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Discovery and Selection of Hepatitis B Virus-Derived T Cell Epitopes for Global Immunotherapy Based on Viral Indispensability, Conservation, and HLA-Binding Strength. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01663-19. [PMID: 31852786 PMCID: PMC7081907 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01663-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple HBV-derived T cell epitopes have been reported, which can be useful in a therapeutic vaccination strategy. However, these epitopes are largely restricted to HLA-A*02, which is not dominantly expressed in populations with high HBV prevalence. Thus, current epitopes are falling short in the development of a global immunotherapeutic approach. Therefore, we aimed to identify novel epitopes for 6 HLA supertypes most prevalent in the infected population. Moreover, established epitopes might not all be equally effective as they can be subject to different levels of immune escape. It is therefore important to identify targets that are crucial in viral replication and conserved in the majority of the infected population. Here, we applied a stringent selection procedure to compose a combined overview of existing and novel HBV-derived T cell epitopes most promising for viral eradication. This set of T cell epitopes now lays the basis for the development of globally effective HBV antigen-specific immunotherapies. Immunotherapy represents an attractive option for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. The HBV proteins polymerase (Pol) and HBx are of special interest for antigen-specific immunotherapy because they are essential for viral replication and have been associated with viral control (Pol) or are still expressed upon viral DNA integration (HBx). Here, we scored all currently described HBx- and Pol-derived epitope sequences for viral indispensability and conservation across all HBV genotypes. This yielded 7 HBx-derived and 26 Pol-derived reported epitopes with functional association and high conservation. We subsequently predicted novel HLA-binding peptides for 6 HLA supertypes prevalent in HBV-infected patients. Potential epitopes expected to be the least prone to immune escape were subjected to a state-of-the-art in vitro assay to validate their HLA-binding capacity. Using this method, a total of 13 HLA binders derived from HBx and 33 binders from Pol were identified across HLA types. Subsequently, we demonstrated interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production in response to 5 of the novel HBx-derived binders and 17 of the novel Pol-derived binders. In addition, we validated several infrequently described epitopes. Collectively, these results specify a set of highly potent T cell epitopes that represent a valuable resource for future HBV immunotherapy design. IMPORTANCE Multiple HBV-derived T cell epitopes have been reported, which can be useful in a therapeutic vaccination strategy. However, these epitopes are largely restricted to HLA-A*02, which is not dominantly expressed in populations with high HBV prevalence. Thus, current epitopes are falling short in the development of a global immunotherapeutic approach. Therefore, we aimed to identify novel epitopes for 6 HLA supertypes most prevalent in the infected population. Moreover, established epitopes might not all be equally effective as they can be subject to different levels of immune escape. It is therefore important to identify targets that are crucial in viral replication and conserved in the majority of the infected population. Here, we applied a stringent selection procedure to compose a combined overview of existing and novel HBV-derived T cell epitopes most promising for viral eradication. This set of T cell epitopes now lays the basis for the development of globally effective HBV antigen-specific immunotherapies.
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Choi YM, Lee SY, Kim BJ. Naturally occurring hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase mutations related to potential antiviral drug resistance and liver disease progression. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1708-1724. [PMID: 29713126 PMCID: PMC5922991 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i16.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The annual number of deaths caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is estimated as 887000. The reported prevalence of HBV reverse transcriptase (RT) mutation prior to treatment is varied and the impact of preexisting mutations on the treatment of naïve patients remains controversial, and primarily depends on geographic factors, HBV genotypes, HBeAg serostatus, HBV viral loads, disease progression, intergenotypic recombination and co-infection with HIV. Different sensitivity of detection methodology used could also affect their prevalence results. Several genotype-dependent HBV RT positions that can affect the emergence of drug resistance have also been reported. Eight mutations in RT (rtL80I, rtD134N, rtN139K/T/H, rtY141F, rtM204I/V, rtF221Y, rtI224V, and rtM309K) are significantly associated with HCC progression. HBeAg-negative status, low viral load, and genotype C infection are significantly related to a higher frequency and prevalence of preexisting RT mutations. Preexisting mutations are most frequently found in the A-B interdomain of RT which overlaps with the HBsAg “a” determinant region, mutations of which can lead to simultaneous viral immune escape. In conclusion, the presence of baseline RT mutations can affect drug treatment outcomes and disease progression in HBV-infected populations via modulation of viral fitness and host-immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Min Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul 110799, South Korea
| | - So-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul 110799, South Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biomedical Sciences, Liver Research Institute and Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul 110799, South Korea
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Xu J, Wu B, Wang JH, Huang L, Wang DY, Zhao L, Zhao GP, Wang Y. Pre-existing mutations in reverse transcriptase of hepatitis B virus in treatment-naive Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117429. [PMID: 25821965 PMCID: PMC4379075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High rate of viral replication and lacking of proofreading activity in hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase lead to the generation of mutations in HBV virus. Mutations in the reverse transcriptase (RT) region of HBV polymerase are demonstrated to be strongly associated with drug resistance during antiviral treatment. However, the presence of mutations as well as its clinical significance in treatment-naïve hepatitis patients (defined as pre-existing mutations) need to be further investigated. In the present study, a total of 168 serum samples from treatment-naive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients were collected, and the RT region of HBV polymerase was sequenced. The results showed that pre-existing mutations in the RT region of HBV polymerase were detected in 43 of 168 (25.6%) treatment-naive CHB patients within which there were no well-characterized primary nucleotide analogs (NAs) resistance sites. Three dominant sites at rt191, rt207 and rt226 were found mutant in 7(16.28%), 8(18.60%), and 14(32.56%) samples respectively among these 43 patients. No significant correlation was found between pre-existing mutations and gender, age, HBV genotype, ALT, HBeAg or HBV DNA loads. However, patients with pre-existing RT mutations under HBeAg sero-negative status exhibited decreased HBV DNA loads, which contributed to the decreased HBV DNA loads in the total HBeAg sero-negative patients. The above investigation indicated that there was a prevalence of pre-existing mutations in RT region of HBV polymerase which might affect the serum HBV DNA level in treatment-naive CHB patients. Its effects on the occurrence of NAs resistance and the prognosis after treatment need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, No.3 People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai/Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Hui Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, No.3 People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Deng-yu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai/Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, No.3 People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-ping Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai/Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai/Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Novel natural mutations in the hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase domain associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94864. [PMID: 24788140 PMCID: PMC4006920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) mutations play a role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the association between HBV polymerase gene mutations and HCC has not been reported. In this study, we conducted a multi-stage study to identify HCC-related mutations in the reverse transcriptase (RT) domain of the HBV polymerase gene. METHODS A total of 231 HCCs and 237 non-HCC controls from Qidong, China, were included in this study. The entire sequence of HBV RT was first compared between 29 HCC and 35 non-HCC cases, and candidate mutations were then evaluated in two independent validation sets. RESULTS There were 15 candidate mutations identified from the discovery set, with A799G and T1055A being consistently associated with HCC across all studies. A pooled analysis of samples revealed that A799G, A987G, and T1055A were independent risk factors for HCC, with adjusted odds ratios of 5.53 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.69-18.10], 4.20 (95%CI, 1.15-15.35), and 3.78 (95%CI, 1.45-9.86), respectively. A longitudinal study showed that these mutations were detectable 4-5 years prior to HCC diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence the first that HBV RT contains naturally occurring mutations that can be used as predictive markers for HCC.
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Lupberger J, Schaedler S, Peiran A, Hildt E. Identification and characterization of a novel bipartite nuclear localization signal in the hepatitis B virus polymerase. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:8000-8010. [PMID: 24307793 PMCID: PMC3848147 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i44.8000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To characterize the nuclear import of hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase (P) and its relevance for the viral life cycle.
METHODS: Sequence analysis was performed to predict functional motives within P. Phosphorylation of P was analyzed by in vitro phosphorylation. Phosphorylation site and nuclear localization signal (NLS) were destroyed by site directed mutagenesis. Functionality of the identified NLS was analyzed by confocal fluorescence microscopy and characterizing the karyopherin binding. Relevance of the structural motives for viral life cycle was studied by infection of primary Tupaia hepatocytes with HBV.
RESULTS: We identified by sequence alignment and functional experiments a conserved bipartite NLS containing a casein kinase II (CKII) phosphorylation site located within the terminal protein domain (TP) of the HBV polymerase. Inhibition of CKII impairs the functionality of this NLS and thereby prevents the nuclear import of the polymerase. Binding of the import factor karyopherin-α2 to the polymerase depends on its CKII-mediated phosphorylation of the bipartite NLS. In HBV-infected primary Tupaia hepatocytes CKII inhibition in the early phase (post entry phase) of the infection process prevents the establishment of the infection.
CONCLUSION: Based on these data it is suggested that during HBV infection the final import of the genome complex into the nucleus is mediated by a novel bipartite NLS localized in the TP domain of HBV polymerase.
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Jones SA, Hu J. Hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase: diverse functions as classical and emerging targets for antiviral intervention. Emerg Microbes Infect 2013; 2:e56. [PMID: 26038488 PMCID: PMC3820986 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2013.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global health problem with over 350 million chronically infected, causing an increased risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current antiviral chemotherapy for HBV infection include five nucleos(t)ide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) that all target one enzymatic activity, DNA strand elongation, of the HBV polymerase (HP), a specialized reverse transcriptase (RT). NRTIs are not curative and long-term treatment is associated with toxicity and the emergence of drug resistant viral mutations, which can also result in vaccine escape. Recent studies on the multiple functions of HP have provided important mechanistic insights into its diverse roles during different stages of viral replication, including interactions with viral pregenomic RNA, RNA packaging into nucleocapsids, protein priming, minus- and plus-strand viral DNA synthesis, RNase H-mediated degradation of viral RNA, as well as critical host interactions that regulate the multiple HP functions. These diverse functions provide ample opportunities to develop novel HP-targeted antiviral treatments that should contribute to curing chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey , PA 17033, USA
| | - Jianming Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey , PA 17033, USA
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Extensive mutagenesis of the conserved box E motif in duck hepatitis B virus P protein reveals multiple functions in replication and a common structure with the primer grip in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J Virol 2012; 86:6394-407. [PMID: 22514339 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00011-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepadnaviruses, including the pathogenic hepatitis B virus (HBV), replicate their small DNA genomes through protein-primed reverse transcription, mediated by the terminal protein (TP) domain in their P proteins and an RNA stem-loop, ε, on the pregenomic RNA (pgRNA). No direct structural data are available for P proteins, but their reverse transcriptase (RT) domains contain motifs that are conserved in all RTs (box A to box G), implying a similar architecture; however, experimental support for this notion is limited. Exploiting assays available for duck HBV (DHBV) but not the HBV P protein, we assessed the functional consequences of numerous mutations in box E, which forms the DNA primer grip in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RT. This substructure coordinates primer 3'-end positioning and RT subdomain movements during the polymerization cycle and is a prime target for nonnucleosidic RT inhibitors (NNRTIs) of HIV-1 RT. Box E was indeed critical for DHBV replication, with the mutations affecting the folding, ε RNA interactions, and polymerase activity of the P protein in a position- and amino acid side chain-dependent fashion similar to that of HIV-1 RT. Structural similarity to HIV-1 RT was underlined by molecular modeling and was confirmed by the replication activity of chimeric P proteins carrying box E, or even box C to box E, from HIV-1 RT. Hence, box E in the DHBV P protein and likely the HBV P protein forms a primer grip-like structure that may provide a new target for anti-HBV NNRTIs.
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Liu H, Xu J, Zhou L, Yun X, Chen L, Wang S, Sun L, Wen Y, Gu J. Hepatitis B virus large surface antigen promotes liver carcinogenesis by activating the Src/PI3K/Akt pathway. Cancer Res 2011; 71:7547-57. [PMID: 21994334 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Of the three envelope glycoproteins encoded by hepatitis B virus (HBV) that are collectively referred to as HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), the large HBsAg (LHBs) glycoprotein is expressed preferentially in HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. LHBs can act as an oncogene in transgenic mice, but how it contributes functionally to hepatocarcinogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we determined the molecular and functional roles of LHBs during HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. LHBs increased tumor formation of hepatoma cells. Moreover, expression of LHBs but not other HBV envelope glycoproteins specifically promoted proliferation of hepatoma and hepatic cells in vitro. Mechanistic investigations revealed that these effects were caused by activation of the Src/PI3K/Akt pathway through proximal stimulation of PKCα/Raf1 signaling by LHBs. Proliferation induced by stable LHBs expression was associated with increased G(1)-S cell-cycle progression and apoptosis resistance mediated by Src kinase activation, as established in hepatocellular carcinoma clinical specimens. Importantly, LHBs-induced cellular proliferation and tumor formation were reversed by administration of the Src inhibitor saracatinib. Together, our findings suggest that LHBs promotes tumorigenesis of hepatoma cells by triggering a PKCα/Raf1 to Src/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, revealing novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of HBV-associated hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiou Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ministry of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen interacts with and promotes cyclophilin a secretion: possible link to pathogenesis of HBV infection. J Virol 2010; 84:3373-81. [PMID: 20089655 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02555-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclophilin A (CypA), predominantly located intracellularly, is a multifunctional protein. We previously reported decreased CypA levels in hepatocytes of transgenic mice expressing hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg). In this study, we found that expression of HBV small surface protein (SHBs) in human hepatoma cell lines specifically triggered CypA secretion, whereas SHBs added extracellularly to culture medium did not. Moreover, CypA secretion was not promoted by the expression of a secretion deficient SHBs mutant, suggesting a close association between secretion of CypA and SHBs. Interaction between CypA and SHBs was observed by using coimmunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays. Hydrodynamic injection of the SHBs expression construct into C57BL/6J mice resulted in increased serum CypA levels and ALT/AST levels, as well as the infiltration of inflammatory cells surrounding SHBs-positive hepatocytes. The inflammatory response and serum ALT/AST level were reduced when the chemotactic effect of CypA was inhibited by cyclosporine and anti-CD147 antibody. Furthermore, higher serum CypA levels were detected in chronic hepatitis B patients than in healthy individuals. In HBV patients who had received liver transplantation, serum CypA levels declined dramatically after the loss of HBsAg as a consequence of liver transplantation. Taken together, these results indicate that expression and secretion of SHBs can promote CypA secretion, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of HBV infection.
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Zhang HJ, Wang YX, Wu H, Jin DY, Wen YM, Zheng BJ. The y271 and i274 amino acids in reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus-1 are critical to protein stability. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6108. [PMID: 19578544 PMCID: PMC2701634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase (RT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 plays a key role in initiating viral replication and is an important target for developing anti-HIV drugs. Our previous study showed that two mutations (Y271A and I274A) in the turn RT (Gln(269)-Arg(277)) abrogated viral replication, but the replication capacity and RT activity was discordant. In this study, we further investigated why alanine substitutions at these two sites would affect viral replication. We found that both RT activity and RT protein were almost undetectable in viral particles of these two mutants, although the Pr160(gag-pol) mutants were properly expressed, transported and incorporated. Using protease inhibition assay, we demonstrated a correlation between the degradation of the RT mutants and the activity of viral protease. Our native gel analysis indicated that the mutations at 271 and 274 amino acids might cause conformational changes, leading to the formation of higher order oligomers instead of dimers, resulting in increased protein instability and susceptibility to viral protease. Thus, residues 271 and 274 are critical to RT stability and resistance to viral protease. The conservation of the two amino acid residues among different strains of HIV-1 lent further support to this conclusion. The knowledge gained here may prove useful in drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Jie Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Microbiology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Mei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YMW); (BJZ)
| | - Bo-Jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YMW); (BJZ)
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Wang YX, Zhang HJ, Xu J, Zheng BJ, Wen YM. Mutational analysis of the "turn" of helix clamp motif of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:915-20. [PMID: 18976635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Helix clamp motifs of polymerases possessing the helix-turn-helix secondary structure are crucial for their polymerase activity by binding to the nucleic acid template/primer via the alpha helices. To study the functions of turn in helix clamp motif of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 RT, clones with turn mutants at rt271-274 of HIV-1 RT were generated and studied by one cycle infection assay. Mutants rtY271A and rtI274A almost lost their replication competency, while mutants rtA272P, rtA272S, and rtG273A retained comparable replication competency relative to wild type pseudotyped HIV-1. To study the mechanisms involved, RT proteins from rt271 to rt274 mutants were expressed and assayed for their RNA dependent DNA polymerase activity, DNA binding activity and processivity. Discordance between RT activity and viral replication efficiency of some turn mutants was observed, indicating that aside from RT, other steps in HIV replication could be affected by substitutions at the turn of helix clamp motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xiang Wang
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 138 Yixue Yuan Road, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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