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Qin M, Qian Y, Huang L, Zhong C, Li M, Yu J, Chen H. Extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for analytical evaluation and synthetic preparation of pharmaceutical chemicals. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1110900. [PMID: 36713836 PMCID: PMC9880169 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1110900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extraction electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS), due to the unique configuration of its ionization module, enables the effective ionization of trace molecules of interest in samples containing complex matrices with high sensitivity, high selectivity and high responding speed without requiring sample pretreatment, and allows high-energy molecular species to undergo specially designed reactions for advanced functionalization. The typical effects of operating conditions on the analytical performance of extraction electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for various pharmaceutical compounds, pharmaceutical preparations and herbal materials were systematically reviewed. The application prospect of extraction electrospray ionization in molecular functionalization for advanced drug discovery is also briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Qin
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory for BioSample Analysis, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Translational Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Nanchang, Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuqing Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lu Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chao Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Translational Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Nanchang, Centre for Translational Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Vascular Remodeling Diseases, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Mingdong Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Centre for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory for BioSample Analysis, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China,*Correspondence: Huanwen Chen,
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Snyder DT, Szalwinski LJ, Pilo AL, Jarrah NK, Cooks RG. Selective Gas-Phase Mass Tagging via Ion/Molecule Reactions Combined with Single Analyzer Neutral Loss Scans to Probe Pharmaceutical Mixtures. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1092-1101. [PMID: 30887460 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have demonstrated the use of a simple single ion trap mass spectrometer to identify classes of compounds as well as individual components in complex mixtures. First, a neutral reagent was used to mass tag oxygen-containing analytes using a gas-phase ion/molecule reaction. Then, a neutral loss scan was used to indicate the carboxylic acids. The lack of unit mass selectivity in the neutral loss scan required subsequent product ion scans to confirm the presence and identity of the individual carboxylic acids. The neutral loss scan technique reduced the number of data-dependent MS/MS scans required to confirm identification of signals as protonated carboxylic acids. The method was demonstrated on neat mixtures of standard carboxylic acids as well as on solutions of relevant pharmaceutical tablets and may be generalizable to other ion/molecule reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton T Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Lucas J Szalwinski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Alice L Pilo
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Nina K Jarrah
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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3
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Tian Y, Higgs J, Li A, Barney B, Austin DE. How far can ion trap miniaturization go? Parameter scaling and space-charge limits for very small cylindrical ion traps. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2014; 49:233-240. [PMID: 24619549 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A broad effort is underway to make radiofrequency (RF) ion trap mass spectrometers small enough for portable chemical analysis. A variety of trap geometries and fabrication approaches are under development from several research groups. A common issue is the reduced trapping capacity in smaller traps, with the associated reduction in sensitivity. This article explores the key variables that scale with trap size including RF voltage, frequency, electrical capacitance, power and pseudopotential well depth. High-field electric breakdown constrains the maximum RF voltages used in smaller ion traps. Simulations show the effects of space charge and the limits of trapping capacity as a function of trap dimensions for cylindrical ion traps down to the micrometer level. RF amplitudes that scale as the 1/3, 1/2 and 2/3 power of trap radius, r0, were studied. At a fixed level of performance, the number of analyzable ions scales as r0(n), with n ranging from 1.55 to 1.75 depending on the choice of voltage scaling. The implications for miniaturized ion trap mass spectrometry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
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Graichen AM, Vachet RW. Using metal complex ion-molecule reactions in a miniature rectilinear ion trap mass spectrometer to detect chemical warfare agents. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:917-925. [PMID: 23532782 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase reactions of a series of coordinatively unsaturated [Ni(L)n](y+) complexes, where L is a nitrogen-containing ligand, with chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants in a miniature rectilinear ion trap mass spectrometer were investigated as part of a new approach to detect CWAs. Results show that upon entering the vacuum system via a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) membrane introduction, low concentrations of several CWA simulants, including dipropyl sulfide (simulant for mustard gas), acetonitrile (simulant for the nerve agent tabun), and diethyl phosphite (simulant for nerve agents sarin, soman, tabun, and VX), can react with metal complex ions generated by electrospray ionization (ESI), thereby providing a sensitive means of detecting these compounds. The [Ni(L)n](2+) complexes are found to be particularly reactive with the simulants of mustard gas and tabun, allowing their detection at low parts-per-billion (ppb) levels. These detection limits are well below reported exposure limits for these CWAs, which indicates the applicability of this new approach, and are about two orders of magnitude lower than electron ionization detection limits on the same mass spectrometer. The use of coordinatively unsaturated metal complexes as reagent ions offers the possibility of further tuning the ion-molecule chemistry so that desired compounds can be detected selectively or at even lower concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Graichen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Collection method for chemical particulates on surfaces with detection using thermal desorption-ion trap mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 776:64-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chen TC, Xu W, Ouyang Z. Dual buffer gases for ion manipulation in a miniature ion trap mass spectrometer with a discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:3274-3280. [PMID: 22006390 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface (DAPI) has been developed to allow a direct transfer of ions from atmosphere into an ion trap mass spectrometer with minimum pumping capability. Air is introduced into the trap with ions and used as a buffer gas for the ion trap operation. In this study, a method of introducing helium as a second buffer gas was developed for a miniature mass spectrometer using a dual DAPI configuration. The buffer gas effects on the performance of a linear ion trap (LIT) with hyperbolic electrodes were characterized for ion isolation, fragmentation and a mass-selective instability scan. Significant improvement was obtained with helium for resolutions of mass analysis and ion isolation, while moderate advantage was gained with air for collision-induced dissociation. The buffer gas can be switched between air and helium for different steps within a single scan, which allows further optimization of the instrument performance for tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chi Chen
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Gao X, Zhu G, Zeng Z, Chen W, Lin Z, Liu Y, Xu P, Zhao Y. A novel methyl migration to the phosphoryl group with the formation of cyclic aminoacylphosphoramidates in electrospray ionization tandem mass spectra of amino acid ester phosphoramidates of antiviral nucleosides. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1061-1069. [PMID: 21452383 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The mass spectral behavior of amino acid methyl ester phosphoramidate derivatives have been investigated using electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n)) and moderate theoretical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. A novel methyl group migration to the phosphoryl group with the formation of the intermediate cyclic aminoacylphosphoramidate was found. The proposed structures of the rearrangement ions were confirmed by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. A possible mechanism involving the pentacoordinate phosphoric-carboxylic phosphate anhydride was proposed, in which the metal ion coordination with the phosphoryl and carbonyl groups and the intrinsic properties of phosphoryl group might be the key factors responsible for this novel migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Department of Chemistry and The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
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Smith JN, Keil AD, Noll RJ, Cooks RG. Ion/molecule reactions for detecting ammonia using miniature cylindrical ion trap mass spectrometers. Analyst 2011; 136:120-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00630k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cui J, Gao X, Fan A, Zhang S, Liu Y, Xu P, Zhao Y. Identification of amino acid phosphorodiamidates of antiviral nucleosides using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2011; 17:187-195. [PMID: 21719918 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Several amino acid phosphorodiamidate derivatives of d4T as anti-HIV prodrugs were synthesized and investigated using electrospray ionization multistage tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS(n)). A novel methyl group migration in gas phase was observed in ESI-MS(2) of the sodium adducts of amino acid methyl ester of phosphorodiamidates of 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (d4T). The proposed structures of the rearrangement ions were confirmed by high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. A possible mechanism involving the pentacoordinate phosphoric-carboxylic phosphate anhydride was proposed, in which a seven-membered ring intermediate was formed by coordination with the metal ion between the phosphoryl group and carbonyl oxygen atom. Thus, the intrinsic properties of phosphoryl group might be the key factors responsible for this migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Cui
- Department of Chemistry and The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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Gao X, Ni F, Bao J, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Xu P, Zhao Y. Formation of cyclic acylphosphoramidates in mass spectra of N-monoalkyloxyphosphoryl amino acids using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2010; 45:779-787. [PMID: 20544690 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The fragmentation reactions of N-monoalkyloxyphosphoryl amino acids (N-MAP-AAs) were studied by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The sodiated cyclic acylphosphoramidates (CAPAs) were formed through a characteristic pentacoordinate phosphate participated rearrangement reaction in the positive-ion ESI-MS/MS and HR-MS/MS of N-MAP-AAs, in which the fragmentation patterns were clearly different from those observed in the corresponding ESI-MS/MS of N-dialkyloxyphosphoryl amino acids/peptides and N-phosphono amino acids. The formation of CAPAs depended on the chemical structures of N-terminal phosphoryl groups, such as alkyloxy group, negative charge and alkali metal ion. A possible integrated rearrangement mechanism for both P-N to P-O phosphoryl group migration and formation of CAPAs was proposed. The fragmentation patterns of CAPAs as novel intermediates in gas phase were also investigated. In addition, it was found that the formation of alpha-amino acid CAPAs was more favorable than beta- or gamma-CAPAs in gas phase, which was consistent with previous solution-phase experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Department of Chemistry and The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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Design and Performance of Gas Chromatograph-Rectlinear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(08)60026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Chen H, Zheng J, Zhang X, Luo M, Wang Z, Qiao X. Surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for direct ambient sample analysis without toxic chemical contamination. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:1045-56. [PMID: 17605144 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry, pioneered with desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) technique, is of increasing interest in recent years. In this study, a corona discharge ionization source is adapted for direct surface desorption chemical ionization of compounds on various surfaces at atmospheric pressure. Ambient air, with about 60% relative humidity, is used as a reagent to generate primary ions such as H(3)O(+), which is then directed to impact the sample surface for desorption and ionization. Under experimental conditions, protonated or deprotonated molecules of analytes present on various samples are observed using positive or negative corona discharge. Fast detection of trace amounts of analytes present in pharmaceutical preparations, viz foods, skins and clothes has been demonstrated without any sample pretreatment. Taking the advantage of the gasless setup, powder samples such as amino acids and mixtures of pharmaceutical preparations are rapidly analyzed. Impurities such as sudan dyes in tomato sauce are detected semiquantitatively. Molecular markers (e.g. putrescine) for meat spoilage are successfully identified from an artificially spoiled fish sample. Chemical warfare agent stimulants, explosives and herbicides are directly detected from the skin samples and clothing exposed to these compounds. This provides a detection limit of sub-pg (S/N > or = 3) range in MS2. Metabolites and consumed chemicals such as glucose are detected successfully from human skins. Conclusively, surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (DAPCI) mass spectrometry, without toxic chemical contamination, detects various compounds in complex matrices, showing promising applications for analyses of human related samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanwen Chen
- Applied Chemistry Department, East China Institute of Technology, Fuzhou 344000, P. R. China
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Agüera A, Mezcua M, Mocholí F, Vargas-Berenguel A, Fernández-Alba AR. Application of gas chromatography-hybrid chemical ionization mass spectrometry to the analysis of diclofenac in wastewater samples. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1133:287-92. [PMID: 16956617 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 07/31/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid chemical ionization (HCI), a new and useful alternative to conventional chemical ionization mass spectrometry, has been applied to the analysis of the pharmaceutical diclofenac in wastewater samples. This technique takes advantage of the high versatility of ion trap (IT) spectrometers combined with external ionization sources. In hybrid configuration, reagent ions are generated in the external source through electron ionisation (EI) of a reagent gas. These reagent ions are then drawn into the ion trap and only those selected are allowed to react with analytes eluting from the GC column. These ion-molecule reactions create analyte ions which are held in the ion trap. In this study ion-molecule reactions between C(3)F(5)(+) cations, generated from perfluorotributylamine (FC43), and diclofenac molecules have been investigated. The observed reaction products were [M+C(3)F(5)-H(2)O](+) adduct ions, which result from the initial electrophilic addition of C(3)F(5)(+) cations to the diclofenac molecule followed by the rapid loss of H(2)O. Further fragmentation of these ions by MS/MS yielded enough daughter ions for a reliable identification of diclofenac in complex matrices. The GC-HCI-MS/MS method applied to wastewater samples provided highly enhanced selectivity and sensibility, with a detection limit in real samples of 3.0 ng/L, for a solid-phase extraction (SPE) pre-concentration factor of 400. Other performance characteristics of the method, such as linearity and precision were also satisfactory. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the analysis of wastewater samples taken from the effluent of an urban sewage treatment plant (STP).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agüera
- Department of Hydrogeology and Analytical Chemistry, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:128-39. [PMID: 16402416 DOI: 10.1002/jms.948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
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