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Occurrence of Enteric Viruses in Surface Water and the Relationship with Changes in Season and Physical Water Quality Dynamics. Adv Virol 2020; 2020:9062041. [PMID: 32695168 PMCID: PMC7354635 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9062041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental water quality issues have dominated global discourse and studies over the past five decades. Significant parameters of environmental water quality include changes in biological and physical parameters. Some of the biological parameters of significance include occurrence of enteric viruses. Enteric viruses can affect both human and animal's health by causing diseases such as gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. In this study, the relationship between the occurrence of enteric viruses with reference to adenoviruses and enteroviruses and the physical water quality characteristics was assessed from water samples collected from Lake Victoria (LV) in Kenya. In order to understand the dynamics of season driven enteric viruses' contamination of the lake waters, we additionally analysed seasonal behavior of the lake's catchment area in terms of rainfall effects. Physical quality parameters were measured on-site while viral analysis was carried out by molecular methods using the nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). From 216 samples that were analysed for viral contamination, enteric viral genomes were discovered in 18 (8.3%) of the samples. Out of half of the samples (108) collected during the rainy season, enteric viral genomes were detected in 9.26% (10) while 8 (7.41%) samples tested positive from the other half of the samples (108) collected during the dry season. There was, however, no significant correlation noted between the physical water quality characteristics and the enteric viruses' occurrence. Neither wet season nor dry season was significantly associated with the prevalence of the viruses. In Lake Victoria waters, most of the samples had an average of physical water quality parameters that were within the range accepted by the World Health Organization (WHO) for surface waters with exemption of turbidity which was above the recommended 5 NTU as recorded from some sampling sites. Continuous and long-term surveillance of the lake water to accurately monitor the contaminants and possible correlation between chemical, physical, and biological characteristics is recommended. This would be important in continuous understanding of the hydrological characteristics changes of the lake for proper management of its quality with reference to the WHO standards. A multiple varied-sampling approach in different geographical regions during different seasons is recommended to establish the geographical distribution and relatedness to seasonal distribution patterns of the viruses. The data generated from this study will be useful in providing a basis for assessment of seasonally driven fecal pollution load of the lake and enteric virus contamination for proper management of the sanitary situation around the lake.
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Novel impedimetric immunosensor for the detection and quantitation of Adenovirus using reduced antibody fragments immobilized onto a conducting copolymer surface. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 32:104-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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3
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Tayeb HT, Dela Cruz DM, Al-Qahtani A, Al-Ahdal MN, Carter MJ. Enteric viruses in pediatric diarrhea in Saudi Arabia. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1919-29. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Frequency of detection of respiratory viruses in the lower respiratory tract of hospitalized adults. J Clin Virol 2008; 42:215-20. [PMID: 18343193 PMCID: PMC7108434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory infections are the most common infections in humans. The prevalence of respiratory viruses in adults is largely underestimated, and relevant data mostly concern infants and children. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the prevalence of respiratory viruses in adults hospitalized in Italy. STUDY DESIGN During April 2004--May 2005, 510 consecutive lower respiratory tract samples were prospectively collected. These were evaluated with a molecular panel that detected 12 respiratory viruses. RESULTS Two hundred and fifteen samples were positive for at least one viral pathogen, with an overall sample prevalence of 42.2%. Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) were the most commonly detected viruses (32.9%), followed by influenza virus (FLU)-A (9.0%); the other viruses were 2% or less. Multiple agents were detected in 30 samples from 29 patients, resulting in a co-infection rate of 6.7%. CONCLUSIONS This study shows a high prevalence of viruses in the lower respiratory tract samples of hospitalized adults, mostly HRV and FLU-A. It is not possible to establish the role of viruses detected at low frequency, but our findings suggest the necessity to consider them as potential causes or precursors of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs).
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Matsui K, Shimizu H, Yoshida A, Nagaoka E, Nishio O, Okuda K. Monitoring of adenovirus from conjunctival scrapings in Japan during 2005–2006. J Med Virol 2008; 80:997-1003. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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6
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Casas I, Avellon A, Mosquera M, Jabado O, Echevarria JE, Campos RH, Rewers M, Perez-Breña P, Lipkin WI, Palacios G. Molecular identification of adenoviruses in clinical samples by analyzing a partial hexon genomic region. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 43:6176-82. [PMID: 16333124 PMCID: PMC1317187 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.12.6176-6182.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present a system for adenovirus detection and genotyping based on PCR amplification and phylogenetic analysis of a conserved hexon gene fragment. The system was validated using 157 sequences (86 previously typed and 71 clinical samples) and correctly identified species and serotype in 100% and 84% of sequences, respectively. Known associations between specific serotypes and clinical syndromes are verified. Possible new associations are described to allow further independent testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Casas
- Jerome L. and Dawn Greene Infectious Disease Laboratory, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 772 W. 168th Street, Floor 18, New York, NY 10032, USA
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7
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Lee JA, Kim NH, Kim SJ, Choi EH, Lee HJ. Rapid identification of human adenovirus types 3 and 7 from respiratory specimens via multiplex type-specific PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:5509-14. [PMID: 16272478 PMCID: PMC1287773 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.11.5509-5514.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 05/14/2005] [Accepted: 08/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid diagnosis of human adenovirus (Ad) infection is crucial for the timely recognition of epidemics. Moreover, identification of the serotypes known to cause serious disease can be helpful in therapeutic intervention. A multiplex PCR assay was developed for the rapid detection of adenovirus type 3 (Ad3) and Ad7 directly from clinical specimens. For this assay, three primer pairs (primers were based on the conserved and hypervariable regions of the hexon) were designed in order to simultaneously amplify all adenoviral serotypes and discriminate between Ad3 and Ad7. In our preliminary analysis, this multiplex PCR assay generated amplicons of the consensus primers from all 106 adenoviral isolates of diverse serotypes and proved able to correctly identify Ad3 and Ad7. This assay was subsequently applied to the detection of Ad3 and Ad7 in respiratory specimens. Among the 127 nasal aspirates from which an adenovirus was grown, the sensitivity with which any serotype could be detected was 91% (115/127). Two of the 53 nasal aspirates which did not grow Ads yielded adenovirus-specific bands, which were confirmed by sequencing analysis. Among the 115 specimens which produced common adenoviral bands, the sensitivity with which Ad3 could be detected was 93% (26/28), and the sensitivity with which Ad7 could be detected was 100% (35/35). Five out of the 115 specimens were proved to harbor more than one type of Ad via sequencing analysis of the amplicons, suggesting mixed infection with at least two different serotypes. In conclusion, this multiplex PCR system can be utilized in the rapid identification of Ad3 and Ad7 directly from clinical specimens. Furthermore, this method constitutes a diagnostic strategy for the detection of coinfection by different Ad serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin A Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
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8
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van Heerden J, Ehlers MM, Heim A, Grabow WOK. Prevalence, quantification and typing of adenoviruses detected in river and treated drinking water in South Africa. J Appl Microbiol 2005; 99:234-42. [PMID: 16033453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Human adenoviruses (HAds), of which there are 51 serotypes, are associated with gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary tract and eye infections. The importance of water in the transmission of HAds and the potential health risks constituted by HAds in these environments are widely recognized. Adenoviruses have not previously been quantified in river and treated drinking water samples. In this study, HAds in river water and treated drinking water sources in South Africa were detected, quantified and typed. METHODS AND RESULTS Adenoviruses were recovered from the water samples using a glass wool adsorption-elution method followed by polyethylene glycol/NaCl precipitation for secondary concentration. The sensitivity and specificity of two nested PCR methods were compared for detection of HAds in the water samples. Over a 1-year period (June 2002 to July 2003), HAds were detected in 5.32% (10/188) of the treated drinking water and 22.22% (10/45) of river water samples using the conventional nested PCR method. The HAds detected in the water samples were quantified using a real-time PCR method. The original treated drinking water and river water samples had an estimate of less than one copy per litre of HAd DNA present. The hexon-PCR products used for typing HAds were directly sequenced or cloned into plasmids before sequencing. In treated drinking water samples, species D HAds predominated. In addition, adenovirus serotypes 2, 40 and 41 were each detected in three different treated drinking water samples. Most (70%) of the HAds detected in river water samples analysed were enteric HAds (serotypes 40 and 41). One HAd serotype 2 and two species D HAds were detected in the river water. CONCLUSIONS Adenoviruses detected in river and treated drinking water samples were successfully quantified and typed. The detection of HAds in drinking water supplies treated and disinfected by internationally recommended methods, and which conform to quality limits for indicator bacteria, warrants an investigation of the risk of infection constituted by these viruses. The risk of infection may have implications for the management of drinking water quality. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study is unique as it is the first report on the quantification and typing of HAds in treated drinking water and river water. This baseline data is necessary for the meaningful assessment of the potential risk of infection constituted by these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Heerden
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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9
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Minosse C, Zaniratti MS, Calcaterra S, Carletti F, Muscillo M, Pisciotta M, Pillitteri L, Corpolongo A, Lauria FN, Narciso P, Anzidei G, Capobianchi MR. Application of a molecular panel to demonstrate enterotropic virus shedding by healthy and human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:1979-81. [PMID: 15815037 PMCID: PMC1081398 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.4.1979-1981.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a molecular panel, targeting seven enteric viruses, to explore the advantage of using molecular methods to establish the etiology of enteric diseases and to evaluate the prevalence of enteric viruses in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. This approach favors rapidity and sensitivity of laboratory diagnosis of viral enteric syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Minosse
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) L. Spallanzani, Via Portuense, 292-00149 Rome, Italy
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Sarantis H, Johnson G, Brown M, Petric M, Tellier R. Comprehensive detection and serotyping of human adenoviruses by PCR and sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:3963-9. [PMID: 15364976 PMCID: PMC516336 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.9.3963-3969.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses are common pathogens associated with many diseases, including respiratory, gastrointestinal, and ocular infections. Because they are now being increasingly recognized as agents of life-threatening disseminated infection in immunocompromised patients, robust and sensitive laboratory detection methods are needed for their rapid diagnosis. We describe here a PCR assay using a single primer pair, targeting a region of the hexon gene containing hypervariable region 7, that can detect all known human adenovirus serotypes and allows for serotype determination through the analysis of the nucleotide sequence. This comprehensive assay has proven effective for diagnosing adenoviruses at the serotype level in a broad range of patient specimens, including conjunctival, nasopharyngeal, stool, blood, and urine specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Sarantis
- Division of Microbiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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11
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Bányai K, Máté Z, Adám E, Uj M, Nász I, Szücs G. Screening adenoviruses in stool samples: evaluation of a genus-specific monoclonal antibody based enzyme immunoassay. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2003; 50:23-32. [PMID: 12793198 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.50.2003.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To screen fecal samples for adenovirus antigens a genus-specific monoclonal antibody based enzyme immunoassay was developed. In a comparative analysis with commercial latex agglutination test, high sensitivity was demonstrated. The assay did not detect other viruses usually found in faeces suggesting its specificity. One hundred and eighty stool samples collected in Baranya County were tested and 13 (7.2%) of them showed reactivity. The application of our immunoassay combined with other, more sophisticated methods may help us to determine the serotype specificity of these adenovirus isolates and assess the importance of adenoviruses in viral gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bányai
- Regional Laboratory of Virology, Baranya County Institute, State Public Health Service, Szabadságút 7, P.O. Box 47, H-7601 Pécs, Hungary
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Houng HSH, Liang S, Chen CMR, Keith J, Echavarria M, Sanchez JL, Kolavic SA, Vaughn DW, Binn LN. Rapid type-specific diagnosis of adenovirus type 4 infection using a hexon-based quantitative fluorogenic PCR. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 42:227-36. [PMID: 12007439 DOI: 10.1016/s0732-8893(02)00356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A hexon-based fluorogenic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay utilizing the 5'-nuclease activity of DNA Taqpolymerase was developed as a rapid and type-specific diagnostic system for adenovirus type 4 (Ad4) detection and quantification. The assay consists of a pair of flanking primers and an internal fluorescence labeled probe that allows real time amplification to quantify the Ad4 virus. One out of 12 flanking primer pairs evaluated (combinations of three forward primers and four reverse primers) was found to be optimal for Ad4 virus detection that yielded background-free operation, i.e., no fluorescent signal generated by non-template controls. The assay was employed to detect Ad4 reference virus strain RI-67, Wyeth Ad4 vaccine strain and 71 different clinical Ad4 isolates from US military recruits used in this study with consistent sensitivity (lower detection limit) of 2-4 pfu per PCR reaction. The assay showed linear Ad4 detection with a dynamic range of greater than five logs (from 2-4 pfu/assay to greater than 10(5) pfu/assay). This Ad4-specific assay did not crossreact with representative members of Ad subgroups A, B, C, D and F at viral concentrations greater than 10(8) pfu/ml. It was also demonstrated that Ad4 viruses could be efficiently detected from throat swabs (71/72 specimens or 98.6% detection sensitivity) of infected patients by the Ad4-specific PCR. In general, there was a good correlation between PCR determined viral titers in throat swabs and time required to detect viral cytopathic effects (CPE) in cell culture. Evaluation of the simple Ad4 specific assay developed in this study could be used to provide a rapid clinically relevant diagnosis of Ad4 infections in patients with acute respiratory disease (ARD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huo-Shu H Houng
- Department of Virus Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, USA.
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Rasool NBG, Monroe SS, Glass RI. Determination of a universal nucleic acid extraction procedure for PCR detection of gastroenteritis viruses in faecal specimens. J Virol Methods 2002; 100:1-16. [PMID: 11742648 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(01)00379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Four nucleic acid extraction protocols were examined for their suitability for extraction of the ssRNA, dsRNA and dsDNA genomes of gastroenteritis viruses, for PCR detection. Protocol (A), employed specimen lysis with guanidinium thiocyanate, extraction with phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol and nucleic acid purification by size-fractionated silica particles. Protocol (B), utilised specimen lysis with guanidinium thiocyanate and nucleic acid purification by silica, followed by phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol extraction. Protocol (C), employed specimen lysis with guanidinium thiocyanate and nucleic acid purification by RNAID glass powder. Protocol (D), employed specimen lysis with sodium dodecyl sulphate, proteinase K digestion and extraction with phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol. Of the four protocols, (B) appeared to be a suitable candidate 'universal' nucleic acid extraction procedure for PCR detection of different viral agents of gastroenteritis in a single nucleic acid extract of a faecal specimen, irrespective of genome composition. Omission of the phenol-chloroform extraction step did not affect negatively the ability of protocol (B) to allow PCR detection of gastroenteritis viruses in faecal specimens. PCR detection of NLVs, astroviruses, rotaviruses and adenoviruses, in single nucleic acid extracts of faecal specimens obtained from the field, confirmed the universality of the modified protocol (B). We propose the modified protocol (B) as a 'universal' nucleic acid extraction procedure, for monoplex PCR detection of gastroenteritis viruses in single nucleic acid extracts of faecal specimens and for development of multiplex PCR for their simultaneous detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassar B G Rasool
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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14
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Allard A, Albinsson B, Wadell G. Rapid typing of human adenoviruses by a general PCR combined with restriction endonuclease analysis. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:498-505. [PMID: 11158096 PMCID: PMC87765 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.2.498-505.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a system for rapid typing of adenoviruses (Ads) based on a combination of PCR and restriction endonuclease (RE) digestion (PCR-RE digestion). Degenerated consensus primers were designed, allowing amplification of DNA from all 51 human Ad prototype strains and altogether 44 different genome variants of Ad serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 19, 40, and 41. The 301-bp amplimer of 22 prototype strains representing all six subgenera and the genome variant was selected as a target for sequencing to look for subgenus and genome type variabilities. The sequences obtained were used to facilitate the selection of specific REs for discrimination purposes in a diagnostic assay by following the concept of cleavage or noncleavage of the 301-bp amplimer. On the basis of these results, a flowchart was constructed, allowing identification of subgenus B:2 and D serotypes and almost complete distinction of subgenus A, B:1, C, E, and F serotypes. Application of the PCR-RE digestion system to clinical samples allowed typing of 34 of 40 clinical samples positive for Ad. The genome type determined by this method was identical to that obtained by traditional RE typing of full-length Ad DNA. The remaining six samples were positive only after a nested PCR. Therefore, to reduce the risk of false-negative results, samples scored negative by the PCR-RE digestion system should be evaluated by the described nested PCR. Used in combination, the PCR-RE digestion method and the nested PCR provide a reliable and sensitive system that can easily be applied to all kinds of clinical samples when rapid identification of adenoviruses is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Allard
- Department of Virology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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15
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Elnifro EM, Cooper RJ, Klapper PE, Bailey AS. PCR and restriction endonuclease analysis for rapid identification of human adenovirus subgenera. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:2055-61. [PMID: 10834953 PMCID: PMC86727 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.6.2055-2061.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/1999] [Accepted: 03/10/2000] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Subgenus identification of adenoviruses is of clinical importance and is as informative as identification by serotype in most clinical situations. A PCR-based identification of adenovirus subgenera A, B, C, D, E, and F and sometimes serotypes is described. The PCR uses nonnested primer pair ADRJC1-ADRJC2, which targets a highly conserved region of the adenovirus hexon gene, has a sensitivity of 10 to 40 copies of adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) DNA, and generates 140-bp PCR products from adenovirus serotypes representative of all the subgroups. The PCR products of all subgroups can be differentiated on the basis of the restriction fragment patterns produced by a total of five restriction endonucleases. In addition, serotypes Ad40 and Ad41 (subgroup F) and important serotypes of subgroup D (Ad8, Ad10, Ad19, and Ad37) can easily be differentiated, but serotypes within subgroups B and C cannot. The method was assessed by blind subgenus identification of 56 miscellaneous clinical isolates of adenoviruses. The identities of these isolates at the subgenus level by the PCR correlated 91% (51 of 56) with the results of serotyping by the neutralization test, and 9% (5 of 56) of clinical isolates produced discordant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Elnifro
- School of Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
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16
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Akalu A, Seidel W, Liebermann H, Bauer U, Döhner L. Rapid identification of subgenera of human adenovirus by serological and PCR assays. J Virol Methods 1998; 71:187-96. [PMID: 9626952 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(97)00213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterially expressed recombinant protein IX (pIX) of human adenovirus serotype 2 (Ad2) and 3 (Ad3) was evaluated for use as a subgenus-specific antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting. Patients sera positive by ELISA for the genus-specific adenovirus hexon antigen recognized the recombinant pIX of Ad2 and Ad3 in a subgenus-specific manner by both assays. Polyclonal rabbit serum raised against the recombinant Ad2pIX reacted strongly by indirect immunofluorescence assay, with Adl, 2 and 5 (subgenus C) but not with serotypes representing other subgenera. In a similar way, anti-Ad3pIX reacted with Ad3, 7, 11 and 14 (subgenus B), but not with serotypes representing other subgenera. A polymerase chain reaction showed that the complete pIX gene could be amplified in a subgenus specific fashion using primers specific for Ad3 (subgenus B), Ad2 (subgenus C), or Ad40/41 (subgenus F). The pIX gene from the available isolates of subgenus A, D and E was not amplified with these primers. The use of pIX-based serological assays is useful for subgenotyping as a primary screen of anti-Ad sera. It is much more rapid than the currently used neutralization assay or hemagglutination inhibition test. The application of anti-pIX sera by immunofluorescence and a pIX gene-based PCR are rapid methods which will improve subgenus identification of adenoviruses.
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MESH Headings
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/diagnosis
- Adenovirus Infections, Human/virology
- Adenoviruses, Human/classification
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adenoviruses, Human/immunology
- Adenoviruses, Human/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Capsid/genetics
- Capsid/immunology
- Capsid Proteins
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Serotyping
- Species Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- A Akalu
- Abteilung für Virologie, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universität Greifswald, Germany
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17
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Reubel GH, Studdert MJ. Sequence analysis of equine adenovirus 2 hexon and 23K proteinase genes indicates a phylogenetic origin distinct from equine adenovirus 1. Virus Res 1997; 50:41-56. [PMID: 9255934 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(97)00051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the first nucleotide sequence data on equine adenovirus 2 (EAdV2) which corroborate on the molecular level that EAdV2 is distinct from equine adenovirus 1 (EAdV1). Based on sequence homology with Eadv1 the hexon gene of Eadv2 was identified. HindIII restriction fragments containing the hexon and eight other viral genes were cloned into the plasmid pUC19 and the nucleotide sequence of the hexon and the 23K proteinase genes completely determined. Amino acid (aa) comparison of sequence fragments with published adenovirus (AdV) proteins identified the genes for the E1B/19K, IVa2, DNA polymerase, terminal protein, pVI, DNA binding and 100K proteins, usually with highest similarities to human AdV. The nine EAdV2 genes appeared to be in the same relative order as homologous genes of other AdV. The EAdV2 hexon was encoded between the minor capsid precursor protein pVI upstream and the 23K proteinase gene downstream and comprised 2712 nucleotides which translated into 903 aa residues. It was more closely related to the human AdV48 hexon with 71.6% identical and 82.7% functionally similar aa than to the EAdV1 hexon gene with 69.3% aa identity and 80.7% functional similarity. The deduced aa sequence of the EAdV2 23K proteinase gene was 201 residues; it shared 59.7% identical and 75% similar aa residues with the bovine AdV3 23K proteinase as the closest relative. Phylogenetic analysis of the hexon and 23K proteinase genes indicated that EAdV2 does not share an immediate common ancestor with EAdV1 and other AdV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Reubel
- Centre for Equine Virology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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18
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Kidd AH, Jonsson M, Garwicz D, Kajon AE, Wermenbol AG, Verweij MW, De Jong JC. Rapid subgenus identification of human adenovirus isolates by a general PCR. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:622-7. [PMID: 8904426 PMCID: PMC228858 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.34.3.622-627.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In most clinical situations involving adenovirus infection, subgenus (subgroup) identification of an adenovirus isolate is as informative as a finer identification by serotype. A PCR method which allows the identification of human adenovirus isolates as members of subgenera A, B:1, B:2, C, D, E, or F is described. It is based on a simple (nonnested) PCR using primers which bind to regions immediately flanking the VA RNA-encoding regions of human adenovirus genomes. The PCR allows amplification of DNA from all 49 human adenovirus prototype strains so far described. Since there are differences in the lengths of the VA RNA-encoding regions in adenoviruses of different subgenera, it is possible to differentiate some subgenera according to the size of the PCR product determined by electrophoresis. This forms the basis of an initial broad categorization of isolates as belonging to either (i) subgenus B:1, C, D, or E or (ii) subgenus A, B:2, or F. Subgenus identification is completed by a one-step restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis. The method was assessed by blind subgenus identification of 200 miscellaneous primate adenovirus isolates prepared by the reference laboratory at Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Identification at the subgenus level by PCR correlated 91.5% with the results of serotyping. A further 5.5% of isolates were correctly identified as belonging to one of two specified subgenera. Six of the 200 identifications (3%) were unsuccessful for various reasons, including weak PCR products, intermediate strains, and mistaken primate host. The method should serve as a rapid means of confirming adenovirus cytopathic effects in laboratories performing virus culture, with simultaneous subgenus identification of the isolate. It will also have relevance as an aid to conventional serotyping for epidemiological purposes, since for all adenoviruses except those belonging to subgenus D, neutralization tests need only involve a maximum of four type-specific antisera.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Kidd
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, The Netherlands
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