparatus. Δ9-THC, 11-OH-THC, 11-COOH-THC, fentanyl, codeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), heroin, tramadol, and methadone were chosen as test compounds. Illicit drugs were tested in a concentration range from 100 μg/mL to 10 pg/mL, equating to 50 μg to 50 fg per measurement spot. For all analyzed compounds, identification and quantification by silver-109-assisted laser desorption/ionization (LDI) MS was possible, with uncommon [M + 109Ag3]+ and [M - H]+ ions present for certain structures. The results of the quantitative analysis of drugs using silver-109 PFL 2D GS LGN for LDI MS are presented. Laser-generated NPs are proven to be useful for the analysis of selected drugs, with exceptionally good results for fentanyl monitoring in a broad range of concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Krupa
- Doctoral
School of Engineering and Technical Sciences at the Rzeszów
University of Technology, 8 Powstańców Warszawy Avenue, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
- Rzeszów
University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, 6 Powstan ´ców Warszawy Avenue, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Joanna Nizioł
- Rzeszów
University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, 6 Powstan ´ców Warszawy Avenue, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Zhao Y, Boukherroub R, Xu G, Li H, Zhao RS, Wei Q, Yu X, Chen X. Au@BN-enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and imaging for determination of fipronil and its metabolites in food and biological samples. Food Chem 2023; 418:135935. [PMID: 36944310 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) represent an attractive inorganic matrix for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) detection of low-molecular-weight analytes; however, their direct use is hindered by severe aggregation. To limit AuNPs aggregation, hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BNNs) were employed as supports to improve their desorption/ionization efficiency. Thus, Au@BN was synthesized and systematically characterized. It showed low background noise and high sensitivity for LDI-MS of fipronil and its metabolites. Au@BN-assisted LDI-MS was validated using complex samples including blueberry juice, green tea beverage, and fish muscle, achieving low detection limits (0.05-0.20 µg·L-1 for liquid media, 0.82-1.25 ng·g-1 for fish muscle), wide linear ranges (0.2-100 µg·L-1 for liquid media, 3.00-1000 ng·g-1 for fish muscle), high reproducibility (7.55%-13.7%), and satisfactory recoveries (82.62%-109.1%). Furthermore, spatial distributions of analytes in strawberries and zebrafish were successfully imaged. This strategy allows for the quantitative analysis of other small molecules in complex substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilisation of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Guiju Xu
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Huijuan Li
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Ru-Song Zhao
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qin Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilisation of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiangfeng Chen
- Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Jinan 250014, China.
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Kołodziej A, Płaza-Altamer A, Nizioł J, Ruman T. Infrared pulsed fiber laser-produced silver-109 nanoparticles for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of 3-hydroxycarboxylic acids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9375. [PMID: 35933593 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE 3-Hydroxycarboxylic acids are one of the major components of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as endotoxins. Endotoxins pose a serious health risk and can seriously damage the internal organs of humans and animals. 3-Hydroxycarboxylic acids can be used as environmental markers to determine endotoxin levels. At the time of preparation of this manuscript no studies on laser mass spectrometry (MS) and analysis with silver nanoparticles (NP) for 3-hydroxycarboxylic acids have been published in literature. METHODS Six acids, 3-hydroxyoctanoic (3-OH-C8:0), 3-hydroxydecanoic (3-OH-C10:0), 3-hydroxydodecanoic (3-OH-C12:0), 3-hydroxytetradecanoic (3-OH-C14:0), 3-hydroxyhexadecanoic (3-OH-C16:0), and 3-hydroxyoctadecanoic (3-OH-C18:0) acids, were used as test compounds on the target containing silver-109 NPs for quantification using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-type mass spectrometer. Methods were also tested on spiked human blood serum samples to quantify 3-hydroxycarboxylic acids and verify the influence of the biological matrix on the measurement. RESULTS Analyzed acids were directly tested in 1 000 000-fold concentration change conditions ranging from 1 mg/mL to 1 ng/mL. The semi-automatic MSI (MS imaging) method allowed us to obtain two to five times lower limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) values than common LDI (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) method for analyzed acids. For almost all results of 3-hydroxycarboxylic acids, the trendline fit was better for the semi-automatic MSI method than the manual LDI method. CONCLUSION For the first time, the use of laser MS for the quantification of 3-hydroxycarboxylic acids has been demonstrated, and it has been proven that it can be used in the quantitative analysis of such compounds over a wide range of concentrations. In addition, a comparison of two methods-manual LDI-MS and semi-automatic MSI-is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kołodziej
- Doctoral School of Engineering and Technical Sciences at the Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Aneta Płaza-Altamer
- Doctoral School of Engineering and Technical Sciences at the Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Joanna Nizioł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ruman
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
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Nanostructured Layer of Silver for Detection of Small Biomolecules in Surface-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124076. [PMID: 35744134 PMCID: PMC9227941 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A facile approach for the synthesis of a silver nanostructured layer for application in surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of low-molecular-weight biomolecules was developed using electrochemical deposition. The deposition was carried out using the following silver salts: trifluoroacetate, acetate and nitrate, varying the voltage and time. The plate based on trifluoroacetate at 10 V for 15 min showed intense SALDI-MS responses for standards of various classes of compounds: fatty acids, cyclitols, saccharides and lipids at a concentration of 1 nmol/spot, with values of the signal-to-noise ratio ≥50. The values of the limit of detection were 0.71 µM for adonitol, 2.08 µM for glucose and 0.39 µM for palmitic acid per spot. SEM analysis of the plate showed anisotropic flower-like microstructures with nanostructures on their surface. The reduced chemical background in the low-mass region can probably be explained by the absence of stabilizers and reducing agents during the synthesis. The plate synthesized with the developed approach showed potential for future use in the analysis of low-molecular-weight compounds of biological relevance. The absence of the need for the utilization of sophisticated equipment and the synthesis time (10 min) may benefit large-scale applications of the layer for the detection of various types of small biomolecules.
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Płaza-Altamer A, Kołodziej A, Nizioł J, Ruman T. Infrared pulsed fiber laser-produced silver-109-nanoparticles for laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of amino acids. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2022; 57:e4815. [PMID: 35191130 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Application of monoisotopic cationic 109Ag nanoparticles (109AgNPs) obtained by pulsed fiber laser (PFL) 2D galvo-scanner (GS) laser generated nanomaterial (LGN) for both high resolution laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and mass spectrometry imaging of amino acids is presented. Four amino acids, alanine, isoleucine, lysine, and phenylalanine were used as test compounds for quantification with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mas (MALDI)-type mass spectrometer. Comparison of commonly made manual measurements with semiautomatic mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) was performed providing very interesting findings. Amino acids were directly tested in 1 000 000-fold concentration change conditions ranging from 1 mg/ml to 1 ng/ml, which equates to 500 ng to 500 fg of amino acid per measurement spot. Methods were also tested on samples of human blood plasma for quantification of endogenous amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Płaza-Altamer
- Doctoral School of Engineering and Technical Sciences, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Artur Kołodziej
- Doctoral School of Engineering and Technical Sciences, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Joanna Nizioł
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ruman
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
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Płaza A, Kołodziej A, Nizioł J, Ruman T. Laser Ablation Synthesis in Solution and Nebulization of Silver-109 Nanoparticles for Mass Spectrometry and Mass Spectrometry Imaging. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2022; 2:14-22. [PMID: 36785587 PMCID: PMC9885948 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Preparation of monoisotopic silver-109 nanoparticles (109AgNPs) by pulsed fiber laser (PFL) ablation synthesis in solution (LASiS) with the use of a 2D galvoscanner (2D GS) is described. The procedure of covering of custom-made stainless-steel MALDI targets containing studied objects via nebulization is also presented. Examples of application of the new method (PFL-2D GS LASiS and nebulization) in mass spectrometry (MS) analyses and MS imaging (MSI) are shown. These include tests with a nonionic nucleoside and saccharide, ionic amino acids, and also a low-molecular-weight polymer. Fingerprint MS imaging is shown as an example of a fast and simple MSI procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Płaza
- Doctoral
School of Engineering and Technical Sciences at the Rzeszów
University of Technology, 8 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., Rzeszów 35-959, Poland
| | - Artur Kołodziej
- Doctoral
School of Engineering and Technical Sciences at the Rzeszów
University of Technology, 8 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., Rzeszów 35-959, Poland
| | - Joanna Nizioł
- Rzeszów
University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry,
Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Department, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ruman
- Rzeszów
University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry,
Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Department, 6 Powstańców Warszawy Ave., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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