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Tiku VR, Jiang B, Kumar P, Aneja S, Bagga A, Bhan MK, Ray P. First study conducted in Northern India that identifies group C rotavirus as the etiological agent of severe diarrhea in children in Delhi. Virol J 2017; 14:100. [PMID: 28558823 PMCID: PMC5450416 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group C Rotavirus (RVC) is an enteric pathogen responsible for acute gastroenteritis in children and adults globally. At present there are no surveillance studies on group C Rotaviruses in India and therefore their prevalence in India remains unknown. The present study aimed to evaluate group C rotavirus infection among <5 years old children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in New Delhi. METHODS A total of 350 fecal specimens were collected during September 2013 to November 2014 from <5 years old diarrheal patients admitted at KSCH hospital, Delhi. The samples found negative for group A rotavirus (N = 180) by Enzyme immunoassay were screened for group C rotavirus by RT-PCR with VP6, VP7 and VP4 gene specific primers. The PCR products were further sequenced (VP6, VP7, VP4) and analyzed to ascertain their origin and G and P genotypes. RESULTS Six out of 180 (group A rotavirus negative) samples were found positive for group C rotavirus by VP6 gene specific RT-PCR, of which 3 were also found positive for VP7 and VP4 genes. Phylogenetic analysis of VP7 and VP4 genes of these showed them to be G4 and P[2] genotypes. Overall, the nucleotide sequence data (VP6, VP7 and VP4) revealed a close relationship with the human group C rotavirus with no evidence of animal ancestry. Interestingly, the nucleotide sequence analysis of various genes also indicated differences in their origin. While the identity matrix of VP4 gene (n = 3) showed high amino acid sequence identity (97.60 to 98.20%) with Korean strain, the VP6 gene (n = 6) showed maximum identity with Nigerian strain (96.40 to 97.60%) and VP7 gene (n = 3) with Bangladeshi and USA strains. This is true for all analyzed samples. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated the group C rotavirus as the cause of severe diarrhea in young children in Delhi and provides insights on the origin of group C rotavirus genes among the local strains indicating their source of transmission. Our study also highlights the need for a simple and reliable diagnostic test that can be utilized to determine the disease burden due to group C rotavirus in India.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baoming Jiang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Satender Aneja
- Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Arvind Bagga
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Maharaj Kishen Bhan
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Pratima Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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Zhirakovskaia E, Tikunov A, Klemesheva V, Loginovskikh N, Netesov S, Tikunova N. First genetic characterization of rotavirus C in Russia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Phylogenetic analysis of human group C rotavirus circulating in Brazil reveals a potential unique NSP4 genetic variant and high similarity with Asian strains. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 290:969-86. [PMID: 25501310 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-014-0971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Group C rotaviruses (RVC) cause gastroenteritis in humans and animals worldwide, and the evidence for a possible zoonotic role has been recently provided. To gain information on the genetic diversity and relationships between human and animal RVC, we sequenced the VP4, VP7, and NSP4 genes of 12, 19, and 15 human strains, respectively, detected in São Paulo state during historical (1988 and 1993) and recent (2007 and 2008) Brazilian rotavirus surveillance. All RVC strains analyzed in the present study grouped into human genotype (G4-P[2]-E2), and did not show any evidence of animal ancestry. Phylogenetic analysis showed that RVC samples detected in 1988 and 1993 clustered together with strains from distinct continents, indicating that historical RVC strains circulating in São Paulo were closely related to those strains circulating worldwide. All three genes (VP7, VP4 and NSP4) of São Paulo RVC strains isolated in 2007-2008 exhibited close phylogenetic relationship with human RVC strains isolated in China and Japan, suggesting that they are genetically linked, and that a gene flow could be occurring between this Asian countries and Brazil. We identified two distinct clusters in the NSP4 phylogenetic tree. One cluster formed exclusively by human Brazilian strains detected in 1997 and 2003-2004 in Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, and Rio Grande do Sul states (Subgroup II) previously described in a different study, that displayed low sequence identities to other human strains formerly published, and to the Brazilian RVC strains (Subgroup I) characterized in the present study. These data suggests the circulation of two genetic profiles of the NSP4 gene in Brazil. High sequence diversity in NSP4 gene was previously reported in Asia, and additional diversity in NSP4 RVC strains spreading in the world should be expected. More in-depth molecular and epidemiological analysis of human RVC throughout the world will be needed to understand their diversity and clarify their evolution, as well as to develop classifications schemes.
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Arientova S, Schramlova J, Ambrozova H, Maresova V, Holub M. Electron microscopy in the diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis in hospitalised children in the Czech Republic. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2012; 57:177-82. [PMID: 22430885 PMCID: PMC7090978 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-012-0109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Our study has been aimed at demonstrating the main role of viruses in the aetiology of acute gastroenteritis in children less than 5 years old and at pointing out the diagnostic potential of electron microscopy in the diagnosis of viral gastroenteritis. A prospective study was conducted to analyse the aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases in children less than 5 years of age admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases between September 2006 and December 2008. All children were tested by faecal culture, latex agglutination and electron microscopy. A total of 832 children were included in the study. An aetiological agent was detected in 788 children (94.6 %). A bacterial aetiology was found in 22 (2.6 %) children and bacterial–viral co-infection was found in 146 (17.6 %) patients. The most frequent causative agents of gastroenteritis in children were viruses, which were detected in 620 (74.5 %) patients. The main causes of viral gastroenteritis were rotaviruses (detected in 410 children), followed by caliciviruses (42), coronaviruses (28), adenoviruses (19) and astroviruses (14). Dual viral infections were detected in 107 children, with rotavirus–calicivirus co-infection being the most common. Electron microscopy proved to be a more sensitive method in comparison with the latex agglutination test for the diagnosis of rotaviruses and adenoviruses. The major role of viruses in diarrhoeal diseases among children under 5 years of age in the Czech Republic has been confirmed. The diagnostic potential of electron microscopy, particularly in small outbreaks of gastroenteritis, was clearly shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Arientova
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Charles University in Prague, First Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Bulovka, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Luchs A, Morillo SG, de Oliveira CM, Timenetsky MDCST. Monitoring of group C rotavirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in Brazil: an emergent epidemiological issue after rotavirus vaccine? J Med Virol 2012; 83:1631-6. [PMID: 21739455 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Group C rotavirus (GpCRV) has a worldwide distribution; however, its epidemiology and ecology are still unclear. Evidence for a possible zoonotic role has been postulated recently for Brazilian children strains. The aim of this study was to monitor GpCRV in children ≤15 years with acute gastroenteritis during the 2007-2010 national Brazilian rotavirus surveillance, and to undertake the molecular characterization of the major VP6 capsid protein. A total of 3,019 fecal samples were first screened for Group A rotavirus (GpARV). A total of 2,205 GpARV ELISA negative samples were tested further for the presence of GpCRV by SDS-PAGE, electronic microscopy, and RT-PCR for the VP6 gene. The genetic diversity of GpCRV was carried out by sequencing the VP6 gene. GpARV and GpCRV infections were detected in 24.6% (742/3,019) and 0.3% (8/3,019), respectively. The GpCRV detection rate increased from 0.2% (1/422) in 2007 to 1% (7/708) in 2008, and GpCRV cases were not detected in 2009 and 2010. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the strains belonged to the human lineage, and showed a genetic relationship with the GpCRV strain from Japan isolated in 2009. None of the study sequences was related closely to animal GpCRV strains. This study provides further evidence that GpCRV is a minor cause of acute childhood gastroenteritis in Brazil, and does not suggest that GpCRV may assume epidemiological importance in the future, even after the introduction of a GpARV vaccine. In addition, the molecular analyses of the GpCRV samples in this study do not support the zoonotic hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Luchs
- Enteric Diseases Laboratory, Virology Center, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Ogilvie I, Khoury H, El Khoury AC, Goetghebeur MM. Burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the pediatric population in Central and Eastern Europe: serotype distribution and burden of illness. HUMAN VACCINES 2011; 7:523-33. [PMID: 21422818 DOI: 10.4161/hv.7.5.14819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotaviral gastroenteritis (RVGE) is the leading cause of severe diarrhea in children under five years of age worldwide. This comprehensive review aims to estimate the burden of RVGE among children in Central and Eastern Europe. METHODS An extensive search of the biomedical literature (1999-2009) was conducted in major databases. Studies pertaining to the epidemiology and burden of rotavirus in Central and Eastern Europe were captured and data from each country was systematically extracted and compared. RESULTS This literature search captured 38 studies pertaining to RVGE infection in the region. Among children under 15 years of age, RVGE accounted for between 22.0% and 55.3% of all cases of acute gastroenteritis per year. For most countries RVGE was most common in the winter months, although it was reported year round in Bulgaria. Geographical comparison of genotyping data revealed that three genotype combinations, G1P[8], G4P[8], and G2P[4] were present in all countries for which full genotyping data was available. Genotype predominance varied on a season to season basis within each country. Only limited data was available for healthcare resource utilization, and economic burden for this region. CONCLUSIONS RVGE is a common disease associated with significant morbidity, and mortality. While three genotype combinations currently predominate in the region, the dominance of a certain serotype can change dramatically from year to year and from country to country. A vaccination program with broad serotype coverage may help to decrease the burden of RVGE in Central and Eastern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isla Ogilvie
- BioMedCom Consultants inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Araújo IT, Heinemann MB, Fialho AM, Leite JPG. Detection and Molecular Characterization of Human Group C Rotavirus in Brazil. Intervirology 2011; 54:261-7. [DOI: 10.1159/000321350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Mitui MT, Bozdayi G, Dalgic B, Bostanci I, Nishizono A, Ahmed K. Molecular characterization of a human group C rotavirus detected first in Turkey. Virus Genes 2009; 39:157. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-009-0420-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Castello AA, Argüelles MH, Rota RP, Humphrey CD, Olthoff A, Gentsch JR, Glass RI, Glikmann G, Jiang B. Detection and characterization of group C rotavirus in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1997-2003. J Med Virol 2009; 81:1109-16. [PMID: 19382268 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The role of group C rotaviruses as a cause of diarrhea was examined among children <17 years of age admitted to a Hospital in a suburban area of Buenos Aires, Argentina between 1997 and 2003. A total of 1,579 fecal samples were screened for group A (RVA) and C (RVC) rotaviruses by two in-house ELISA methods at Quilmes University (UNQ-ELISA). Samples positive, doubtful and negative by RVC specific UNQ-ELISA (n = 246) were examined further for RVC by another in-house ELISA (CDC-ELISA), electron microscopy, RT-PCR, nested PCR, and Southern hybridization. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for each test were determined. While the sensitivity was comparable for the nested PCR and CDC-ELISA methods (82.5%), the molecular methods were slightly more specific. Poorly preserved particles were often seen in fecal samples, suggesting that degradation of RNA could be a factor influencing the performance of molecular methods. The incidence of RVC was estimated to be 3% without apparent differences among seasons. RVC infected patients had a significantly (P < 0.001) higher median age (6 years vs. 1 year) than those with RVA infection. Sequence of the RVC VP7 gene from six Argentinean strains and sequences reported previously in different countries showed high nucleotide (94.4-99.9%) sequence identities, indicating a high degree of conservation for human RVC VP7 genes among strains collected on five continents over a period of 17 years. These findings indicate that RVC is a significant cause of diarrhea and it is necessary to develop simple and sensitive serological methods for its detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro A Castello
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Abid-Ayadi I, Guix S, Pintó RM, Bosch A. [Use of the recombinant baculovirus BacVP6C for the construction of an internal positive control of rotavirus C]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 59:142-5. [PMID: 19473784 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Unlike group A, a few studies have interested other groups of the rotavirus, especially in Tunisia. The role of rotavirus C (RVC) infection is underestimated because of its sporadic nature. The aim of our study was to develop rapid diagnostic procedures of RVC by using an internal positive control of reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). METHODS The internal positive control (386pb) was designed from the recombinant baculovirus BacVP6C containing the full length cDNA of the Cowden strain gene 5 (1353pb). A fragment of 596pb was amplified by PCR using the BacVP6C DNA ds as template. Then, a central part of 210pb was deleted and the remaining fragment (386pb) was cloned into pGEM-3Zf(+) plasmid between SP6 and T7 RNA polymerase promoters. RESULTS The obtained recombinant plasmid "pIAM1" was then used for the generation of the internal positive control by in vitro transcription. The sensibility of the RT-PCR was about 3.66×10(5) molecules of RNA/μl. CONCLUSION The use of a shorter positive control, as compared to the wild type, allows increased specificity of the RT-PCR reaction, and could be used for efficient diagnostic and surveillance of RVC-caused diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Abid-Ayadi
- Groupe de recherche de virus entériques, département de microbiologie, université de Barcelone, avenue Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelone, Espagne.
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Clark KB, Lin SC, Humphrey C, Foytich K, Esona M, Wang Y, Liu M, Jiang B. Expression and characterization of human group C rotavirus virus-like particles in insect cells. Virology 2009; 387:267-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Jeong YJ, Park SI, Hosmillo M, Shin DJ, Chun YH, Kim HJ, Kwon HJ, Kang SY, Woo SK, Park SJ, Kim GY, Kang MI, Cho KO. Detection and molecular characterization of porcine group C rotaviruses in South Korea. Vet Microbiol 2009; 138:217-24. [PMID: 19362434 PMCID: PMC7117287 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Group C rotaviruses (GCRVs) cause acute diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide and the evidence for a possible zoonotic role of GCRVs has been recently provided. However, there is little evidence of porcine GCRV infections or of their genetic diversity in South Korea. We examined 137 diarrheic fecal specimens from 55 farms collected from six provinces. RT-PCR utilizing primer pairs specific for the GCRV VP6 gene detected GCRV-positive reactions in 36 (26.2%) diarrheic fecal samples. Of these, 17 samples (12.4%) tested positive for porcine GCRVs alone and 19 samples (13.8%) were also positive for other pathogens. Other enteric pathogens except for GCRV were detected in 64 feces samples (46.7%) and no enteric pathogens were evident in 37 feces samples (27.0%). Phylogenetic and sequence homology analyses of GCRV partial VP6 gene between 23 Korean and other known porcine GCRVs demonstrated that Korean strains belonged to the porcine lineage. Furthermore, one Korean porcine strain shared the highest nucleotide (89.7–89.0%) and deduced amino acid sequence (92.9–93.9%) identities with bovine GCRV strains and was placed in the bovine GCRV lineage indicative of bovine origin. In conclusion, porcine GCRV infections are widespread in piglets with diarrhea in South Korea. The infecting porcine GCRVs mostly belong to the porcine lineage with the exception of one bovine-like GCRV, which possibly originated from bovine GCRV due to interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ju Jeong
- Biotherapy Human Resources Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Medici MC, Abelli LA, Martinelli M, Martella V, Dettori G, Chezzi C. Molecular characterization of group C rotaviruses detected in children in Italy. J Clin Virol 2009; 44:62-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Gabbay YB, Borges AA, Oliveira DS, Linhares AC, Mascarenhas JDP, Barardi CRM, Simões CMO, Wang Y, Glass RI, Jiang B. Evidence for zoonotic transmission of group C rotaviruses among children in Belém, Brazil. J Med Virol 2008; 80:1666-74. [PMID: 18649333 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence and potential zoonotic transmission of group C rotavirus (RVC) were examined by testing fecal samples collected from children during a longitudinal study that was carried out in the outskirts of Belém, Brazil, from December 1982 to March 1986. The study involved a group of 30 children who were followed from birth to 3 years. Of the 77 samples tested from 29 children, 5 (6.5%) were positive for human and 3 (4%) for porcine RVC by using nested PCR assay with primers specific for VP6 gene of human or porcine RVC and by Southern hybridization using a probe specific for VP6 gene of both human and porcine RVC. In addition, a total of 59 fecal specimens from the 30th child were tested, 1 (1.7%) and 14 (23.7%) were positive for human and porcine RVC, respectively. Partial nucleotide sequences of VP6 gene demonstrated that the six human strains detected in Brazil were homologous with other human RVC, and 14 of the 17 porcine RVC strains examined showed a complete homology among themselves but differed slightly from the porcine Cowden strain, suggesting that a single porcine RVC strain was circulating in Belém. This study is the first to provide evidence for transmission of RVC from swine to human. They also indicate that both human and porcine RVC were endemic in Belém.
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Genetic characterization of group C rotavirus isolated from a child hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Virus Genes 2008; 37:314-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-008-0274-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Prevalence of group C rotavirus among children in Rhode Island, United States. J Clin Virol 2008; 42:221-4. [PMID: 18374629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Group C rotavirus causes sporadic cases and outbreaks of acute diarrhea in humans but its burden as a cause of severe gastroenteritis in children remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To investigate the epidemiology and burden of group C rotavirus gastroenteritis among children in Rhode Island, United States. STUDY DESIGN Diarrhea stool specimens from 124 children < or =10 years of age were collected, screened for group C and A rotavirus by EIA specific for each group, and further examined by nested PCR and Southern hybridization using primers and probes specific to the VP7 gene of human group C rotavirus. Group C rotavirus-positive fecal specimens were also examined by EM. RESULTS Rotavirus was detected in 73 (59.0%) of 124 fecal samples. These included 53 (42.7%) positive for group A, 5 (4.0%) for group C and 15 (12.1%) for both group A and C rotaviruses. Examination of group C-positive samples by EM revealed the presence of largely empty or damaged rotavirus-like particles. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that group C rotavirus is an important cause or a contributing cause of diarrhea among infants and older children in Rhode Island, United States.
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Desselberger U. Second European Rotavirus Biology Meeting. Future Virol 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.5.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Desselberger
- Molecular Immunology International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy, and, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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